Veterinary Obestrics and Gynaecology

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Comparison of Conception Rate of Frozen Semen from Two Extenders and Methods of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis Using Ultrasonography, And Progesterone Analysis in Dairy Cattle
(2019-06) Shimelis Abiy; Alemayehu Lemma
Semen extenders used in Ethiopia are imported and expensive. Pregnancy detection is mostly through rectal palpation. This study was designed to compare conception rates of frozen semen prepared by commercial (Bioxcell) and homemade (Tris egg yolk) extenders. Further, evaluate advanced methods of early pregnancy diagnosis (18th to 22nd days post AI) using Progesterone analysis and Ultrasonography. Post-thaw semen viability, forward motility, live percent and morphological abnormality were 67±2.6%; 43.59±3.7%; 47.22±1.8% and 42.12±1.26% for TEY preserved semen, respectively; while the same parameters were 68.11±2.6%; 40.83±4.0%; 46.52±1.7% and 41.64±1.1% for Bioxcell preserved semen, respectively. HOS test was higher in TEY (8.87±0.72) extended semen than that of BioXcell extended semen (4.45±1.20%). A total 120 animals were included for both study, 48 animals for conception rate of semen extenders (14 heifers and 34 cows) were equally grouped and inseminated (24 by Bioxcell – G-I and 24 by Tris egg yolk – G-II). First service conception rate was 50% for G-I and 70.8% for G-II. Though conception rate was higher in G-II, there were statistically non significant but higher values between the groups. Nevertheless, conception rate was higher for both heifers and cows within G-II (71.42% and 70.58% in G-II compared to 42.85% and 52.94% in G-I). From a total of 72 animals inseminated for early pregnancy detection, pregnancy was confirmed on Days 18th and 22nd by RMPT and serum P4 analysis 42(58.4%) and 37(51.4%) respectively, and on Day 28th Ultrasonography 32 (44.5%) post AI. Although pregnancy detection with RMPT was statistically non significant but the values was higher between the tests. RMPT was the most sensitive (88.9%) but less specific (72.2%) taking Ultrasonography as a gold standard. Pregnancy later performed by transrectal palpation on Day 40 post AI showed 27 (37%) indicating the presence of corpus luteum and early embryonic mortality. RMPT was found to be relatively cheaper, and easier to apply under field condition. Results comparable to ultrasonography can be found if the test is repeated 7-8 days later. In conclusion, semen extenders can be locally prepared to mitigate the cost commercial extenders with even better conception results. Diagnosis of pregnancy can also be made at an earlier stage using a RMPT under the field conditions of Ethiopia.
Effect Of Breed, Parity and Body Condition on Fficacy of Double and Single Pgf2α Bovine Estrus Synchronization Protocol in Boran and Crossbreed Dairy Cattle in Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(2018-06) Demisse Ejigayehu; Alemayehu Lemma
From January 2017 to June 2018 study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of single and double bovine estrus synchronization in boran and cross breed dairy cattle in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Estrus Synchronization is one of the reproductive management tools. Failure to detect estrus in timely and accurate manner is a major factor limiting reproductive efficiency. For this different factors may suggested. The current study was conducted with the hypothesis of, breed, parity; body condition score can influence estrus synchronization with the objectives of evaluating estrus response rate of double and single PGF2α, studying estrus characteristics and effect of breed, parity and body condition on the outcomes of single and double PGF2α. Randomized block design were employed, a total of 54 animals’ heifers and cows of local and cross breed were selected, and 36 for double and 18 single PGF2α. Animals were grouped based on treatment, parity, body condition and breed. Insemination was done based on standing to be mounted signs of estrus and pregnancies were diagnosed after 21 days post insemination using ultrasonography. Results of the study showed that an overall estrus response of 72.2% and conception rate were 30%. Body condition of cows/heifers significantly (p<0.05) effect on estrus response, treatment protocol and parity also influence interval to estrus. Estrus characteristics such as restlessness (57.4%), standing to be mounted (53.7%) and mounting others (51.9%) were the most frequent observed signs, were standing o be mounted significantly influence(p<0.05) ovulation.On conclusion; estrus response was influenced by body condition, but treatment protocol, parity and breed had no effect. Interval to estrus was influenced by parity and treatment protocol. On the other hand estrus characteristics like standing to be mounted had influence on ovulation rate. 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Effect of Breed, Parity and Body Condition on Ovarian Response and Conception Rate of Boran and Zebu-Holstein Crossbred Dairy Cows Subjected to Ovsynch or Co-Synch Protocol
(2018-06) Alebachew Tilahun ; Alemayehu Lemma
A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of parity, breed and body condition on ovarian response and conception rate of Boran (n=17) and Zebu-Holstein cross (n=18) dairy cows bred by Ovsynch or Co-synch timed artificial insemination. Ovarian response (ovulation and luteolysis) and pregnancy diagnosis were made by ultrasound and progesterone assay. For progesterone assay blood samples were collected at day 0, 5, 7, 9, 15 and day 21 of the experiments. The overall ovulation rate was 85.7%, of which 90% and 80% in Ovsynch and Co-synch, respectively. In this study, body condition, breed, and parity did not influence ovulation rate in both protocols (P>0.05). The overall conception rate was 60%, (55% in Ovsynch and 66.7% in Co-synch). Conception rate was relatively higher in Boran (70.6%) compared to crossbred (50%). However, the difference in conception rate was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conception rate was significantly higher in primiparous (73.7%) compared to multiparous dairy cows (43.8%) (P <0.05). Conception rate was not influenced by body condition and breed in both protocols. The mean diameter of corpus luteum was 18.3±1.31 mm for animals with good body condition while it was 11.84±0.93 for those with low to moderate body condition and mean difference of corpus luteum was statistically significant (P<0.05). However, breed and parity did not influence mean size of corpus luteum. Twenty-seven cows (77.1%) had functional corpus luteum on day seven of the treatment (progesterone >1 ng/ml) and the progesterone was reduced to less than 1 ng/ml in 22 cows (81.5%) on day nine after PGF injection. In five cows (18.5%) the progesterone remained at levels greater than 1 ng/ml after PGF2α treatment (day 9). The result of this study demonstrated that conception was higher in Boran cows than Zebu-Holstein cross. Based on the result, it could also be concluded that both Ovsynch and Co-synch can give acceptable level of conception with the established TAI protocols.
Effect of Traditional Husbandry on Reproductive Performance of Goats in Benishangul-Gumuz Region
(2008-06) Begashaw Yeshawork ; Alemayehu Lemma
Study was conducted from October 2007 to April 2008 in six districts of two administrative zones of the Benishangul-Gumuz region to determine the reproductive performance of goats under traditional husbandry system. Structure questionnaire and a field clinical survey studies were used on a total of 200 randomly selected households. The entire goats owned by the households were clinically examined for the presence of any health problem. Records of animal identification, parameters of reproductive performance such as weaning age and age at puberty, litter size, KI, the type of management practice and clinical parameters were taken on pre-designed format. The type of management was measured from conditions of housing (absence or presence), feeding (presence of supplementation), and health (getting veterinary service). The level of management was categorized as poor, moderate and good according to Song et al., (2006). Accordingly, goats were primarily (68%) kept for income generation while some (26%) keep goats for both income generation and/or meat. The common housing practice was either poor (48.5%) or inexistent (51.5%). Feeding on natural pasture with supplementation (commonly maize, sorghum or kitchen waste) constitute 29% while the remaining 71% were known to exclusively depend on grazing. The major production constraints were health problems (53%); poor genetic potential (20.43%) and shortage of feed (20.32%). Generally, goats reached puberty at 6.5±1.22 (male) and 6.7±1.22 months (female). The mean (±sd) kidding interval was 252.35±31.46 days with a mean (±sd) litter size of 1.6±0.3. Annual reproductive rate was found to be 2.2kids/year. The mean (±sd) weaning age was 4.74±0.7 months. All animals were clinically examined on the basis of the history, inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation and information was taken from each household during the study period. Out of 461 clinically examined animals the incidence of external parasitism, internal parasitism; reproductive diseases, and infectious diseases were in the order of 80.7 %, 23.2%, 16.1% and 22.8 %, respectively. The primary goat feed resource was natural pasture and river was a main source of water. The prevailing housing is rudimentary and difficulty for management of different categories of goats. Over all management level, especially health management and feeding regime were found to be the ix primary factors significantly affecting the reproductive parameters of goats. Kidding interval and weaning age were the most affected parameters by existing traditional husbandry in the study area.
Evaluation of Biochemical Determinants of Successful Conception in Dairy Cows in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Kutelo Kussia; Alemayehu Lemma
The influence of biochemical characteristics of cervical mucus at the time of estrus were evaluated on conception rates of normal-cycling and repeat-breeding dairy cows. A total of 62 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, 38 normal-cycling and 24 repeat-breeding cows, were included in the study. Vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was measured before artificial insemination and cows were categorized into three VER groups (150-180, 181-220 and >220 Ω). The cows were also grouped into three body weight ranges (300-350, 351-400 and 401-450 kg). Cervical fluid parameters including pH, spinnbarkeit, sperm penetration and crystallization patterns were measured or scored and pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography after 30 days post-AI The overall conception rate was 54.84% with a significant difference (P<0.05) between normal cycling cows (63.2%) and repeated breeders (41.7%). The mean (±SD) VER was in the order of 219.03±66.17Ω and 221.67±41.77Ω for normal-cycling and repeated breeding cows, respectively. The average pH and spinnbarkeit value of cervical fluid were 7.38±0.32, 5.76±2.2cm in normal cycling and 7.32±0.27, 5.85±3.77cm in repeat breeder cows, respectively. The mean(±SD) VER of pregnant and nonpregnant cows were 202.15±31.15Ω and 241.79±73.56Ω, respectively. Body weight, timing of insemination and VER showed significant effects (P<0.05). Conception rates were highest for cows weighing 351- 400 kg(75%), inseminated 7-12 hours (71.43%) after standing estrus and VER of 181-220 Ω 84.21%). Interestingly, although there was some tendency for influence of the cervical fluid pH, this was not statistically significant, but sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit value and crystallization patterns of cervical fluid did (P<0.05). Cows with normal sperm penetration (72.2%), spinnbarkeit of 7-9 cm (87.5%) and typical crystallization patterns of cervical mucus (76.47%) had comparatively higher conception rates. In conclusion, sperm penetration, spinnbarkeit, vaginal electrical resistance and crystallization pattern are useful predictors of optimal insemination timing in Holstein cows.
Evaluation on the Modulation Effect of High Protein and Energy Diet on Estrus Characteristics, Prolificacy and Pregnancy Rate in Menz Breed Sheep
(Addis Abeba University, 2024) Animaw Andargie; Alemayehu Lemma
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of short-term nutritional supplementation on the body weight, onset and duration of estrus, pregnancy rate, prolificacy, and plasma glucose level in Menz breed ewes. Twenty-four healthy and normally cycling ewes were distributed to two treatment groups T1: (Lupin; n=8), T2; (Barley; n=8) and one control group C: (Control; n=8) using randomized block design. Estrus was synchronized with double prostaglandin injections given 9 days apart to achieve the target late luteal phase of estrous cycle. Grass hay was provided as the basal diet for ewes in all treatment and control groups. In addition to grass hay, ewes were allowed to graze for 8 hours during the day time, and they had free water access. Ewes in the treatment group T1 were supplemented with 500g of Lupin grain per head per day, divided into 250g in the morning and 250g in the evening. Similarly, ewes in treatment group T2 were supplemented with 500g of Barley grain, also divided into 250g portions for morning and evening. The supplementation lasted for 9 consecutive days during the late luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The average weight of ewes did not vary between or within the groups (P > 0.05). The mean time to onset of estrus (mean+SD) varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups T1 (29.25+2.88), T2 (31.5+2.95), and the control group C (42+1.96). The supplemented groups T1 and T2 accelerate the ewes to come into estrus earlier than nonsupplemented control group (C). The duration of estrus (mean+SD) also varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups T1, T2, and the control group (C). The non-supplemented control group, exhibited the shortest estrus duration (29.13+1.44), followed by treatment group T2 (35.63+2.71) and T1 (41.5+2.19). The supplemented groups of ewes demonstrated an extended duration of estrus than the non-supplemented control group. The plasma glucose concentration revealed a significant difference (P < 0.05) across all groups and the duration of supplement administration. The pregnancy rate varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the groups, with the rate of 100% in Lupin supplemented group, 87.5% in Barley supplemented group, and 50% in non-supplemented Control group. The prolificacy rate was also varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the rate of 50% in Lupin supplemented groups of ewes, followed by the Barley supplemented group (13%) and 0% in non-supplemented Control group. It could be concluded that Lupin supplementation improves response to estrus, plasma metabolic profile, pregnancy and prolificacy rate in ewes. We recommend a detailed study on the effect of Lupin on reproductive hormones and more other blood metabolites.
In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes Retrieved Through Transvaginal Oocyte Aspiration from Boran and Boran *Holstein Friesian Crossbred Cows
(Addis Ababa University, 2021) Asnaku Funga; Alemayehu Lemma
The developmental competence of immature oocytes largely depends on the origin and method of retrieval. This is known to determine the success of in vitro embryo production. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro maturation difference of oocytes from pure Boran and Holstein Friesian*Boran crossbred cows obtained through ovum pickup. The OPU was carried out on 10 cows, 5 cows from each breed. The overall oocyte recovery rate was 43.4% (288/663); 39.3% (131/333) for Boran and 47.6% (157/330) for Crossbred with no breed influence (p>0.05). Oocytes aspirated from the 288 follicles (all ≥ 3mm) were matured in either TCM-199 or BO-IVM maturation mediums. Proportion of viable oocytes were comparable between Boran (81.60%) and B*HF crossbred (78.9%). The mean number of oocytes collected per ovum pickup session for Boran and Crossbred cows were 2.18 ± 1.90 and 2.62 ± 1.86, respectively. The overall maturation rate was in the order of 79.4% and 79% for Boran and crossbreeds, respectively, and comparable between the breeds. Considering all maturation indices, oocyte maturation was significantly higher (p<0.05) in BO-IVM (88.5%) compared to TCM-199 (70.4%). Maturation of Boran oocytes in BO-IVM was relatively higher (90.3%) compared to Boran*HF oocytes (86.2%); whereas it was 73.1% for Boran and 68.2% for Boran*HF oocytes in TCM. Maturation rate in terms of cumulus cell expansion was relatively better in BO-IVM (59.3% fully expanded and 30.1% partially expanded) compared to TCM-199 (46.9% fully expanded and 24.4% partially expanded). Overall, there was extrusion of the polar body in 55.75% of oocytes and increased perivitelline space in 69.2% of oocytes. Zona quality was relatively better in BO-IVM (69.2% of oocytes) compared to TCM-199 medium (60.9% of oocytes). In conclusion, oocyte maturation following OPU was influenced by media type but not by breed. It can also be concluded that some of the maturation indices were more affected by breed and media type even though the overall maturation was closely similar.
Modulation of Ovarian Function to Improve Suitability for Reproductive Biotechnology Application in Local and Crossbred Cattle
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Tilaye Demissie; Alemayehu Lemma
Ovarian function is influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Breed related variations, nutrition; local environmental conditions are among the major sources of differences in response to application of reproductive biotechnologies. It is of paramount importance to understand specific ovarian functions amenable to modifications in order to improve suitability for advanced technologies such as fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI), ultrasound guided ovum pickup (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVP). In the first part of this study, estrus sign/s that best correlate with the time of ovulation and pregnancies rate to insemination at FTAI was evaluated in 27 Boran*Holstein crossbred dairy heifers. The second part explored ovarian response to estrus synchronizing hormones by cow realated factors and pregnancy rate to FTAI after ovulation synchronization using GnRH and PGF2α with or without progesterone augmentation (CIDR vaginal insert) in native Borans and Boran*Holstein crossbred dairy cows. The third part assessed the effect of CL, follicle ablation, administration of different doses/frequency of FSH, and different coasting period in Boran cows. Result indicated that, the frequency of occurrence of various estrus signs, length of estrus, and onset of estrus, was not affected (P>0.05) by estrus type. Irrespective of estrus type, standing estrus (r=1, P<0.05), and mounting other heifers (r=0.87, P<0.05) showed a strong positive correlation with ovulation time. Ovulation rate and pregnancy rate on day 32 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in cows that received CIDR augmentation to the double GnRH and PGF2α protocol compared to those that did not. When time of insemination was considered conception rate to insemination 19h post second GnRH administration was significantly higher (P<0.05) for Ovsynch group compared to Cosynch group. Presence of CL did not influence mean number of follicles aspirated, oocyte recovery rate, and quality of oocyte and cleavage rate. Divided dose of 175 IU FSH and 350 IU FSH ignificantly (P<0.05) improved the mean number of medium and large follicles compared to single dose while the 48h coasting period significantly improved (P<0.05) oocyte grade, oocyte maturation rate and cleavage rate. It could be concluded that standing estrus best predict ovulation time. Insemination scheduled at 19h of standing estrus significantly increase conception rate as this sign best correlates with the mean time of ovulation. Further, CIDR priming to the synchronization protocol greatly improve ovulation rate and subsequent pregnancy. Follicular ablation and administration of divided doses of FSH prior to OPU and a coasting period of just 48hr improves follicular population and oocyte recovery rate. Hwever, future studies are recommended to answer why Boran cows’ with morphologically smaller CL than Boran*Holstein cows have larger amount of progesterone than Boran*Holstein. Why some heifers that ovulated to D0 GnRH did not ovulate to D9 GnRH. As some of the CL that were present at day of start were lost at PGF2α the effect of stages of estrus cycle at the start of hormone treatment shoud be assessed both in Boran and Boran*Holstein cattle.
Ovarian Follicular Dynamics and Effect of Breed on Conception Rate to Artificial Insemination with Frozen Semen in Mares
(2018-06) Ararsa Duguma; Alemayehu Lemma
Equine reproduction is unique by having long behavioral estrus and variations in ovarial follicular dynamics. Additionally, differences in time of breeding between breeds and individuals of mares made difficulty to standardize breeding time. There were a limitted data on equine reproduction and breeding in Ethiopia. An experimental study was conducted at Balderas sport horses and recreational center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from January to June, 2018 to determine ovarian follicular dynamics and evaluate conception rate to frozen semen in local and exotic cross breed mares. A daily transrectal ultrasonography was carried out to evaluate uterine changes and ovarian structures for 2-3 consecutive estrus cycles. Inseminations were done post ovulation within an average of 6-9h using frozen thawed semen. The mean (+SEM) of cross sectional uterine diameter were 44.4+0.5mm and 45+0.5mm for local and cross breed mares respectively; whereas endometrial fold development indicated 3.1+0.1 in local and 2.8+0.1 scores in cross breed mares with significant difference at P<0.05. The mean (+SEM) of preovulatory follicle diameter in local and cross breed mares indicated 49.1+1.0mm and 50.1+0.8mm respectively. Fast growth of dominant follicles in cross breed shorten interovulatory interval than local breed mares with length of estrus, 7.0+0.9 days for local and 6.1+0.6 days for cross breed mares. A positive correlation of teasing scores, uterine diameter and endometrial fold scores with diameter of developing dominant follicles in the present study has been used to estimate time of eminent ovulation. The overall conception rate to frozen semen was 15/21 (71.43%) with 8/11 (72.73%) in cross breed and 7/10 (70%) local breed mares. Conception rate increased significantly with increased number of services/conception with an overall mean +(SEM) of 2.2+0.2 services/conception. More number of services/conception were required for local breed (2.7+0.2) than cross breed mares (1.8+0.3) and again for lower body condition scores than higher condition scores of mares. In conclusion, measuring a cross sectional uterine diameter, endometrial folding scores and teasing scores with developing dominant follicles and their correlation were good parameters to determine relative time of ovulation and breeding in mares; whereas good management of mares for improved body conditions could require to decrease number of services per conception.
Prevalence, Major Risk Factors and Response to Hormonal Therapy of Phantom Cow Syndrome in Urban/Peri-Urban Dairy Farms in Bishoftu Town
(Addis Ababa University, 2023) Onneta Regasa; Alemayehu Lemma
Phantom cows that are non-pregnant and not returning to estrus within 21-24 days post insemination cause a serious reproductive management challenge for the smallholder and huge economic loss for the dairy producer. A clinical survey and therapeutic experimental study were conducted to determine the prevalence of phantom cow syndrome, determination risk factors and possibility of treatment using reproductive hormones in 25 dairy farms in and around Bishoftu town. Relevant data were collected through clinical evaluation of animals, record analysis reproductive indices and experimentation. The overall incidence of phantom cow syndrome was 11.9%; (86/720). Proportional incidences in small, medium and large farms were 47.5%, 11.8% and 5.8%, respectively. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the different farm sizes. Presence of diseases such as Pyometra, metritis, luteal cyst, and cow related factors such as daily milk yield, age, parity, and body condition were found to be the major risk factors of PCS. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the incidence of PCS with respect to age, herd size, and parity. Return to estrus and pregnancy were highly improved in treated phantom cows with relatively higher pregnancy rate (75%) observed when cows were treated with PGF2 alpha and uterine lavage when there is endometritis. Early pregnancy diagnosis (between days 17 and 24) either with ultrasound or non-pregnancy test using a rapid P4Gold test was instrumental in restoring cyclicity in phantom cows. The prevalence of PCS in this study is relatively high; showing more non-productive animals are being kept in the dairy system. Many of the risk factors identified in this study are more common in the small holder dairy farms thus need to be considered during optimizing the production system. The use of a more accurate method of early pregnancy detection and treatment of phantom cows with reproductive hormones can contribute to the reduction of incidence of PCS by increasing submission rate for cows that fail to be pregnant during the preceding service. Therefore, proper diagnosis of phantom cows and their early treatment using hormones can potentially reduce the overall impact of PCS
Quality of in Vivo Produced Embryos from Boran and Holstein Breeds with Alternate Sire and Dam Combination in Dairy Animals under Controlled Environment
(2021-08) Jemal Hamid; Alemayehu Lemma
The difference in dairy breed type can determine the success of bovine embryo transfer by influencing the quantity and quality of embryos during in vivo embryo production. This is particularly true since response to the superovulatory hormone treatments varies because of breed and doses of the hormone. In this study, the quantity and quality of embryos were evaluated for Boran and HF*Boran (50% and 75% cross breed) dairy cows alternatively using semen from HF and Boran sires. Total of 42 HF*Boran and HF cows were used to study superovulatory response, 33 HF*Boran cows for evaluation of estrus behavior and 36 HF*Boran and Boran dairy cows for evaluation of embryo quality as three separate experiments. In experiment one, three different dosages of Pluset® (FSH hormone) (500 IU, 650 IU and 800 IU) were evaluated for their best response. In experiment two, types and strength of estrus behaviors were characterized as predictor of superovulatory responses. In experiment three, the donor dams and sires were alternatively used from different breeds to evaluate breed effect on qualities of embryos flushed on Day-7 post AI. In experiment one, the superovulatory response rate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the HF*Boran than HF cows. The mean ± (SE) highest response based on CL count was 14.6 ± 1.1 and the lowest 11.0 ± 1.3, in HF*Boran, at Pluset® dose of 650 IU and 500 IU, respectively. In experiment two, the overall average time required for commencing estrus signs after CIDR removal was 37.4 ± 1.5 hrs and the duration of estrus was 28.5 ± 1.2 hrs. Behavioral estrus was weak in 48.5% (16/33), moderate in 39.4% (13/33) and strong in 12.1% (4/33) of cows regardless of the breeds. Cows with strong estrus behavior had significantly higher superovulatory response (p<0.05) and also vi produced a significantly higher (P=0.000, χ2=31.6) number of UFO than cows who had moderate or weak estrus. In experiment three, 88.9% of the Boran and 83.3% HF*Boran donors responded to the superovulation with no significant breed differences. Total recovery rate was relatively lower (56.5%) in Boran compared to crosses (67.4%). The mean (±SE) total flush output was 6.5±0.8 for Boran and 6.9±0.7 for HF*Boran with no significant breed difference. Mean (±SE) recovery of transferrable embryo was significantly higher (5.3 ± 0.8; p<0.05) in HF*Boran dams inseminated with HF sire semen. Boran cows yielded a significantly higher (p<0.05) proportion of UFO (3.6 ± 0.6) irrespective of the sire breeds. Boran cows inseminated with HF sire semen yield significantly higher proportion of G1 embryos (64.7%, n=22) while HF*Boran produced more G2 embryos (43.1%, n=25). This study demonstrated that doses of FSH determines the ovarian response and the presence of breed related differences in both the quality and quantity of in vivo produced Bovine embryos. Boran breed consistently produced higher proportion of UFO irrespective of the breed of sires while HF*Boran cows produced a significantly higher number of transferable embryos when inseminated with semen from HF sires. It concludes the significance of breed during selection of donors for a successful embryo transfer.
Quality of Semen and Its Implication on Fertility of Breeding Bulls: A Multiparametric Analysis Using Computer Assisted Semen Analyzer and Functional Tests of Semen Produced at Livestock Development Institute
(Addis Ababa University, 2022) Kefelegn Seyoum; Alemayehu Lemma
Various factors are believed to influence the quality of semen in breeding bulls. Among them breed, bull selection and management, diseases and evaluation methods are believed to be the most important one. Poor semen evaluation, such as used in the conventional methods that do not address aspects of the complex spermatozoon structure and subsequent fertilization process implies the production of semen with low conception rate compromising success of artificial insemination. Reports confirm that the Ethiopian Livestock Development Institute (LDI) uses the conventional method and produces semen characterized by low conception rate. A multiparametric semen evaluation using advanced technology and functional tests that sets a higher standard for approval would improve the quality of semen. Accordingly, a computer based integrated semen analysis system, and acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity tests were applied on semen collected from 14 breeding bulls (Boran = 4, Boran* Holstein Frisian Crosses = 4 and Holstein Frisian = 6). Bulls were additionally investigated for incipient general and reproductive diseases. After the initial conventional assessment, semen was evaluated using advanced multiparametric method at fresh, chilled and frozen stages for various semen quality parameters. There were significant (P < 0.05) breed differences between Boran and Holstein Frisian breeds in scrotal circumference (33.20 Vs 38.40cm), testes volume (254.40 Vs 367.50cm3), testes weight (264.10 Vs 381.40g), semen volume (9.81 Vs 11.39ml), pH (6.31 Vs 6.58), spermatozoa head abnormality (5.02 Vs 3.42%), Hypo osmotic swelling reactivity (39.55 and 49.46%) and acrosome intact live spermatozoa (43.29 and 49.67%), respectively. Total sperm morphological abnormality (18.10%) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the Crosses. Motility was significantly higher (82.5%, P < 0.05) in fresh Boran semen while the same parameter was higher in chilled (70.2%) and frozen (42.9%) semen from HF bulls. All kinematic parameters (VCL, VAP, VSL, ALH, BCF, LIN, STR, and WOB) were significantly different (P<0.05) at all stages of semen production among the three breeds, being lower for Cross breed bulls. The ISAS method and the functional tests applied in this study invalidated some of the values of sperm parameters from the conventional method. Moreover, results of HOST, acrosome integrity and sperm morphological defects were associated with one or more of sperm motion characteristics which were not revealed if only conventional method was used. With minimum cut-off values (total motility=40% and progressive motility=15%) in frozen semen, nearly 56% of semen produced at LDI failed to fulfill the minimum approval requirements by ISAS. This was very apparent in semen of Cross bulls for both parameters (total motility 33.1 Vs 12.9% progressive motility) and to that of total motility (33.9%) in Boran semen. All bulls investigated were found to have no general and/or reproductive health problems that influenced the quality of semen. It is therefore plausible to assume that poor semen quality resulting from absence of a more rigorous evaluation method could be one of the factors contributing to the low conception rate at the field level. The significance of introducing advanced methods of semen evaluation is incontrovertible; however, this finding has to be complemented with more field studies and investigation of risk factors in the female individual to get a complete picture. As LDI is bearing a huge national responsibility in advancing the cross breeding program based on AI, it becomes invariably mandatory to start using state of the art methods of breeding soundness examination and semen evaluation.
Study on Factors affecting The Success of Artificial Insemination Program in the Cattle, Siltie Zone
(Addis ababa Universty, 2012-04-20) Hamid Jemal; Alemayehu Lemma
Efficiency of al1ificial insemination sel-Vlce might be lower due to vanous factors including failure of estrus detection, poor management, inadequate nutlition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estms detection and improper timing of insemination has been the single most known factor in dairy animals. In this study, the perfomlance of the conventional method of AI delivery was evaluated to compare with improved estrus detection method through artificial estrus vaginal mucus discharges were found to be the most common estrus manifestations observed byconventional insemination service was 2.34±0.OS . Bellowing, standing to be mounted andininduction. Pregnancy rate was compared between dairy animals inseminated by the conventional way and those inseminated after estrus induction using synthetic prostaglandin. Pregnancy rate for the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breedfor the whole of the study group using AI was 42.9%. There was also a significant breed difference in pregnancy rate (p
Ultrasonographic Studies on Ovarian Dynamics and Associated Estrus Manifestations of Jennies Under Controlled Management
(2008-06) Kebede Hassen; Alemayehu Lemma
Serial ultrasonographic study was conducted on nine Jennies aged 5-14 years from December 2007 to April, 2008 with the objective of characterizing ovarian follicular activities and estrus manifestations under controlled management. The jennies were housed, fed on hay and concentrate, regularly watered and were not working during the study. Ovarian follicular activity was determined from number and size distribution of follicles, length of interovulatory interval, growth rate of preovulatory follicles, diameter of follicles at the onset of estrus and incidence of ovulation. Estrus manifestations were characterized using length of estrus and estrous cycle. The mean (± SD) number of follicle detected per ovary was 5.45 ± 2.25(range 1 -16) with sizes ranging from 2.88mm to 44mm.The mean (± SD) size of follicle encountered at the onset of estrus was 25.9 ± 3.7 mm (range 20.9 – 34.4) while that of the preovulatory follicles at -1 day before ovulation was 36.81 ± 3.78mm. The mean (± SD) interovulatory interval, estrus and estrous cycle length were 25.4 ± 3.6; 7.85± 2.99 and 24.22 ± 7.43 days respectively. The mean (± SD) growth rate of the preovulatory follicle after day of divergence, which fell on -8 day before ovulation was 1.89 ±0.33mm/day (P<0.001). Follicles were known to grow in cohorts constituting two or more waves. Serum progesterone profile followed the same patterns of ovarian dynamics with peak values being detected during mid luteal phase. Serum progesterone assay revealed blood progesterone profiles of <1.0 ng /ml during estrus and up to 11ng /ml during mid - luteal phase which has shown the presence of ovarian cyclicity through out the study period with patterns following follicular dynamics. Majority (82.14%) of the estrus manifestations were significantly (p<0.005) associated with ovulations. Body condition was positively correlated (r = 0.52, P< 0.001) with the diameter of the preovulatory follicle and negatively with the number of follicles per ovary (p<0.01). Estrus length was also found to be positively correlated to size of preovulatory follicle at onset of estrus (r = 0.412, p<0.05) and negatively correlated to interovulatory interval (r = -0.548, p<0.05). Ovarian follicular dynamics in jennies are generally equine prototype with subtle differences. In contrast to previous reports of reproductive activity under traditional management systems, this study confirmed as improved management can also improve the ovarian activity. However, it still remains to be verified as to see the relative and individual effects of management factors on follicular activity.

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