Browsing by Author "Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)"

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    The Gender Dimension of Living with Hiv Treatment Durgs: Challenges and Opportunites of Anti Retroviral Users at Zewditu Memorial Hopital
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Abebe, Heran; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    This research mainly focused on men and women who are living with the life long HIV treatment drugs (ART). It has taken a gender lens to identify the socio-cultural and economic challenges and opportunities they encounter in an effort to fulfill the requirements associated with ART. The requirements under which participants were examined include adherence, monitoring health status, nutrition, Khat and alcohol use and safer sexual practices. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were the major source of data collection tools and a small scale survey was also conducted. Accordingly, findings revealed that poverty, fear of stigma and gender based violence influence the adherence condition of women to greater extents than men. It is also found out that women’s household responsibilities and men’s difficult working environment challenges their ability to monitor their health status to the level ART use require. With regard to fulfilling the nutritional requirements of ART, beyond the general limitation of access to sufficient food, gender related norms are affecting men and women differently. Men are more challenged by their inability to prepare and serve their own food while women give priorities to feed other family members. The study has found out that the use of Khat and alcohol by men taking ART is at the minimal level. But rather starting ART has become the cut off point from such addictions and related risky and violent behaviors. Findings on meeting the requirements of practicing safe sex revealed that women’s lack of sexual negotiation power further exposing them to re- infection and contracting drug resistant HIV strain. Regarding identified opportunities; free provision of ART, food assistance targeting poor women, financial assistance for some men in the formal sector and family acceptance and support for adherence are the major ones. In general, the study has shown that gender based differences can influence the challenges and opportunities of meeting the requirements of ART from a variety of directions
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    Gender Division of Labor among Wives and Husbands in Agro-Pastoral Society: The case of Fafen, Somali Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-05) Tamir, Limat; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    Gender division of labor is a Scio-cultural construction and assignment of tasks for males and females. The very nature of gender division of labor is its variation across cultures. Therefore, it needs specific attention in particular place to have a specific data about who does what in that area.This study was conducted at Fafen (Golmorodi and Ara-as), a kebelie from Gorsum woreda in Jigjiga zone (Somali Region).It was designed to investigate what wives and husbands do in domestic chores; crop, vegetable and fruit, as well as livestock productions; and selling of agricultural products. Besides, the study was designed to see the influencing factors for the division of tasks among couples and the role of wives and husbands for saving and managing the household income. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs were used. Hundred respondents (fifty wives and fifty husbands) were taken as a sample from the total population of one thousand. Ten couples (five wives and five husbands) were taken for in-depth interview from those who responded to the questionnaires. The selection of the respondents has been done using simple random sampling technique. Besides, three key informants were taken for in depth interview through purposive sampling technique. Structured interview was employed for collecting the data from questionnaire respondents. The finding indicated that wives perform all tasks in household chores, selling of agricultural products and saving and managing the income of the household. They also perform most of the tasks in livestock production; whereas, the participation of husbands in livestock production is less. On the contrary, husbands accomplish most of the tasks in crop production, however, wives also accomplish tasks alone and together with their husbands in this production; and both wives and husbands carry out tasks in vegetable and fruit productions. The finding depicted the variation of the participation of couples across crops, vegetables, fruits and tasks in these items and wives of the study area were overburdened with multiple tasks. Factors that sway the division of tasks among couples were interrelated and mainly emanate from the culture of the study area. Hence, there is a need to ease the burden of the wives in the study area through creating awareness for society in general and husbands in particular to share the above mentioned tasks
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    Isolating Women at Times of Labour and Reproductive Health Outcomes: The Case of Mandura, North West Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-03) Tsige, Meseret; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    Studies pertaining to the influence of culture on reproductive health in Ethiopia are limited. This study explores the practice of isolating women at times of labour and its reproductive health outcomes. The study is also concerned about identifying the social position of women in Gumuz society due to its importance to identify the health status of women and why the practice is sustained in the society. In order to attain the study objective, exploratory qualitative case study design of inquiry was applied using in-depth interview with women participants and key informants. Documentary films and document analysis are also used as instruments of data collection. The finding of the study revealed that Gumuz mothers deliver outside home without any midwives in bushes, pinches or near rivers. Some of the behind reasons for the sustenance of the practice are it is believed that if women deliver at home, the blood drop may call the anger of Musa (Supreme God of the people) and the cultural belief advised mothers to manage delivery by them to be a strong mother who can capably accomplish a women’s role. From this study the following conclusions are developed. Gumuz mother’s isolation at the time of delivery usually followed by morbidity, mortality. It is also a cause to infant mortality. Their access to health care services particularly during labour and delivery is highly constrained by the traditional belief the people have towards pregnancy and child birth as well as the long established usage of herbal medication system and scarcity of health care posts in the study area. Accordingly the researcher recommended awareness creation works on the recognition of women’s rights as human rights. Designing a distinguished maternal health policy for the country, women’s economic empowerment, domesticating international human rights in the local contexts up to the extent of illegalizing the practice, and working on the expansion of schools
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    Lived Experience of Unmarried Women above the Age of Thirty Living in Addis Ababa City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-07) Tadesse, Selamawit; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    This thesis explores the deinstitutionalization of marriage and the experience of women who remain single past the expectant marital age. Being in a matrimonial relationship is deemed an important development and social task. The lack of such relationship often leads to social stigmatization and marginalization. The goal of this research is to investigate the lived experience of women of who remain single past the age of thirty, and to gain an understanding of how gender-based stereotypes influence their lives by examining their personal experiences. In an effort to better understand the stigmatization of today’s single woman, a qualitative method using in-depth interview and focus group discussion was adopted for this study. Twenty-four single women who live in Addis Ababa city were selected using snow ball sampling technique. Women from different social, economic, educational, ethnic & religious background take part in the research. Sixteen women were interviewed individually regarding their experience of being single and eight women participated in focus groups discussed and shared personal stories of how they negotiate their status as a single woman in their everyday interactions with family, friends, co-workers, and other general acquaintances. Pertaining to the major findings of the study the reasons to remain single differ among women. The finding shows that the major reason for women to remain single is “not finding the right person for marriage”. The right person is the one who encompass the ideal characteristics and personality of the perfect person with whom they could consider having a relationship so not finding this person make women to remain unmarried. The research also found out women used different kinds of mechanism to cope the pressure and the stigma they face.
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    Psychosocial and Economic Experiences of Gulf States Returnee Ethiopian Women Domestic Workers
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-03) Mulatu, Meskerem; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    In the contemporary Ethiopia, a considerable number of women are working as domestic workers in the Gulf States. Generally, the working environment in the country of destination is not favourable. However, the domestic workers are forced to work under harsh condition to principally to fulfill the economic demands of their parents as well as themselves. They fail to accomplish their objective due to different forms of abuse that they face in the country of destination. In due courses, as a result of traumatic experiences, quite a number of Ethiopian domestic workers experience psychosocial problems. The main purposes of this study are to explore the psychosocial and economic experiences of Gulf States returnee Ethiopian women domestic workers. It also attempts to investigate the push and pull factors as well as the discrepancies between the expectation of the domestic workers and the reality that they face in the country of destination. Methodologically, this study is qualitative method, among the five qualitative method approaches, narrative approach is employed. A primary and secondary data are used to operationalise the study. Primary data has been collected through in‐depth interview with the informants and key informants of the study. As a secondary data archival records are used. The findings of this research show that: 1) Traumatic and life threatening experiences of Ethiopian women domestic workers in the country of destination are the root causes for the psychosocial problems of the Ethiopian domestic workers. 2) Mostly, employers denied salaries of the domestic workers; as a result the domestic workers have not benefitted out of their employment. 3) Economic demands are the basic pushing factors whereas; modernized way of life is the major pulling factor. 4) The expectations of the domestic workers before their departure from the country of origin and the realities that they face in the country of destination are quite different. Besides, language and cultural barriers inflicted their interaction with their employers. As a result, most of the domestic workers experience culture shock, maladjustment, frustration, and finally they became depressed. This study recommends, education is the key factor that could enable women to participate in the formal sector. Therefore, pledging education is the basic measure that should be taken to ensure women’s participation in the public sphere. Besides, provision of prior orientation and societal awareness concerning the cultural, social and economic condition of the country of destination is very essential. Moreover, foreign employment policy is vital to monitor the activities of illegal traffickers as well as to guarantee citizen’s right in the country of destination. Accordingly, providing small scale industry training and skill development training for unemployed women might scale down the number of migrant domestic workers. On the other hand language and skill training for migrant domestic workers will enable them to interact with their employers smoothly
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    Sexual Abuse Among Female Street Children: The Case of Lideta Sub City, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-09) Hirpa, Yilam; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    Sexual abuse of children is one of the most brutal forms of violence against children, because the risks are real. Some researches indicate that it is a common place and a serious problem among female children who are living and working on the street. However, this atrocious problem was explored with other issues like socio-economic conditions of female street children with little emphasis of identifying forms, causes and consequences in detail way. The main research questions addressed in this study were: What are the causes/risk factors associated with it? What are the consequences of sexual abuse among female street children? In order to answer these questions, qualitative data collection method pertaining to different objectives of the study such as in-depth interview with 17 female street children, focus group discussion and key informant interviews were used. The study revealed that female children drifted away from home and school to street way of life was due to interrelated and complex problems. They engaged in doing different activities on the street that make them vulnerable and victims of problems including various forms of sexual abuse by diverse categories of people. Rape, prostitution, unwanted kissing, breast fondling and anal sex were reported as forms of sexual abuse among female street children. In this study, female street children existences on the street and gender socialization were prominent issues that have emerged as the causes of sexual abuse. As a consequence of their involvement on street life which in turn makes them available for easy prey by different abusers, they were victims of various forms of sexual abuse. Besides, due to gender socialization pattern in patriarchal society that creates boys/men to be active, strong, aggressive and dominant against women and children are found as a cause for various forms of sexual abuse. Poverty, luck of support and protection, migration and trafficking, being drug and alcohol addicted, HIV/AIDS epidemic etc. were also explored. The findings further reveal that sexual abuses of female street children have a long lasting damaging effect on children’s life in terms of physical and mental health. Female street children face short term and long lasting psychological consequences. Moreover, physical and verbal abuses are reported in this study as part and parcel of the problem of various forms of sexual abuse among female street children
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    Women's Decision-Making in the Household: The Case Of Women Petty Traders in 'Gulelle' Sub-City, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Yohannes, Darare; Zenebe, Mulumebet (PhD)
    The present study examines the impact of income earning on the decision-making power of women in the household and its contribution to the well being of children as well as other household members. The study participants are 16 women petty traders from 'Gullell Sub-city of Addis Ababa Administrative zone, who are at wedlock, within the age range of 25-55 and who have at list one child residing with them. Feminist research approach is applied guided by the gender stratification theory. Data was collected through participant observation, interviews and a focus group discussion informed by critical feminist ethnographer's principles. The study reveals that the income earning of women petty traders has contributed to their decision-making power in the household. It further discloses that income earning of the women has complex and contradictory effect. Although it has improved the status of the women, in some instances it has created burden on the live of women. The study reveals that income and the gendered ideologies matters in the household decision-making. The less important household matters such as house management (gender roles of women) are left to the exclusive decisions of women where as, in the important household matters such as control of household resources (capital, assets) etc. the negotiating power of women in the decision-making processes is influenced by the gendered ideologies in addition to their income contribution