Veterinary Public Health

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Browsing Veterinary Public Health by Subject "Abortion"

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    Brucellosis in Cattle, Camel and Human: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Amibara District of Afar Region, Ethiopia
    (2020-06) Fekadu, Gutema; Dr. Kebede Amenu, Dr. Gezahegn Mamo
    A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels, cattle and human and its associated risk factors in Amibara district of Afar region from October 2019 to May 2020. A total of 250 camels ,181 cattle and 120 human sera were collected. Sera were screened using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and samples positive for RBPT were further confirmed by Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Risk factors associated with brucellosis in livestock and human were also assessed by structured questionnaire. Association of risk factors with brucellosis were analyzed using chi-square (fisher exact test) and firth’s bias reduced logistic regression model. The result indicated that, the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 7.6% (95% CI:0.04-0.11) by RBPT and 3.2 % (95% CI: 0.0163-0.062) confirmed by CFT in camel and 10.5% (95% CI:0.068-0.158) by RBPT and 2.2% (95% CI:0.0086-0.0553) confirmed by CFT in cattle respectively. In human the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis was 10% (95% CI:0.058-0.167) by RBPT and 3.33% (0.013-0.082) as confirmed by CFT. The risk factors analysis indicated that, age (χ2=10.7; p=0.004), body condition (χ2=10.26, p=0.0022), number of parity (χ2=11.2, p=0.0008) and abortion history (χ2=29.96; p=0.004) were significantly associated with seropositivity of camel brucellosis. But, kebeles, sex, herd size and history of placental retention were not significantly associated with brucellosis seropositivity (P>0.05). Based on multivariable firth’s bias reduced logistic regression analysis, only camels with history of abortion (OR=49.6, P=0.002, 95% CI=2.148-6.34) were significantly associated with brucellosis. In cattle, age (χ2=6.77, p=0.021), number of parity (χ2=9.433, p=0.004), abortion history (χ2=16, p=0.002) and placental retention (χ2=19.1, p=0.003) were significantly associated with brucellosis seropositivity. Multivariable firth’s bias reduced logistic regression analysis indicated that, only number of parity (OR=12.2, P=0.0012, 95% CI=-7.47-3.17) and history of abortion (OR=41.14, P=0.003, 95% CI=1.16-8.69) were significantly associated with Brucella infection. In human, occupation (χ2=6.925, P=0.028), handling of dystocia case, usage of protective gloves and sheltering of animals showed significant association with Brucella seropositivity. Likewise, multivariable firth’s bias reduced logistic regression was computed and only daily based temporary occupation type showed significant association with brucellosis seropositivity (OR=18.85, P=0.029*, 95%CI=1.324-2730.32). The survey results also showed that, from a total of 120 human participant interviewed, 91.7% (110/120) of them drink fresh raw milk on a regularly basis where by 2.78% of them owned sero-positive animals and 3.33% of them tested positive for the disease. The results of the present study indicated that, brucellosis is a common health problem in camel, cattle and human in Amibara district of Afar region and it was found to be associated with raw milk consumption and close contact with the animals having history abortion. Therefore, controlling the risk factors, establishing brucella diagnostic service in human clinics and hospitals, continuous social training with feedback assessments and overall implementing of One Health approach framework to attain optimal health for people and domestic animals in area are recommended to safeguard the health of society.
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    Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and its Public Health Significance in Holeta Town, Wolmera District and Addea Berga Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research Dairy Farm, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (2020-06) Temesgen, Kassa; Dr. Gezahegne Mamo
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from December, 2019 to May, 2020 with the aim to determine seroprevalence and identify the potential risk factors of brucellosis in dairy cows with recent case abortion and their owners and farm workers, and to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of the owners and farm workers toward the disease in Holeta Town, Wolmera District and Addea Berga Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research dairy farm Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was performed in the respective farms and kebeles to screen recent cases of abortion from dairy cows. A total of 352 blood samples from dairy cattle, 149 blood samples from animal owners and 17 from farm workers were collected for serological test. The serum samples collected were initially screened using Rose Bengal Plate test and Complement Fixation test was used as confirmatory test. The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis were 1.2% (95%CI: 0.0047-0.0297) by RBPT alone and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.0016-0.0209) using combined RBPT and CFT tests. In human, the overall seroprevalence of zoonotic brucellosis was 4.2% (95%CI: 0.0204-0.0842) by RBPT and 1.2% (95%CI: 0.0032-0.0427) using combined RBPT and CFT tests. Statistical analysis of risk factors by univariable firth’s bias reduced logistic regression indicates that late stage of abortion (OR=14.74, p=0.0002), retained fetal membrane (OR=32.74, p=0.006), market based stock replacement (OR=16.55, p=0.002), natural breeding method (OR=7.58, p=0.05) and presence of parturition pen (OR=11.511, p=0.027) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity for Brucella infection in dairy cattle. The seropositivity of human brucellosis was significantly influenced by human housing (OR=1.8, p=0.002), contact with aborted fetus (OR=21.19, p=0.017), drinking raw milk from non-aborted (OR=24.99, p=0.012), aborted (OR=5.72, 0.019) and retained fetal membrane (OR=4.22, p=0.029) cows. A structured interview question was administered to 284 respondents. Accordingly, most respondents had no knowledge on brucellosis (93.3%) and other zoonotic diseases transmitted by handling animal delivery (88%) and consuming raw milk and other animal products (90.0%). In conclusion, the present seroprevalence study revealed that brucellosis is prevalent at lower rate among dairy cattle and in exposed individuals in the study areas. However, since there were no control strategies implemented in the area, there is a potential risk for transmission of brucellosis in dairy cattle and exposed human population of study areas. With the low prevalence of bovine brucellosis in government owned and small holder farms, implementation of test and slaughter strategy with compensation to farmers is recommended; while in case of human brucellosis, continuous social training with feedback assessments, implementing one health approach framework and since its presence is confirmed and the risk factors are identified, the medical personnel should give attention as to differential diagnosis of the disease which has been overlooked so far.
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    Seroprevalence of Brucellosis and Isolation of Brucella from Small Ruminants That Had History of Recent Bbortion in Selected Kebeles of Amibara District, Afar region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Tekle, Muluken; Mamo, Gezahegne (Professor)
    Brucellosis is one of the most frequent contagious neglected bacterial diseases with a serious veterinary and public health importance through out the world. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to April 2016, to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis and isolate Brucella from small ruminants (sheep and goats) that had history of recent abortion in selected kebeles of Amibara District, Afar Region. Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from a total of 226 small ruminants that had recent history of abortion for serological test. Subsequently, 65 specimens (28milk, 28 vaginal swabs, 2 fatal abomasal contents and 7 fetal membranes) were investigated from seropositive animals for Brucella species isolation. All serum samples collected were screened serologically using the modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) and sera positive with mRBPT were confirmed with Complement Fixation Test (CFT). An overall seroprevalence among small ruminants estimated at 7.52% (17/226; 95% CI: 7.41–1.36) were positive by combined mRBPT and CFT analysis, while 12.4% (28/226; 95% CI: 1.22–16.44) were found positive by mRBPT alone. Reproductive characteristics such as the stage of abortion (χ2=11.26; P < 0.001) and history of retained fetal membrane (χ2=16.53; P<0.05) were significantly associated with increased seropositivity result. A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age (OR=14.57, 95% CI: 1.72–123.6), parity status (OR=8.08, 95% CI: 1.11–58.57) and stage of abortion (OR=8.94, 95% CI: 1.86–42.90) were significantly associated with Brucella infection in clinically aborted small ruminants (P < 0.05). Brucella was isolated from 9 (13.8%) samples out of the 65 bacteriological samples cultured on Brucella Selective Agar. Among the overall isolates, 3(10.7%) and 6 (21.4%) were from milk and vaginal swabs, respectively. In this study all the isolates were obtained from seropositive goats milk and vaginal swab. The isolates were B. melitensis based on biochemical test result, though further test is required to biovariant level. In conclusion, the present serological test revealed that brucellosis is moderatly prevalent among aborted small ruminants in the study area. The isolation of B. melitensis from an aborted goats milk and vaginal swabs was not substantially reported in Ethiopia until now, this report may be considered one of the indicative studies. Therefore, further extensive molecular studies of the isolates and appropriate control strategies are required to reduce its economic impact and risk of zoonotic infection in the area. Key words: Abortion, Afar Region, B. melitensis, Brucellosis, isolation, seroprevalence, small ruminants
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    Small Ruminant Reproductive Health Problems: Risk Factors and Public Health Risk of Infectious Causes of Abortion in Ethiopia
    (2021-06) Gezahegn, Alemayehu; Prof. Gezahegn Mamo, Dr. Barbara Wieland
    Reproductive performance is a key determinant for the efficiency of small ruminant production. However, low productivity per animal and flock limits the potential contribution of sheep and goats for rural households in Ethiopia. The overall objective of this Ph.D. thesis is to generate information on the cause, magnitude, and risk factor of reproductive health problems, and public health risk of infectious causes of small ruminant abortion. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data in three production systems of Ethiopia between July 2018 to February 2019. Two districts from lowland mixed crop-livestock production system, two districts from lowland pastoral production system, and one district from highland mixed crop-livestock production system were selected from Amhara, Oromia, and Southern Nation, Nationality and People (SNNP). Abergelle and Zequala districts in the Wagihimira zone of the northern part of the Amhara region were selected to represent the lowland mixed crop-livestock production system. Yabello and Elwaya districts in the Borena zone from the southern part of the Oromia region were selected to represent the lowland pastoral production system. Doyogana district in Kembata Tembaro Zone from the SNNP region represented a highland mixed crop-livestock production system. The structured questionnaire and laboratory analyses of serum samples were used to generate information for this Ph.D. thesis. Information was collected form the total of 327 households where data on pregnancy outcomes and management risk factors were collected for 299 goat and 242 sheep flocks, serum samples were collected from a total of 1,402 animal (980 goats and 422 sheep). To develop a novel quantitative tool to determine goat annual reproductive performance index at flock level (Chapter 3), the reproductive performance of the flock was estimated based on the annual reproductive output, kidding interval and annual reproductive wastage, principal component analysis was used both as reproductive measures dimensional reduction technique and to develop the final model to predict reproductive performance scale. Then the final algorithm is developed to estimate the goat annual reproductive performance index. To estimate the magnitude of abortion and associated factors (Chapter 4), a causal diagram was generated to identify causal relationships between the potential predictors and Zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was used to determine the associations. To determine the seroprevalence abortion causing pathogens (C. burnetii, C. abortus, Brucella spp., and T. gondi ) and associated risk in sheep and XI goat in three production systems of Ethiopia (Chapter 5), a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was fitted to account for the clustering of animal within villages and households. The 2-PL Item Response Theory (IRT) model was fitted to determine the probability of a person appropriately respond to an item with a provided zoonotic disease KAP level.Based on developed algorithm to measure goat annual reproductive performance, the flocks were classified into good, moderately and poor performing. Good performing flocks has higher scores for reproductive output measures, lower scores for reproductive wastage and lower kidding interval. Many of the flocks were moderately affected by reproductive failures, consequently categorized as moderately performing flocks. Results showed that 142 (58.68%) goats and 53 (17.73%) sheep flocks reported abortions in the 12 months before the survey. The mean annual flock abortion percentages were 16.1% (±26.23) for does and 12.6% (±23.5) for ewes. The final zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis result indicated that spending the night in traditional sheep house’, ‘providing supplementary feed for pregnant dams’, ‘presence of other livestock species and dog in the household’ had a marked effect on the rate of abortion in sheep and goat flocks. In addition, exposure of the flock to Brucella spp. or anyone of four tested infectious agents significantly increased the risk of abortion in the flock. Overall, 65.41% of sheep and 92.22% goat flocks tested positive for one or more abortion-causing agents, namely, C. burnetti, C. abortus, Brucella spp., and T. gondii; mixed infection was found in 31.58% sheep and 63.33% goat flocks (Paper III). From the total tested animal, 231(16.48 %), 95 (6.78%), 124 (8.84%), and 137(11.42%) were found seropositive for C. burnetii, Brucellas spp., C. abortus, and T. gondii, respectively. Co-infections of abortion pathogens were observed where C. abortus (86.84%) showed the highest level followed by Brucella spp. (78.34 %) and C. burnetii (72.72%) (Paper IV). In the final chapter of this Ph.D. research (Paper V) The attitude subscale had the highest total mean score (37.3, ± 28.92 %) and the knowledge subscale had the lowest mean score (22.4, ± 33.6 %) among the three subscales. Pieces of work in this Ph.D. thesis highlighted the multifactorial nature of small ruminant abortion where animal management, agroecological and infectious disease factors play an important role in its occurrence. There is a need for an integrated approach that improves the nutritional state of pregnant dams through targeted supplementary feeding, abortion management through appropriate biosecurity practices, and vaccination programs for major infectious causes of abortion and herd health management through better veterinary services. Serological study of the four infectious abortion-causing agents demonstrated that all the four infectious causes of abortion XII are widely distributed across three agro-ecologies and production systems might play an important role in sheep and goat abortion and impact the health of the public. Future studies which aim at identifying and characterization several possible abortion pathogens and their public health and socioeconomic impact should be done. The part of this Ph.D. thesis revealed overall low zoonotic disease knowledge, low attitude towards zoonotic disease risk, and common risk behaviors among smallholder farmers and pastoralists. There is a need to continue public education programs to raise the awareness of the communities towards the proper installation of personal protection measures and appropriate disposal of abortion materials to reduce the public health risk from zoonotic diseases.