Anatomy

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Browsing Anatomy by Subject "Acute toxicity"

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    Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Dermal Toxicity of Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus Extract Formulation on Hematological, Biochemical Parameters, and Histopathology of Skin, Kidneys, and Liver of Albino Wistar Rats
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-12-14) Mankelklot Kasahun; Zelalem Animaw; Yonas Girma; Sileshi Degu
    Background: Mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, remain a major public health concern in Ethiopia and elsewhere globally. While synthetic repellants are effective, their repeated use has been associated with skin irritation, allergic reactions, and environmental concerns. Natural repellents, like essential oils from C. nardus and E. globulus, offer promising repellent and therapeutic advantages. However, the dermal safety of their combined use has not been scientifically evaluated. Objectives: To evaluate the acute and subacute dermal toxicity of a combined Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus formulation on hematological, biochemical parameters, and histopathology of the skin, kidney, and liver of albino Wistar rats. Methodology: The plant material was harvested about 270 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, in the Wondogenet region. The formulation was prepared by the Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate of the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI). The essential oils were extracted using hydro-distillation with a Clevenger-arm apparatus. The approach outlined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline 402 was used to determine acute dermal toxicity, and OECD guideline 410 was followed for the 28-day repeated dose subacute dermal toxicity study. Forty albino Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks were utilized and randomly divided into four groups: three test groups and one control group. Each group consisted of five male and female rats (n=10 per group). Group I received 250 mg/kg, Group II received 500 mg/kg, and Group III received 1000 mg/kg of the Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oil formulation. Group IV received only the vehicle (white petrolatum) and served as the control. The formulation was topically applied once daily to approximately 10% of the shaved dorsal skin surface for 28 consecutive days. Hematological and biochemical markers were assessed at the end of the experiment. After blood collection via cardiac puncture under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (150 mg/kg), the liver, kidneys, and skin were harvested for histopathological examination. Result: The dermal mean lethal dose LD50 of the C. nardus and E. globulus formulation was found to be above 5000mg/kg, placing the formulation in GHS category 5 (Lowest toxicity). No mortality or clinical sign of toxicity was observed in either study. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in body weight gain, food intake, and water intake, hematological indices, serum biochemical markers, or relative organ weights between treated and control groups. Histopathological examination revealed normal architecture of liver, kidneys, and skin across all dose groups. Conclusion: The formulation containing Cymbopogon nardus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils exhibited no acute or sub-acute dermal toxicity at doses up to 1000mg/kg, suggesting a wide safety margin for short-term dermal application.