Browsing by Author "Shimels Tesfaye"

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    Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus Aureus and Occurrence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) In Mastitic Dairy Cows in the Selale/Fitche Area, North Showa, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Shimels Tesfaye; Bruk Tesfaye
    Bovine mastitis is of the most significant problems associated with high milk production loss in Ethiopia. Staphylococcus aureus is still a major cause of bovine mastitis. MRSA is any strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. It has been known by a significant public health problem infected animals with MRSA might serve as a potential source of human infection. This study was carried out with the aim that to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aurous mastitis from the total of clinical and subclinical mastitis and identify associated risk factors, isolates and identify Staphylococcus aurous and MRSA strains from mastitic milk samples and conduct in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test on the isolates. Quarter milk samples from cows were examined to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA and different antibiotic resistant pattern were determined in a cross-sectional study design. A total of 403 samples were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. The overall prevalence of mastitis at cow and quarter levels were 128 (83.1%) and 403 (65.42%) respectively. A total of 164 (40.69%) S. aureus isolates were obtained and out of these isolates 60 (36.6%) were found MRSA isolates during this study. The risk factors of mastitis like age group and pregnancy status had no effect on (p>0.05) Staphylococcus aureus isolation whereas, stage of lactation and previous mastitis history had significant effect on (p<0.05) isolates of S. aurous. A total of 61 isolate of S. aureus species were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity for 12 different types of antibiotics. The S. aureus isolates showed highest sensitivity towards Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid (80%), Chloroamphenicol (78.7%), Nitrofuration (73.8), Cefoxitin (67.2%), Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (59%) and also uncommonly 70.1% of S. aureus isolates were found resistant to Vancomicin. The most frequent multidrug resistance pattern consisting of three drugs is exhibited for, gentamicin, ceftazidime and streptomycin with a resistance of 7 (9.46%) of the isolates. Sixty four (86.46% of the isolates) were resistant to different combinations of two or above tested antibiotics.
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    Isolation and Identification of Escherichia COLI K99 and Salmonella Enterica from Diarrheic Calves in and around Awash Fentale District of Afar Region, Eastern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-09) Habtamu Girma; Shimels Tesfaye
    The current cross sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to September 2020 with the aim to isolate and identify E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica and associated risk factors for occurrence of these two pathogens. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 188 diarrheic calves aged up to 6 months from 150 households in Awash Fentale district Afar region, eastern Ethiopia. These samples were processed during the study period for the isolation and identification of E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica using culture media, biochemical tests, Pathasure kit and Biolog GEN III microplate. Out of 188 samples, 20.74% and 5.32% were found to be positive for E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Salmonella enterica were also investigated using 12 commonly used antibiotics. All isolates from calves were susceptible (100%) to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cephalothin ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamycin and trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify significant risk factors associated with examined bacteria. Thus study showed that the occurrence of E.coli K99 in male calves was higher (25.27%) than in female calves (16.49%). This might be the reason that more care is given to female calves than male calves. Because female calves are needed by the pastoralist where compared with male calves for milk production. On the other hand age and colostrum feeding within 24 hours were significantly associated with Salmonella enterica shedding. Calf age was significantly associated with Salmonella enterica (P=0.014, OR=13.15, 95% CI=1.677-103.127). The highest occurrence of Salmonella enterica was recorded in the 61-120 days of age (13.79%) than 1-60 days of age (2.86%) and 121-180 days of age (10.53%) diarrheic calves. In conclusion, isolation and identification of bacteria and risk factors associated with the spreading of bacteria causing diarrhea may be helpful for construction of suitable methods for prevention and control.
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    Isolation and Identification of Escherichia Coli K99 and Salmonella Enterica from Diarrheic Calves in and around Awash Fentale District of Afar Region, Eastern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021) Habtamu Girma; Shimels Tesfaye
    The current cross sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to September 2020 with the aim to isolate and identify E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica and associated risk factors for occurrence of these two pathogens. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 188 diarrheic calves aged up to 6 months from 150 households in Awash Fentale district Afar region, eastern Ethiopia. These samples were processed during the study period for the isolation and identification of E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica using culture media, biochemical tests, Pathasure kit and Biolog GEN III microplate. Out of 188 samples, 20.74% and 5.32% were found to be positive for E.coli K99 and Salmonella enterica respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of Salmonella enterica were also investigated using 12 commonly used antibiotics. All isolates from calves were susceptible (100%) to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, cephalothin ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamycin and trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify significant risk factors associated with examined bacteria. Thus study showed that the occurrence of E.coli K99 in male calves was higher (25.27%) than in female calves (16.49%). This might be the reason that more care is given to female calves than male calves. Because female calves are needed by the pastoralist where compared with male calves for milk production. On the other hand age and colostrum feeding within 24 hours were significantly associated with Salmonella enterica shedding. Calf age was significantly associated with Salmonella enterica (P=0.014, OR=13.15, 95% CI=1.677-103.127). The highest occurrence of Salmonella enterica was recorded in the 61-120 days of age (13.79%) than 1-60 days of age (2.86%) and 121-180 days of age (10.53%) diarrheic calves. In conclusion, isolation and identification of bacteria and risk factors associated with the spreading of bacteria causing diarrhea may be helpful for construction of suitable methods for prevention and control.
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    Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Central Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021) Mariamawit Zekarias; Shimels Tesfaye
    Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is high impact viral disease affecting cattle in various parts of Ethiopia and considerable number of countries worldwide. Taxonomically, LSD virus is classified in the family Poxviridae of the genus Capripoxvirus. The disease is caused by LSD virus and is characterized by nodules on the skin that cause permanent damage to hides and skins. LSD a serious disease that has been impossible to control in Ethiopia which is made clear by the outbreak that occurs year in and year out. Even though a continuous work has been done to understand the disease, tackling it prove to be unrealizable, urging more work to be done as much as possible that can assist as a building block to bring this devastating disease to its annihilation. The current work hopes to do that by isolating and characterizing of the virus that cause this disease from the most recent outbreak incident. A purposive sampling technique was mplemented in the town of Mojo, Ejere, Ejersa and koka. Cell line originated from sheep skin (Embryonic skin of sheep/ESH-L), highly sensitive to Capripoxvirus, was used for the isolation of the infectious virus. The isolates were further processed for classical and real time PCR in order to genotype. The virus that was detected as LSDV, have been further characterized through the RPO30 gene amplification for sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction in relation to different viral isolates from a previous work done though out the country and beyond. Out of 15 samples collected 10 of them were found to be positive for LSD. Further sequencing shows there was a two nucleotide position variation when comparing the present study isolates and the vaccine (KS-1) resulting in a single nonsense amino acid mutation. Constant outbreak investigation and full gene sequencing are the major suggestion of the study.
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    Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Central Part of Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2022) Mihiret Shimelis; Shimels Tesfaye
    Lumpy skin disease is economically important disease that is currently being reported as an emerging disease in various countries. Since, its inception in Ethiopia, LSD has spread in all the geographic locations affecting the livestock production system. Lumpy skin disease which cause lumpy skin disease is of the capripoxviruses, which is classified under the family poxviridae. Despite, efforts to contain by vaccination there have been several outbreaks of the disease in the country. These elucidate the importance of continual studies emphasizing on the viral genetics and associated factors. Thus, in this study lumpy skin disease virus was studied aimed at the virus isolation and molecular characterization from the outbreak reported areas of central Ethiopia. The study took place between October 2021 and May 2022. Purposive sampling technique was used when collecting Skin nodular samples and whole blood for serological assay. The virus was isolated using lamb kidney cells and molecularly characterized by amplifying the DNA fragment using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis using the complete RPO30 gene 606bp analysis. Multiple Sequence alignment indicated the nucleotide and amino acid variations among the capripoxvirus and to other viral isolates basically with the vaccine isolate. The alignment result indicated the absence of unique variation between the current field isolates and previous isolates. However, a single nucleotide variation was found between the outbreak isolates and the vaccine strain T/C at nucleotide position 292. All in all, the study in line with the veterinary professional’s vaccination practices gave an emphasis that outbreaks of the disease have continued to be a problem in different areas and the need of continual advanced studies