Medical Microbiology

Permanent URI for this collection

http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/69

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 134

Aerobic Bacteria in Post-Surgical Wound Infection and Pattern of Their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Hawassa Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2001-05) Dessalegn, Lopiso; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Shemeles, Techalew
Background: Post-operative wound infections have been found to pose a major problem in the field of surgery for a long time. Advances in control of infections have not completely eradicated this problem because of development of drug resistance. This condition is serious in developing countries where irrational prescription of antimicrobial agents is common. Objective: To determine the distribution of common aerobic bacteria in post-surgical wound infected patients and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in a total of 194 patients with post surgical wound infections at Hawassa Teaching and Referral Hospital, from November 2010 to March 2011. Physicians collected data on socio-demography and clinical profiles using designed formats. Moreover, pus swabs were collected, processed and cultured using the standard bacteriological methods. Isolated organisms were tested for pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility using the standard disk diffusion method. The data were entered in to a computer and analyzed using SPSS Version-16 software. Results: The prevalence of aerobic bacteria was 71.1%, and majority of the isolates (59.3 %) were Gram-negative organisms. The most frequently isolated aerobic bacteria was S. aureus (37.3%), followed by E .coli (25.4%) and Klebsiella species (13.6%). All bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 86.4 % were resistant to more than one antibiotic (multiple drug resistance). Conclusion: Single and multiple drug resistance to the commonly used antibiotics in the study area was found to be very high leaving clinicians with a very few choices of drugs for the treatment of post surgical wound infected patients. Therefore, it is critical that use of antimicrobial agents with in hospitals, public healthcare providers as well as private ones should be reviewed and further studies to find out the overall resistance patterns and their possible causes and associated factors in the region at large need to be carried out. Key words: Aerobic bacteria, post-surgical wound, antimicrobial, susceptibility
Analysis of Serum for Antibodies to Cytomegalovirus in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-02) Yared Tedla ; Woldeamanuel Yimtubezinash; Asrat Daniel; Shibre Teshome; Assefa Abrham
Background: Several evidences suggest that Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may play anetiological role in some case of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Studies have reported that some individuals experiencing initial episodes of major mental disorders have increased levels of immunoglobulin G(IgG) to CMV. Objective: To determine the magnitude of CMV infection in individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy controls by using serologic diagnostic methods. Materials and Methods: A case control study conducted from March to May of 2009. A total of 844 serum samples were analysed for the presence and level of IgG to CMV using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Serawere collected from 216 individuals with schizophrenia, 199with bipolar disorder and 429close relatives and their healthy controls, recruited from Butajira district.Seropositivity summarized using percentage and antibody level was summarized using mean. Logistic regression was used for cross tabulated data and linear regression for comparing antibody level among groups. All test of significance was two tailed and ,p < 0.05 is considered significant. Results:99.3% of tested serawere positive for IgG to CMV. However, serum levels of IgGto CMV in individuals with schizophrenia[β = 0.21; 95% CI (0.03, 0.38)]and bipolar disorder [β = 0.20; 95% CI (0.02, 0.37)]were higher compared to healthy controls. Younger individuals with schizophrenia (<20 years) had higher level of IgG to CMV compared to matched healthy controls[β = 0.64;95% CI (0.10, 1.19)]. Conclusion: This study provided serologic evidence that infection with CMV may be associated with some cases of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Additional studies should be directed at further analysis of antibodies to CMV in the sera and CSF of individuals with recent onset of psychosis.
Analysis of Serum for Antibodies to Toxoplasma Gondii in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-02) Tadele Geletta; Aseffa Abraham
Background: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders are serious neuropsychiatric diseases of unknown etiology. Recent studies indicated that infectious agents such as Toxoplasmagondii may contribute to some cases of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. In this study we determined the prevalence of T. gondi infection and IgGtitersagainst Toxoplasmain schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients and control subjects which comprise first degree relatives of the patients and some individuals from neighborhoods. Methods: 214 cases of schizophrenia, 171 patients of bipolar disorders and 363 controlsrecruited fromMeskan and Mareko (Butajira)district forgenetic study in 2001and theirstored sera were analyzed for IgG antibody against T. gondii by using enzyme-linkedimmunoassay (ELISA)for a period of March to May 2009. Results: Overall prevalence of IgG antibodies in all study subjects was 95.2%. The prevalence of the antibodies increased with age in cases and control subjects. Theseroprevalence of T. Gondii infection was 97.7% in patients with schizophrenia,95.3% in bipolar disorder cases and93.7% in control subjects. There was significantly increase inseroprevalence of IgG antibodies toT. gondii in schizophrenia cases compared with control groups (p=0.031) but, the difference in seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was not statistically significant between bipolar disorder cases and controls group(p=0.427). In addition, there was no significant difference in IgGtiters between the cases and their close relative controls and/or non-relatives controls recruited from neighborhoods. Conclusions and recommendations: patients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher prevalence ofT. Gondii infection than the control group. Thus, this study gives additional information to the hypothesis that exposure to Toxoplasma may be risk factor for schizophrenia. Further studies may be required to determine anti-Toxoplasma antibody level in first episode psychosis and in the same individuals in chronic course by follow up to speculate decrease in antibodies level caused by antipsychotic or mood stabilizer drugs, which might improve the clinical course in the patients.
Antibody Level Against HBV After Hepatitis B Vaccination and Sero-Prevalence of HBV in Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Teshome, Seifegebriel; Mihret, Adane(PhD); Abebe, Tamrat (PhD)
Background: Around two billion people have been infected with HBV worldwide, and more than 240 million are chronic carriers. Vaccine introduction for HBV in children was officially launched by WHO in 1980. Since then the vaccine response level was determined in different countries. However, there is no any study conducted in Ethiopia to assess the response level and effectiveness of HBV vaccine against the virus since the initiation of the vaccine in 2007. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine antibody level against HBV after hepatitis B vaccination and sero-prevalence of HBV in children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted and a multi stage probability sampling techniques was applied. Four hundred and fifty children between the age of 5 and 8 years who are living in three sub cities of Addis Ababa were included. Three to four ml of blood was collected and questionnaire was obtained. Finally ELISA was done to determine antibody level against HBV after hepatitis B vaccination and sero-prevalence of HBV infection in children. Result: The mean age of the children was 7+1(SD) years. Protective antibody levels were detected in 208(54.3%) of children with a slightly high response level in females 98(54.7%) than males 110(53.9%). The overall vaccine coverage was 85.1 %. The protective level is declined as the age of the child increased and it was 52.6%, 60%, 43.5% and 37.1% at the age of 5, 6, 7 and 8 years, respectively. The sero prevalence of HBsAg was 0.4% whereas Anti HBc was 5.6%. Age has negatively correlated and significantly associated with the response level (p=0.001) whereas sex and previous disease status of the child has no significant association. Age of the child was also having significant association with sero- prevalence of anti HBc (p=0.003). Other factors like vaccination status and dose of vaccination were also significantly associated with a vaccine response level (p=<0.001). All partially vaccinated children didn’t respond to the vaccine. Conclusion: The vaccine coverage in the country is worthy but antibody response against HBV vaccine is low. We also showed a low Sero- prevalence of the virus in children. However, the low response level to the vaccine should have to be the concern and revaccination or booster doses should be given for non responded children in order to enhance the vaccine response. Key words: HBV, antibody response level, vaccination status, HBsAg, Anti HBsAg, Anti HBc
Antischistosomal Efficacy of Artemeter-Lumefantrine While Administered as Curative Treatments for Malaria Among Patient in Kemise Health Center, North Eastern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Mulugeta Tilahun ; Nigus Fikrie; Solomon Mequanent ; Abiy Habtewold
Background: Schistosomiasis stands next to malaria in terms of extent of endemic areas. The distributions of both malaria and schistosomiasis show a large geographical overlap in tropical and subtropical environments, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This part of the world currently harbours more than 85% of the estimated global burdens due to malaria and schistosomiasis. Cross–sectional surveys carried out in different ecoepidemiological settings of Africa revealed high frequencies of Plasmodium and Schistosoma infections. Both experimental and clinical studies showed that the Artemisinin based therapy for the treatment of malaria do also have antischistosomal efficacies. Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate whether Artemether–Lumefantrine has antischistosomal efficacy when administered as curative treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kemise, North Eastern Ethiopia. Method: Malaria cases age above 5 years with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, who (or their guardians consented) to participate in the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study for follow up period of day 28, 29 or 30. 152 microscopically on firmed P. falciparum malaria cases were enrolled who attended the Kemise Health Center. Stool samples were collected from these malaria patients and diagnosed for schistosomiasis using Kato–katz technique. Co-infected patients were treated with Artemether-Lumfantrine. The cure rate, egg reduction and prevalence of co-infection were measured. Result: Twenty eight of patients who fulfilled enrollment criteria completed follow up after treatment. The 28 co-infected patients were found stool-negative for Schistosoma eggs on day 28, 29 and 30. Twenty eight of the 152 (18.42%) were co-infected with S. mansoni. Cure rate and egg reduction rate were 100%. Conclusion/Recommendation: Artemether-Lumefantrine was found to be highly efficacious (100%) for the treatment of S. mansoni and P. falciparum malaria co-infection. This study recommended a large scale study for better understanding of the efficacy of ArtemetherLumefantrine for treatment S. mansoni and P. falciparum co-infection.
Arginase Activity in the Blood of Patients with HIV, TB and HIV/TB Co-infections
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-09) Abdu, Mohammedmensur; Abebe, Tamrat(PhD); Mihret, Adane(PhD)
Background: HIV/AIDS and TB remain a major global public health problem and their global distribution is heavily skewed toward low income and emerging economics. Africa, and more specifically Sub-Saharan Africa, faces the worst epidemic of the two diseases since the advent of the antibiotic era. Both TB and HIV have profound effects on the immune system, as they are capable of disarming the host’s immune responses through mechanisms that are not fully understood. The catabolism L-arginine by arginase has emerged as a potent mechanism for the regulation of immune responses. Objectives: To measure arginase activity in the blood of patient with HIV, TB and HIV/TB coinfected patients at Zewditu Memorial and St. peter's Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2014 to October 2014.Venous blood was collected from patients before initiation of treatment and controls in BD Vacutainer EDTA tubes. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is performed by density gradient centrifugation on Histopaque-1077(Sigma) where as Plasma was obtained after centrifugation of a blood at 1800 rpm for 10 minutes. Arginase enzyme activity was determined using colorimetric assay based on color formed when urea produced is heated in acid with - isonitrosopropiophenone. Data were evaluated by using GraphPad Prism version 6.05 and the differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Result: Increased arginase activity was observed in PBMC of HIV, TB and HIV/TB co-infected patients than in PBMC of healthy controls and similarly higher arginase level also measured in plasma of TB and HIV/TB co-infected patients than in plasma of healthy control. Moreover, a CD+4 T cell counts of HIV and HIV/TB co-infected patients and BMI of HIV, TB and HIV/TB patients were negatively associated with PBMC arginase activity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that arginase activity is become higher during HIV, TB and HIV/TB co-infections. Keywords: PBMC, plasma, HIV, TB, HIV/TB patients, Arginase
Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Hospital and Non-hospital Sewarage System In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-03) Mohammed, Redwan; Erku, Woldaregay (BSC, MSC, PhD, Associate professor)
Background: -Large quantities of antimicrobials are used in hospitals for patient care. Antibiotics are partially metabolized and residual quantities reach hospital sewage, exposing bacteria to a wide range of biocides that could act as selective pressure for the development of resistance. Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolate selected common bacterial pathogens and assess antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from sewage released from hospitals and nonhospital sewerage system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2016-December 2017 in hospital and non-hospital sewage. A total of 220 hospital and non-hospital sewage samples were collected twice a week for five weeks for bacteriological analysis and susceptibility testing. Pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated on selective bacteriologic media and antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. All methods were used according to standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Results: A total of 220 waste water samples were processed for the presence of drug resistant pathogens. From these total samples 506 bacterial isolates were isolated and of these 327 (64.6%) were from hospital environment and 179 (35.4%) were from non-hospital environment. The most frequently identified bacterium was Pseudomonas spp. 160(31.6%) followed by E.coli 108(21.34%); Klebsiella spp.76 (15%); Citrobacter spp. 50 (10%); Staphylococcus aureus 37 (7.3%);Enterobacter 14(2.8%); and 57(11.26%) were other gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Hospital and non-hospital isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The percent of resistance for Gram-negative bacteria to 9 antibiotics were as follows: Ampicillin (100% and 95.5%), Imipenem (0% and 0%), Ceftriaxone (75% and 26.9%), Ceftazidim (91.9% and 65.7%), Gentamicin (17.7% and 4.5%), Ciprofloxacin (36.2% and 8.9%), Kanamycin (27.3% and 4.5%), Chloramphenicol (19.6% and 6%) and Cefotaxime (96.5% and 89.9%)for hospital and non-hospital wastewater, respectively. Likewise, the rate of resistance for S.aureus against tested drugs was: Ampicillin (100% & 100%), Amoxicillin (100% & 83%) Chloramphenicol (28% & 17%), Ciprofloxacin (16% & 8%), Ceftriaxone (20% & 8%), Gentamicin (12% & 0%), Cefotaxim (40% & 25%), and Erythromycin (20% & 0%) for bacteria isolated from hospital and non-hospital wastewater, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that both hospital and non-hospital environments harbor similar types of bacteria, but the hospital environment contains significantly higher number and antibiotic resistance rates of each bacteria types. The contamination of hospital sewage more than that of the non-hospital one by antibiotics or other pollutants lead to the rise and dissemination of multidrug resistance due to selection pressure.
Assessment of Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Comparison with non-Catheterized Urinary Tract Infections in Jimma University Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Teshager, Lule; Asrat, Daniel(PhD)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infection. They have become the most common hospital acquired infections, accounting for as many as 35% of nosocomial infections, and are usually associated with catheterization. The aim of this study is to assess the bacterial profile and antimicrbial resistance pattern of catheter associated urinary tract infection in comparison with non-catheter associated UTI. One hundred and twenty urine specimens (30 from catheterized patients and 90 from non-catheterized patients with symptoms of UTI) were screened for the presence of significant bacteruria from January to March 2005. Bacteriological screening of catheterized urine and clean catch mid-stream urine revealed that 13/30 (43.3%) and 20/90 (22.3%) had significant bacteriuria, respectively (P<0.05). All samples taken from patients who have been catheterized for 2 weeks or more showed significant bacteruria. In both group the rate of infection was higher in female patients. Older patients (>50years old) were found to be the most affected age group (46%) among catheterized patients whereas most of the non-catheterized patients with significant bacteruria belonged to age group 11-12 years. Among catheterized patients, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were found to be the most frequently isolated pathogens (each of them accounts 23 %) followed by coagulase negative Staphylococci (15 %). The most frequently isolated species from non-catheterized patients was Klebsiella (40 %) followed by E. coli (30 %). Resistance rates (56.3 % to 100%) to Ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, carbenicillin, and Trimethoprime /sulfamethoxazole were observed in all organisms isolated from both groups. In addition, resistance rates to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and nalidixic acid were observed in all bacteria isolated from catheterized patients. In general, in this study, high level multidrug resistance in both groups indicated that it is time to reconsider the empirical use of the commonly used antimicrobial agents in Ethiopia. Particularly, increasing vii resistance in pathogens isolated from catheterized patients is frustrating. Because the most important risk factors for UTI is duration of catheterization indwelling urinary catheterization should be avoided or at least minimized
Assessment of Disinfectant and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Hospital Wastewater, South Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Fekadu, Sintayehu; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Merid, Yared
Background: Large quantities of antibiotics and disinfectants are used in hospitals for patient care and disinfection process, respectively. These products are partially metabolized and residual quantities reach hospital wastewater, exposing bacteria to wide range of biocides that could act as selective pressure for development of resistance. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess disinfectant and antibiotic resistant bacteria in Yirg Alem and Hawassa hospitals effluents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2010-February 2011 in hospital wastewater. A total of 24 composite samples were collected on weekly basis for bacteriological analysis and susceptibility testing. Indicator organisms, pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were determined and isolated on selective bacteriologic media. Disinfectant activity was evaluated in use-dilution for tincture iodine, sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol and MIC was determined by agar dilution method. Similarly antibiotic susceptibility test were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. All methods were used according to standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. Results: Pathogenic (Salmonella, Shigella and S. aureus) and potentially pathogenic (E. coli) bacteria were detected from effluents of both hospitals. Activity of disinfectant in use-dilution demonstrated tincture-iodine as the most effective agent, followed by sodium hypochlorite and the least active was 70% ethanol. MIC for ethanol against S. aureus and gram negative rods from Yirg Alem hospital (YAH) showed 4 and 3.5 log reduction, respectively. Similarly 3.8 and 3.2 log reduction were observed for S. aureus and gram negative rods from Hawassa University Referral Hospital (HURH), respectively. Salmonella isolates from YAH effluent were resistance to Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline and Doxycycline, whereas from HURH effluent were resistant to the above three antibiotics and Gentamycin too. S. aureus from YAH effluent was resistant to Penicillin, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, whereas from HURH was resistant to the above three antibiotics and Gentamycin too. Conclusion: Hospital effluents tested contain antibiotic resistant bacteria which are released to receiving water bodies resulting in huge public health threat. Key words: antibiotics, biocides, disinfectants, heterotrophic count, hospital effluent, hospital influent, indicator, minimum inhibitory concentration, most probable number
Assessment of Immunopathogenic Risk Markers for HIV Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN) in Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-07) Haileselassie, Yonas; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Wolday, Dawit (PhD)
Background: HIV-1 infected patients are at risk of developing several types of chronic kidney disease, of which HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the most prevalent. HIVAN is typically a complication of late stage HIV infection, associated with low CD4 cellcounts and elevated serum HIV RNA levels. HIVAN is characterized: clinically by severe proteinuria and renal failure, and pathologically by a collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which rapidly progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in at risk individuals. Susceptibility to ESRD among HIV-infected individual, has been attributed to MYH9 E-1 and APOL1 G1 and G2 genetic variation. We determined the frequency of MYH9 E-1 and APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants together with the prevalence of HIVAN among HIV infected individuals of Ethiopian population to determine whether the kidney disease genetic risk is all African or restricted to West Africa, and can explain the previously reported low risk of HIVAN among Ethiopians. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess immunopathogenic risk markers for HIVAssociated Nephropathy in Ethiopia Methods: We studied a cohort of 200 HIV-infected individuals (120 patients already on ART and 80 ART naïve patients) who were treated in ART clinic of Tikur Anbessa Teaching Hospital. We sought clinical evidence for HIVAN (serum creatinine > 1.4 mg/dl or proteinuria > 30 mg/dl at a spot urine sample). Genetic analyses include the genotyping of the MYH9 E-1 risk haplotype and APOL1 G1 and G2 risk markers (variants). Statistical analysis compared clinical and genetic indices for HIV-infected individuals of Ethiopian population and overall Ethiopians, in comparison to those reported for HIV-infected African Americans, overall African Americans, West Africans and non-Africans. Results: In our study, none of the HIV-infected patients of Ethiopian populations showed clinical criteria for HIVAN. This absence of clinically apparent HIVAN was statistically significant difference from that reported for African Americans. The genetic indices showed that, 56% of HIV infected individuals of Ethiopians carried the MYH9 E-1 risk haplotype. This frequency of MYH9 E-1 risk haplotype is almost consistent with the frequency reported for African Americans and West Africans. The frequency of APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants ix were zero percent in all of the 200 HIV-infected individuals of Ethiopian population. Global ancestry and the frequencies of the G1 and G2 APOL1 risk variants are not statistically different from their frequencies in the general Ethiopian population, but are significantly and dramatically lower than those observed among HIV-infected African Americans, overall African Americans and West Africans. Conclusion: Although 56% of HIV infected individuals of Ethiopian populations have MYH9 E-1 risk haplotype and that seems consistent with the previously reported African Americans and West African populations risk for HIVAN, the coinciding absence of HIVAN and the APOL1 risk variants (G1 and G2) among HIV-infected individuals of Ethiopians support a western and west central Africa, rather than all African ancestry risk for end stage renal disease, and can readily explain the lack of HIVAN among individuals of Ethiopian populations. Keywords/phrases: HIVAN, ESRD, MYH9 E-1 risk haplotype, APOL1 G1 and G2 risk Markers, Serum creatinine, Proteinuria
Assessment of Specific Immune Responses to Tuberculosis in HIV Infected Patients Before and During Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART)
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-03) Berhanu, Tesfaye; Asrat, Daniel(PhD); Woldeamanuel, Yimtubezinash (PhD)
BACKGROUND: HAART greatly reduces the risk of developing tuberculosis in HIVinfected persons. However, individuals who initiate HAART may still be reported as having TB, either because they are developing active TB due to persistent immunodeficiency or because they have sub clinical TB that becomes apparent in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Despite the severity of the problem, little information is available on the extent to which HAART restores TB specific immune response or CD4 cell and characteristics of patients who develop TB while taking HAART and proportion of immune reconstitution syndrome associated with TB. OBJECTIVES: To assess specific immune response to tuberculosis in HIV-1 infected patients before and during HAART and to assess the characteristics of patients who developed ART associated TB and to determine the incidence rate of TB IRIS. METHODS: In a longitudinal prospective cohort study, 177 study participants naive to HAART were enrolled and followed for six months after starting HAART at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. The study period was from June 2006 to September 2008. Blood samples were collected before initiation of HAART (at baseline), at 3rd and 6th month of HAART and at occurrence of suspected TB IRIS. T lymphocyte sub set enumerated and the immune response to tuberculosis was assessed in vitro, using ELISPOT assay in PBMC stimulated with TB antigens (PPD, ESAT-6, and CFP-10), and in vivo using tuberculin skin test (TST) at the specified time points. RESULTS: Recovery of TB specific immune response: The proportion of TST positive responses increased significantly from baseline 17.5% to 26.8% at 3rd month and to 28.9% at the 6th month (p= 0.02). TST response increased significantly among groups with CD4 cell count <50 cells/mm3 when the group is stratified according to baseline CD4 cell count and among group with active TB at baseline investigation when the group is stratified according to baseline TB status. Quantitative IFN-γ ELISPOT response to TB antigens (PPD, ESAT-6 and CFP-10) also increased after HAART in the whole cohort. Median SFC/million to PPD xiii and ESAT-6 significantly increased among group with baseline CD4<50 cells/mm3 when the group is stratified according to baseline CD4 cell count. Although the difference was not statistically significant (except for quantitative ELSPOT response to PPD), the proportion of TST response and median SFC/million ELISPOT response to TB antigens after HAART were also higher in those with baseline CD4 ≥100 cells/mm3 than < 100 cells/mm3. ART associated TB, unmasking and paradoxical TB IRIS: the incidence rate of ART associated TB in our cohort was 12.7 cases /100 PY during the first 6 months of HAART. The majority (62.5%) of TB cases occurred within the first month of HAART. Baseline TST response > 5 mm induration, baseline hemoglobin < 12 gm/dl and being male were the strongest predictors of occurrence of TB during HAART. Only 3/8 (37.5%) episodes of TB were presented as unmasking tuberculosis IRIS. The proportion of paradoxical IRIS was 9.6 % (3/31) and the incidence rate was 22.5 cases per 100 persons per year. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The majority of the study participants attained CD4 cell counts above the zone of severe immunodeficiency within the first 3 months of treatment. However, the relative risk of attaining CD4 cell > 200 cells/mm3 decreased significantly with decreasing baseline CD4 cell count. Thus, individuals who initiated HAART with CD4 < 50 cells/mm3 are likely to have high risk of morbidity and mortality for longer period. This underscores the need of designing strategy to identify and treat patients before they get into a stage of profound CD4 lymphcytopenia. Our study indicates that TB specific T cell repertoire may not be totally lost in HIV infected individuals with CD4 < 50 cells/ mm3 and their levels can still be improved by HAART. Our findings provide useful baseline information for further research to assess overall potential of HAART in the restoration of immunity to tuberculosis. Finally, in this study, we observed a high rate of tuberculosis in our cohort during the initial months of HAART indicating the need for careful screening for TB before initiation of HAART. More sensitive and specific diagnostic methods for TB may assist in early diagnosis. In addition, our study confirmed that a sub set of patients who developed TB during HAART manifested as IRIS. Key words: Tuberculosis, CD4 cell count, IRIS, HAART, immune response and Ethiopia
Association of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Hyperemesis Gravidarum Women: A Case Control Study in Selected Hospital and Two Health Centers in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-01) Assefa, Yilikal; Desta, Kassu(PhD)
Background: Nausea and vomiting is a common and unpleasant problem during pregnancy with a frequency of 75% to 80% of pregnancies. In some women nausea and vomiting is very severe and does not respond to simple diet manipulation and antiemetic agents. Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is one of the many problems during pregnancy; its etiology has not been clearly understood. Inflammatory factors like Helicobacter pylori infection have been considered as a risk factor in some studies. However, this information is very limited in the Ethiopian context and this research addressed the information gap. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the possible association of Helicobacter pylori infection and Hyperemesis gravidarum women visiting a selected hospital and health centres in Kirkos Sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A case control study was conducted in Kirkos sub city in one hospital and two health centers (Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Kirkos health center and Kazanchis health centers) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia among 50 hyperemesis gravidarum women (cases) and 100 non- hyperemesis gravidarum women (controls). A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of the study participants. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for determination of hemoglobin concentration and stool samples were processed for the presence of H.pylori infection using stool antigens test kit and the presence of intestinal parasites by direct stool examination (wet smear) and formol- ether concentration techniques. Urine analysis was done for ketone bodies. Data was summarized in frequencies (%) and mean + SD as appropriate. Chi-square tests, Student “t” test and logistic regression were used in the analysis as needed. In all cases P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The overall rate of H.pylori infection among study subjects of pregnant women was 24.7 % (37/150). The prevalence of H.pylori infection was higher in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum than pregnant women without hyperemesis gravidurum, 56% (28/50) and 9% (9 /100) respectively (X2= 39.626 P value = 0.000).In this study there was a statistical association between H.pylori infection and low hemoglobin value, (OR=4.121, 95% CI=1.233– xii 13.771, p=0.024). There was no statistically significance difference between H.pylori positive women and sociodemographic characteristics (pvalue > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggested that there was a strong association between H. pylori infection and HG. Helicobcater pylori should therefore, be considered as one of the risk factors for HG. H.pylori infection was associated with low hemoglobin value. H.pylori infected HG pregnant women showed higher rates of anemia than pregnant women without HG. Some expected H.pylori associated risk factors like presence of intestinal parasites; smoking habit; khat chewing and habit of drinking alcohol do not have significant association with H.pylori infection in this study.Further studies are required in the community using different diagnostic methods to explore the actual role of H.pylori and warranted to consider weather screening H.pylori infection during pregnancy could benefit the mother and the fetus in the near future and investigation of H.pylori infection used as a potential factor that might play a role in the managements of occurrence of anemia and hyperemesis gravidarum in pregnant women would be further explored. Key words: Anemia, H.pylori, pregnancy, Hyperemesis gravidarum, H. pylori stool antigen test
Bacterial Isolates from External Ocular Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Status Among Patients Visiting Menelik II Referral Hospital,Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Nitsuh, Asmamaw; Dr.G/Selassie, Solomon; Dr. Erku, Woldaregay
Background:Infection of the external structures of the eye is one of the commonest types of eye disease worldwide including Ethiopia.Generally, infection of the eye can lead loss or impairment of visual function causing major disability. Therefore, prompt isolation and testing susceptibility of bacterial isolates are necessary for bettertreatment of bacterial ocular infection. Objective: the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of bacterial isolates from external ocular infections and their antibiotics susceptibility status among patients visiting ophthalmology unit of Menelik II Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A Hospital based cross sectional prospective study was conducted at the Menelik II Referral Hospital among patients seeking health services at the department of ophthalmology from Januaryto April, 2019. All patients confirmed of external ocular infections were included. External ocular samples were collected using aseptic techniques. All samples were investigated for the presence of bacterial growth and bacteria were identified using gram stain, colony morphology, and disk sensitivity and biochemical tests. Drug susceptibility test was done using the Kirby-Bauer Disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI). Result:In this study,the magnitudes of bacterial isolates were 175/323 (54.2%. The proportion of gram positive bacterial isilates was 171/184 (92.9%).Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS)76/184 (41.3%) were the predominant bacterial isolatefollowed by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Viridianand Klebsiella spp., 67/184 (36.4%),16/184 (8.7%) and 6/184 (3.3%) respectively. The dominant clinical feature was Blepharitis accounting 122/323 (37.8%). Gram positive bacterial isolates were susceptible to, Tobramycin, Gentamycin, chloramphenicol, Vancomycin and ceftriaxone. However, 94.0% of these gram positive bacterial pathogens showed resistance to penicillin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) were observed in gram positive and gram negative bacteria isolates 136/184 (67.4%)and 12/13 (92.1%) respectively. Conclusion: Blepharitis was the leadingEOI followed by conjunctivitis. The predominant bacteria species was CoNS followed byS. aureus. The higher prevalence of MDR 135/184 (73.4%)and increasing of MRSA23/67 (34.3%) bacterial pathogens dictates the need for continuous surveillance apart from routine antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Bacterial Nosocomial Infections and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in Surgical Wards and Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) Of Tikur Anbessa University Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-08) Endalafer, Nigatu; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Kotisso, Berhanu(PhD)
Background: Nosocomial infections are defined as infections which are not present or not incubating when the patient is hospitalized and are acquired during hospital stay. Sign and symptoms of the infection may be evident during hospitalization or after discharge related to the length of the incubation period. It is usually defined as an infection that is identified at least 48-72 hours following admission to health institution. Infections acquired in hospital are likely to complicate illness, cause anxiety and discomfort, and can lead to death. Nosocomial infection is a global problem with multi facet out comes. The problem is well pronounced in developing countries. Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of nosocomial infections show variations among countries and even among different hospitals in the same country. Many of these infections are associated with micro-organisms that are resistant to multiple antibiotics and can easily spread on the hands of personnel. The most frequent types of nosocomial infections are urinary-tract infection, surgical-wound infection, pneumonia, and bloodstream infection. At present, the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents is a global public health problem, particularly in pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial resistance results in increased morbidity, mortality and health-care costs. Objective: To determine the prevalence, etiological agents and drug susceptibility pattern of nosocomial infections at Tikur Anbessa University Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2007 to April 2008 at Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. During the study, all adult patients admitted to surgical wards and SICU with suspected of nosocomial infection were included. Among 854 patients admitted to surgical wards and SICU, 215 patients selected based on their clinical ground, after a careful clinical examination. Clinical samples were collected from the study subject and analyzed accordingly. Results: Eight hundred fifty four patients admitted to surgical ward and SICU between June 2007 and April 2008 to Tikur Anbessa University Hospital in Addis Ababa were studied for prevalence of nosocomial infections. A total of 215(25.2%) patients, were selected based on their clinical grounds from surgical wards (n=161) and SICU (n=54). The mean hospital stay from the date of admission until sample collection was 16.72 days with a range of 3 to 66 days. Of the 215 patients, 130(60.5%) were males and 85 (39.5%) were females. A total of nine percent (77/854) patients were confirmed to have nosocomial infections. Of the 77 patients, 51(66.2%) were males and 26(33.8%) females. The distribution of nosocomial infections among positive cases was surgical site infection 38(49.4%), urinary tract infections 23(29.8%) and blood stream infection 16(20.8%). The Gram-positive and negative bacteria accounted for 23/84(23.4%) and 61/84(72.6%) respectively. A total of 84 bacterial pathogens (strains) were isolated, E. coli accounted for 19.0% of the total isolates followed by S. aureus and Klebseiella spp. More than one bacteria etiologic agent was isolated from 7/77(9.1%) of the patients with nosocomial infection. Gram positive bacteria showed 100% resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole; while gram negative bacteria showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, Tetracycline and Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Conclusion: The prevalence of nosocomial infection at Tikur Anbessa University Hospitals decreased from the previous study (16.4% and 13%) in the same hospital. Gram-positive bacteria isolated from nosocomial infection were 100% resistance to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. In addition, gramnegative bacterial isolates were 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tetracycline and Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Due to the presence of high level drug resistance bacteria, empirical treatment to nosocomial infections may not be effective. Therefore, treatment should be based on the result of culture and sensitivity. Keywords: Nosocomial infection, Surgical Site Infection, Blood Stream Infection, Urinary Tract Infection, Intensive Care Unit
Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among Patients Attending Selected Health Centers’ of Kolfe Keraniyo Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-01) Nurahmed, Negash; Desta, Kassu
Background: Lower respiratory tract infections are the commonest health problem demanding frequent consultation and hospitalization. Moreover, in recent years, there has been dramatic rise in antibiotic resistance among respiratory pathogens. There are limited information concerning Lower respiratory tract infections burden and Antimicrobial resistance pattern in Ethiopia. Objective: To determine bacteriologically confirmed burden, profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria causing lower respiratory tract infections. Methodology: Using a cross-sectional study design a total of 240 samples were recruited from selected health centers’ of Kolfe Keraniyo sub city ,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from May - July, 2016. Sputum samples were collected by using convenient sampling technique and inoculated on to MacConkey agar, Chocolate agar and blood agar and then incubated for 24 hrs at 37oc. Biochemical tests were performed and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using disk diffusion method. Data were entered and analyzed using Stastical Package for Social Sciences version 20. P values <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: From a total of 240 samples processed 77 (32.1%) showed growth of various species of bacteria. Among the isolates, K. pneumoniae 28 (36.4%) was the most isolated organism, S. pneumoniae 15 (19.5%) was next, followed by E. coli 10 (12.9 %).Gram-negative bacilli were highly sensitive to Meropenem (98%), Tobramycin (93 %), Amikacin (90%), ceftazidime (90%) and Ceforoxime (90%) while highly resistance to Ampicilin (83%), Tetracyclin (53%), Ciprofloxacilin (34%) and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (31%). Conclusion: Even though, the results obtained in this study indicated that some of the antibiotics used to treat respiratory tract infections in this community are effective, but still there is danger of drug resistance which need to be tackled. Hence regular monitoring of LRTI etiologies and antimicrobial drug resistance testing is essential to maximize the shelf life of effective drugs. Key words: Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Bacterial Agents, Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.
Bacterial Profile and Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Mekelle Hospital, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2014-12) Tsegay, Ephrem; Asrat, Daniel(PhD); Woldeamanuel, Yimtubezenash(PhD)
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy is associated with significant morbidity for both the mother and the baby. However, little is known about UTI in pregnancy in the study area. Antimicrobial resistance among the pathogens that cause UTI is also increasing and is a major health problem in the treatment. Hence, proper investigation and prompt treatment are needed to prevent serious life threatening condition and morbidity due to UTI that can occur in pregnant women. Objectives: To identify the prevalent bacterial isolates that cause UTI and assess their antibiotic susceptibility pattern among symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care in Mekele Hospital, Tigray Region. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out from January to August 2014 on a total of 168 pregnant women with and without symptoms of UTI that attended antenatal care at Mekelle Hospital. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and inoculated onto Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient medium (CLED). Colony counts yielding bacterial growth of ≥105cfu/ml is regarded as significant bacteriuria. Pure isolates of bacterial pathogen were characterized by colony morphology, gram-stain, and standard biochemical procedures. A standard method of agar disc diffusion susceptibility testing method was used to determine susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of UTI was 11.9%. Of this bacteriological screening of midstream urine specimens showed that 11.3% and 15.4%, had significant bacteriuria in asymptomatic and symptomatic group respectively. Prevalence of UTI was significantly associated with previous history of catheterization and urinary tract infection (p<0.05). Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism 6(30%) followed by coagulase negative staphylococcus 5(25%), Staphylococcus aureus 3 (15%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 (15%). Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria accounted for (60) and (40%) respectively. Gram-negative isolates showed resistance rate of 100% to ampicillin and resistance against ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamycin, amoxicillinclavulnic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol ranged from 25- 50%. However, all Gram negative bacterial isolates revealed low level of resistance VIII (16.7%) against nitrofurantoin and ceftriaxone. The rates of susceptibility of Grampositives to ceftriaxone, doxycycline, amoxicillin-clavulnic acid and vancomycin range from 62.5% - 100%. And they showed resistance rate of 75% and 87.5% to penicillin and ampicillin, respectively. Multiple drug resistance (resistance to two or more drugs) was observed in 90 % of the isolates. Conclusions and Recommendations:- Significant bacteriuria has been observed from both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women. Majority of the isolates were resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics. This calls for an early screening of all pregnant women for UTI and those found to be infected need to be treated with an appropriate drug to avoid complications. Keywords: Bacterial profile, antibiotic resistance, pregnancy, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection Among Adult Renal Transplant Recipients at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2019-04) Kiros, Teklehaimanot; Prof.Asrat, Daniel (MD, M.Sc, PhD), AAU )
Background: Although significant advances have been made in surgical techniques and immunosuppression for renal transplantation, urinary tract infections continue to be a major public health problem globally. Post transplantation urinary tract infection complications including asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, and pyelonephritis are the most common form of bacterial infection following renal transplantation. It could result in graft function impairment and death. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bacterial isolates that cause urinary tract infections, assess antibiotic susceptibility pattern among symptomatic and asymptomatic renal transplant recipients attending for health care at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2017 to August 2018 among 74 renal transplant recipients. The sociodemographic characteristics were collected using structured questionnaires. A first morning voided clean-catch mid-stream urine specimens were collected and 0.001ml inoculated onto a blood and MacConkey agar plates following the standard bacteriological protocols. It was incubated aerobically at 35–37°C for 18–24 hours. Cultural characteristics and series of biochemical tests were used for identification. Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in 11/74 (14.9%), 95%CI =8.2-24.7) of the patients. The prevalence among females 6/32(18.75%) was higher than males 5/42(11.9%) without significant association (COR=2.09, 95%CI=1.04-8.45, P=0.253). UTI was higher in the age group between 35–49 years old (19.3%. Age was statistically significant and stronger independent associated risk factor with crude odds ratio=3.67, 95%CI=2.89-20.07 and 0.003, respectively. The most prevalent bacteria isolates were Escherichia coli 2(18.2%), Staphylococcus aureus 2(18.2%), Acinetobacter spp. 2(18.2%), Enterococcus spp. 2(18.2%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci 2(18.2%)] followed by Portus mirabilis 1(9.1%).The majority (80%) of Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole. Multi drug resistance pattern was shown in 82% of the isolates. Conclusion and Recommendations: The overall prevalence of UTI in the study was low with a prevalence of 14.9%. Better to establish routine urine cultures especially in the first 6-12 months.
Bacteriological Analysis of Cow Milk in Hawassa Town, Snnprs Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-04) Daka, Deresse; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Aragawu, Kassaye(PhD)
Modern dairy processing is a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia for the very reason that the country has not been producing enough milk at commercial scale. The establishment of state owned and private dairy farms in big cities resulted in the realization of the few dairy processing plants. In addition to poor transport system and infrastructure of the country, the dairy processing plants are located far away from farms. This is further aggravated by other facts like poor dairy management, poor milking hygiene and lack of good milk cooling and transport facilities and therefore the quality of milk is greatly depreciated by the time it arrives to processing plants. Thus, the specific objectives of the study are to assess the bacteriological quality of raw milk from the farm to the processing plant, to determine the bacteriological quality of pasteurized milk, to identify public health important bacteria from the raw and pasteurized milk and to identify the critical control points through the milk collection and processing practices. The study was conducted mainly bacteriological quality tests and bacteriological isolation and identification of sampled milk at different points before pasteurization and at different time points of pasteurized milk and subordinately used questionnaire. Detailed microbiological analysis was carried out on selected pathogens of public health importance. For selection of the samples, simple random sampling technique was used. The data to be generated from the questionnaire and the laboratory tests were summarized and analyzed using appropriate descriptive and analytical statistics. As the result of the study showing that 326 bacterial strains were isolated from CCP1 up to CCP6. There was different species of bacteria in different HACCP levels of milk. In CCP1, there were 51 bacteria of different species and in CCP2, CCP3, CCP4, CCP5 and CCP6, was 64, 73, 80, 20, and 38 respectively. The predominant bacteria species in all (CCP1-CCP5) levels of the milk was S. aureus which accounts 14(27.5%), 20(31.3%), 21(28.8%), 17(21.3%), and 6(30.0%) respectively. In line with this the remedial solution for aforementioned identified findings the effective drugs was Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, TMP-SMZ, and Ceftriaxone, whereas, Ampicillin and Penicillin were resistant for many of bacteria. Key words: milk, bacterial plate count, coliforms, milk hygiene, raw milk, pasteurized milk, antibiotic sensitivity
Bacteriological Profile of Locally Prepared Fresh Fruit Juices in Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Worku, Mesfin; Monga, D. P.(PhD); Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD)
Background: - Fresh fruits are essential components of the human diet and there is considerable evidence of the health and nutritional benefits associated with the consumption of fresh fruits. However, during processing contamination from raw materials, equipment or food handlers could be easily transferred to the final product of fruit juices resulting foodborne illness. Most of the juice venders in Hawassa prepare avocado, papaya, mango, and pineapple juices. Common bacterial illnesses associated with contaminated fruit juices are staphylococcal food poisoning, Salmonellosis, shigellosis and diarrhea associated with enterotoxogenic E. coli. Objective: - The aim of the study was to assess the bacteriological quality of the locally prepared unpasteurized fruit juices and the hygienic conditions of preparation sites. Method: - A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to January 2011 in Hawassa town using structured Questionnaire to asses source of fruit and processing of fruit juices and Bacteriological analysis. i.e. the sufficient amount of the specimen of avocado, papaya, mango and pineapple juices were collected in aseptic manner and kept in ice box and transported to Hawassa University Health Science College Referral Hospital. Finally, the samples were appropriately diluted and inoculated on Nutrient agar to determine the total Viable Count, on Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) to determine total coliform count and on Mannitol salt agar to determine total staphylococcal count. Furthermore pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and E. coli were isolated and identified. Results: - A total of 120 locally prepared fresh fruit juice samples were collected. Among these juice samples, the total viable count of 38(31.67%) was found to be above Gulf region standards (5.0x105cfu/ml) and, the total coliforms count of 93(77.5%) were shown to be above Gulf region standard (100 cfu/ml). Out of 98 growth on MSA, 11 (11.22%) were positive for Staphylococcus aureus and these positive samples were above the Australian standard. Seven of total samples were positive for thermotolerant E. coli and three of the total samples were shown to contain Salmonella species. Moreover, all venders obtained fruit from the open market and only one vender stored fruits in refrigerator. Conclusion and recommendations: - According to the current study, the results may be attributed to contamination during either harvesting of fruits or processing and handling of fresh fruit juices. Therefore, regular supervision and training about harvesting fruit, safe processing, and handling of fruit juices and hygiene of venders can improve the quality of fresh fruit juices. Key Words: Bacteria, contamination, locally prepared fresh fruit juice
Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water at Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Gunte, Abrham; Abebe, Tamirat(BSc, MSc, Phd candidate); Dr.Mihret, Adane(DVM, MSc, Phd candidate)
Background: Globally, 1.1 billion people rely on unsafe drinking water sources from lakes, rivers, and open wells. Many studies have confirmed that water related diseases not only remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide but also that the spectrum of disease is expanding and the incidence of many water related microbial diseases are increasing. Thus, water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection of the source, unhygienic practice of the community at the source and poor household handling practices. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water and to survey the possible sanitary risk factors at household level in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross- sectional study was carried out in Arba Minch town from November, 2010 to January, 2011. A total of 126 water samples were collected from main source, reservoir, pipe and household water in three rounds to determine bacteriological quality of drinking water. The bacteriological analysis was conducted at Arba Minch Regional Laboratory. Consequently, level of contaminations was determined on the bases of total coliforms and fecal coliforms existence. Results: Water analysis of the study area demonstrated that 100% and 55% of household water samples were contaminated with total and faecal coliform bacteria respectively. Similarly, 10% and 5% of water samples taken from pipes were again contaminated with total and faecal coliform bacteria respectively. But, 100% of water samples taken from both main source and reservoir were free from any indicator bacteria. Accordingly, 100% of water samples taken from both main source & reservoir and 95% of water samples taken from pipes meet WHO guidelines. But, 5% of pipes and 100% of household water samples were found above the limits of WHO standards set for drinking water quality. Conclusions: The majority of water samples in the study area were safe for drinking purpose from bacteriological point of view. But some water samples taken from pipes and almost all water samples taken from households were not recommended for drinking purpose. Therefore, training of local people to look after the water supply system, extension of hygiene and health education on sanitation could have a notable impact for the provision of safe water supply at community/household level.

Browse

Browsing Medical Microbiology by Title

Results Per Page

Sort Options