Browsing by Author "Tefera, Worku"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Diarrhea in under-five Children: a Comparative cross-Sectional Study in open Defecation and open Defecation free rural Settings in Dangla District, North west Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2016-06) Misganaw, Abireham; Tefera, Worku
    Background: Open defecation is a widespread problem in the developing world. This practice facilitates the transmission of diarrheal diseases – one of the leading causes of mortality in children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, still the national open defecation rate in 2014 was 34.1% (37.9% rural, and 8.7% at urban) Objective:To assess diarrheal morbidity in under-five children and associated factors in ODF and non-ODF settings in Dangla district, north-west Ethiopia, 2016 Methods: The study periodwasFebruary 2016.A community based comparative cross-sectional studydesign wasemployed. A multistage random sampling technique also applied. Thetotal sample size was be 550 i.e. 275 NODF and 275 ODF.A structured questionnaire and observation checklist wasapplied.After selecting 10 kebeles from each setting, the samples were distributed proportionally by their number of under-five children’s. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University School of Public Health and Dangla woreda Administration Result:A total of 525 (263 from ODF and 262 from NODF) participants were interviewed making the response rate 95.45 %.The prevalence of diarrhea were 9.9% inODF and 36.1%in NODF kebeles (X2=50.791, P=0.000). From the total respondents, 158(60.3%) from ODF and 188(71.5%) from NODF kebeles uses unimproved water sources. The majority of the respondents in both ODF and NODF kebeles use jerrycan as their main storage for drinking water.The majority of respondents in both settings have private latrine. In ODF kebeles,Child immunization (AOR=0.037; 95%CI: 0.006-0.243), latrine presence (AOR=0.036; 0.006-0.233), water shortage (AOR=8.756; 95%CI: 1.130-67.831) and solid waste disposal (AOR=0.143; 95%CI: 0.020-0.998)have statistically significantassociationwith diarrhea. Whereas in NODF kebeles Child Immunization (AOR=0.032; 95CI:0.008-0.123), water access of 7.5-15liter/day (AOR=0.029; 95%CI: 0.006-0.152) and water access of greater than 15liter/day Assessment of diarrhea in under-five children in OD and ODF rural settings, north west Ethiopia xii (AOR=0.068;95%CI:0.010-0.474),water shortage(AOR=18.478; 95%CI: 4.692-72.760) and Proper solid waste disposal(AOR=0.023;95%CI:0.005-0.117]) have statistically significantassociation with diarrhea. Conclusion and recommendation: ODF status reduced the overall prevalence of under-five diarrhea among the individuals living in the ODF villages compared with the NODF villages. It is better to work together with line ministries, regions, zones, woreda health structures, government partners, and local NGO`s to improve, latrine presence at household, water shortage in household and solid waste disposal practices
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Factors Associated With Unintended Pregnancy among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-07) Kassie, Tadele; Ali, Ahmed(PhD); Tefera, Worku
    Background: Unintended pregnancy is an important public health issue in both developing and developed countries because of its serious consequences for women and their families, which include the possibility of unsafe abortion, delayed prenatal care, poor maternal mental health and poor child health outcomes. Objective: The major objective of this study was to identify the magnitude and factors associated with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Addis Ababa. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 women attending antenatal care clinic at Addis Ababa in ten public health centers from February to May 2015. Simple random sampling technique was used to select health centers. Data were collected by trained data collectors using Pre-tested structured questionnaires. Data were checked for completeness, consistency, coded and entered in to SPSS version 20 software and analyzed. The association between variables were analyzed using bivariate analysis, multiple logistic regression models and the level of significance of association were determined at P- value <0.05. Results: The magnitude of unintended pregnancy was 36.4 95% CI;( 31%.8, 41.7%). The odds of unintended pregnancy among no Spousal communication were 4 times more likely than Spousal communication, Odds of unintended pregnancy among own business maker were 4 times more likely than unintended pregnancy compared to house wives. The odds of unintended pregnancy among inadequate awareness on Intra Uterine Device were 4 times more likely to be experience to unintended pregnancy than from those who have adequate awareness on Intra Uterine Device Conclusion: According to this study, women education, occupation, spousal communication and awareness of long term family planning were significantly associated with unintended pregnancy. Recommendation: There is an apparent need to design strategies of communication within couples on fertility and contraceptive issues through peer education and promote long term modern family planning methods
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Home Management of Fever/ Malaria in Under-Five Children in Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2005-04) Tefera, Worku; Worku, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Background: Malaria kills more than 1 million people every year in the world, 90% of them in Sub-Saharan Africa; the majority of them are children under five years old. Early diagnosis and prompt access to treatment is the main strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality due to malaria. In Africa, evidences indicate that 70% of malaria cases in rural areas and about 50% of the cases in urban areas treat malaria first at home. Though prompt access to treatment within 24 hrs of onset of fever is appropriate, studies indicate that there is a poor, inadequate and inappropriate practice of treating fever/malaria in many developing countries. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs (KAPB) about a home management of malaria in under five children. Methods: A cross-sectional study using qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were conducted in rural area of Dembia District, North Gondar, Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia. Multistage sampling technique was used to select randomly 517 households/ mothers (caregivers) of under-five children from 4 randomly selected Peasant Associations. Data were collected from 515 subjects using structured questionnaire. Focus Group Discussions and Key informants' interviews were conducted. The data were analyzed using EPI INFO version 6.04 and SPSS version 11 statistical packages. Results: The study subjects had a better knowledge about symptoms of mild malaria, such as fever (99.4%), head ache (97.6%), chills and shivering (99.6%), poor appetite (95.1%), vomiting (98.2%) and joint and body pain (94.9%), but could association of the mosquitoes with malaria to lesser extent (69.9%), while majority of them attributed its cause to cold or changed weather (83.7%) and to stagnant water (77.1%). Most respondents believed malaria is preventable (85.8%). They practiced preventive methods such as Environmental management (74.4%), DDT spray of households (53.8%), and bed net use (3.4%) to prevent malaria. Home Management of malaria/fever is practiced in the area in a high proportion of the under 5 children (45.2%) with modern anti-malarial drugs. vi Reasons mentioned for delayed health care seeking of caregivers for fever or malaria were hoping the child will be well or taken to traditional healer (50.8%), far distance (27%), and shortage of money (7.7%). Conclusion: The knowledge of caregivers about symptom of malaria and their practice to prevent the disease was very high. However, they could associate mosquitoes with malaria to a lesser extent, and most of them had also misconceptions about its causation. Home treatment of fever/ malaria was found to share a major part in the health service provision in under-five children in the area. Recommendations: Thus, design of effective malaria communication strategy; training and motivation of community health agents and mothers to treat cases promptly and properly; and strengthening the link between private-public health sector partnerships with the community were recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrheal Diseases among Under-Five Years Children Living In Woreda 03 Residence of Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Tadesse, Yared; Tefera, Worku; Gezu, Meaza
    Background The main causes of under- five children morbidity and mortality in developing countries are related to exposures to poor environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral factors. Contaminated water consumption and poor hygienic practices are the leading causes of death among children worldwide especially in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective To assess the prevalence and associated factors for the occurrence of diarrhea disease among under-five year’s children Method A Cross sectional study conducted in Woreda 03 Residence of Yeka sub city of Addis Ababa Ethiopia whereby 399 out of 400targeted sample households’ caretaker with under- five children were interviewed by trained data collectors and alsofrom 34 household who have under- five children with diarrhea sample water were taken from usual water storage and examined and the collected data was entered using Epi Info and cleaned and analyzed using SPSS.Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors for childhood diarrhea. Result prevalence of diarrhea in under-five children was found 8.5 percent of the total 399 children from the socioeconomic variables entered the age of mother less than twenty five[AOR: 7.42, 95% CI: (1.64, 33.60)], from the Environmental variables entered in the model those house hold got water more than two week[AOR:4.56, 95% CI: (1.49, 13.93)] and from behavioral variables entered in the model caretaker who said I wash my hands after cleansing baby bottom and after using toilet [AOR:0.36, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.84)] and [AOR:0.23, 95% CI: (0.55, 0.96)]and also those caretaker who said I dispose child feces anywhere by covering with soil [AOR:0.7.9, 95% CI: (1.05, 59.89)]had significant in the final step or model. And the examined water sample result showed that from Ecoli point of view from thirty four 21 and from total coliform point from thirty four 29 sample showed unacceptable result Conclusions and Recommendations Storing water for long time and not practicing of washing hands after cleansing baby bottom and after using toile and also disposing child feces by covering with soil were risk factors for the occurrence of diarrhea in under-five children. Therefore Knowledge and practice on hand washing at critical times should have to get great emphasis during health education in order to protect the children against diarrhea and also the demand and supply of water supply gap should be minimized
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Capstone Report Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of Degree of Masters in Hospital and Health Care Administration
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-11) Girmay, Tewodros; Tefera, Worku; Herrin, Jeph(PhD)
    Introduction: Male partner involvement in antenatal voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) has been shown to increase uptake of interventions to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in resource-limited settings. We aimed to identify methods for increasing male involvement in antenatal VCT and determine male correlates of accepting couple counseling and how to improve these 4% of partner HIV testing. Methodology: We invited women presenting to Korem health center in antenatal clinic to return with their male partners for individual or couples VCT. Male attitudes towards VCT and correlates of accompanying female partners to antenatal clinic and receiving couple counseling were determined. Results: Of a total 225 ANC client the response rate was 95% (214), 87% (n=96), and 85% (n=191) the respondent rate were married, Tigray and orthodox followers respectively. The majority (58%) aged 19-44 years old. From the total 214 ANC clients, 145(67.8%) ANC clients brought their male partner, of which140 (96.6%) were tested as couple while the rest 5 declined to test. Sixty nine (32.2%) of the 214 ANC clients did not want to bring their male partner when invitation letter was sent. HIV prevalence among the tested couples in this study was 3.5%. Conclusions: Formulated invitation card, increasing awareness of male partner for HIV counseling and testing, and offering men at antenatal clinic with options for couple and individual counseling could increase partner HIV testing and counseling in ANC significantly, from 4% to 65.4%, at Korem health center. It was found to be an important opportunity and acceptable strategy for increasing male involvement in PMTCT and promoting male HIV testing with low cost and feasible intervention. All health center management team and board members should be committed to pursue this strategy in order to sustain it as a system. The use of weekends, in addition to the weekdays, could make the service more accessible for large proportion of “busy” clients. Future studies could benefit from such designs
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Evaluation of the efficiency of Moringa stenopetala and Opuntia Ficus Indica cladode for household water treatment
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-12) Kusse, Gelaneh; Tefera, Worku; Dr. Kumie, Abera
    Background: Advanced water treatments that involve a series of steps are unthinkable in rural areas, where a dispersed population is found. It is also extremely costly for investment in developing countries. For this reason, we investigate the comparative performance of natural plant coagulants in removing turbidity and microbial load as compared to alum and chlorine for household water treatment, with the additional benefit of preventing water-borne diseases. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Moringa Stenopetala and Opuntia Ficus Indica cladodes as natural coagulants for household water treatment Methods: Batch coagulation and microbial reduction experiments were carried out on surface river waters found in Jimma, Ethiopia with having initial different turbidities. The seeds of Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.), and Opuntia ficus indica cladodes were used for this study. The turbidity removal efficiency and microbial quality were tested using a jar test, and Membrane filtration techniques respectively. Relevant parameters affecting the effectiveness of coagulation (optimal dose of coagulants, pH, storage duration/conditions, temperature, and conductivity) were also investigated. Results: The turbidity of river water were 32.1, 78.1, 132 and 78NTU, and their optimum doses for M.stenopetala was 20mg/l, 40mg/l, 50mg/l, 70mg/l, and for OFI cladodes were 50mg, 100mg/l.100mg/l and 0.5gr/l respectively. Their turbidity removal efficiency was found to be from 87% to 98.99% when treated with M. Stenopetala, and from 68% to 96.01% when treated with OFI at optimum doses in 3h settling time. About 97% of all types of microbial load removals were observed for both M. stenopetala and OFI. Conclusion: The findings showed that M. stenopetala plant species meet the requirements of drinking water quality in terms of microbial standards and maximum allowable limit of turbidity (≤5 NTU) if they are used for household water treatment, but the result of OFI was insufficient to fall within guideline values.