Activation of Peanut Shell Using Phosphoric Acid for The Bleaching Process of Niger Seed Oil
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Date
2019-06
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
In this study, a two-stage process was conducted. The first stage was carrying out for the activation
process of Peanut shell powder at different temperatures and concentrations to select the optimum
parameters. The second stage was bleaching of Niger seed oil using the chosen activated peanut
shell powder adsorbent. The peanut shell collected from Sululta, Ethiopia was activated by
phosphoric acid, and further bleaching experiments were conducted to assess the activated
powders effect on the bleaching capacity of Niger seed oil. The Two key parameters of the acid
activation process were acid concentration and activation temperature. The highest bleaching
capacity was obtained around 3M acid concentration and at 350
o
C of activation temperature as
optimal activation. The PSP and PAAPSP at optimal condition were characterized by XRD, FTIR
and SEM with EDS. The results of the XRD showed that the PSP is composed of cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin polysaccharide. The XRD analysis of PAAPSP illustrated the presence
of crystalline carbonaceous structure and different alumino silicate minerals. X-ray and FTIR data
confirmed that acid activation degrades cellulose. The results of the analysis by Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS) showed that, presence of carbon, oxygen, silica, alumina and phosphorous.
Full factorial Box Behnken design (BBD) experimental design was employed to correlate the
bleaching parameters (temperature, time and dosage of PAAPSP) to the percentage color
reduction for Niger seed. The result showed that the optimum condition for the bleaching process
was a temperature of 110
o
C, a period of 20 minutes and 3% PAAPSP dosage which resulted in
88.02% bleaching performance of the Niger seed oil. The experimental result was in agreement
with the model prediction. Generally, the study has shown that the phosphoric acid activated
peanut shell powder is a good adsorbent for the bleaching of the Niger seed oil. This research has
further established that acid activated peanut shell powder has the capacity to remove not only
pigments but also reduce the free fatty acid and peroxide value of unbleached oil.
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Keywords
Acid activation, Bleaching, Characterization, Niger seed oil, Peanut shell