Browsing by Author "Negash Shiferaw"

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    Assessment of Foreign Direct Investment Effectiveness in Development and Its Challenges and Prospects: the Case of Special Zone of Oromia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Negash Shiferaw; Regassa Teferi
    Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role as an engine of employment, technological development, productivity enhancement, economic intensification, and more importantly, as an instrument of technology transfer, specially from developed to developing countries. The Government of Ethiopia having realized the inadequacy of the domestic capital and low national saving, opened several economic sectors to foreign investors. The government has also issued several investment incentives, including tax holidays, duty free import of capital goods and export tax exemption to encourage foreign investment. The very essence of this research is assessing the contributions of FDI to the development of SZO in terms of local employement creation, generation of revenue, transfer of technology, linkage with domestic firms in boosting local productivity.It assessed the effectiveness of FDI in the development of SZO and at the same time challenges that hinder the effectiveness of FDI were also identified.SZO is one of the investment potentioal zone found at the very vicinity of Addis Ababa. This study employed mixed research method where both qualitative and quantitave data were used in the assessment.Questionnaires and interview were the main instruments used to gather first hand information from experts, FDI owners and key officials of zonal investment offices and regional investment Commission.The sampling methods used were both probability and non probability sampling. Purposive sampling was used to select experts with better knowledge and information from different sectoral offices. FDI owners were selected randomly from 53 FDIs operating in different sectors. The study sample includes 60 experts from different offices, 18 FDI owners and two officials.Totaly 80 respondents were involved in this study. The result of this study indicated that the contribution of FDI to the development of SZO has been constrained by various challenges of infrastructure, institutional buearucracy, and other organizational and human elements.Therefore it requires an effective mitigation of those challenges and impediments enhancing basic infrastructure provision, training and developing skilled manpower,institutional reforms,enforcement of technology transfer and timely implementation of projects, regular environmental auditing as well as a continous follow up or monitoring for effective implementation of FDI projects to exploite all the benefits of FDI
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    Hematological Abnormalities and Associated Risk Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025) Haftu Moges; Urgessa Fekdu; Negash Shiferaw; Wordofa Moges
    Background: During pregnancy there is changes in hematological parameters as to balance thethe requirements of the growing fetus and placenta . hematological markers could have effect onthe pregnancy and it’s final fate. Among the various abnormalities anemia and low platelet countare the most frequently encountered problem. Objectives: We determined the selected hematological profile and risk factors among pregnantwomen attending antenatal care at TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital, Michu Clinic,AddisAbeba, Ethiopia from September 2021 - February 2023. Methods: We have recruited 406 pregnant mothers at TikurAnbessaSpecialized Hospital,MichuClinic ,Addis Ababa Ethiopia between September 2021 to February 2023 GC. following across-secetionalapproach. Clinical information and maternal age, gestational age and other information were collected using a structured data collection format that were done by aninterviewer. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected using EDTA tubes from each pregnantwomen and using Sysmex KX-21N blood analyzer complete blood count ( CBC) weredetermined. The results were analyzed using measure of central tendencies by applying staticalfor package social science version 23 softwares. The findings was displayed with texts, figuresand tablesResults: Pregnant women have mean age of 28.4 +/- 5.06SD. The mean White cell , red cell andplatelet count of the pregnant mothers were 7.71+2.62, 4.23+0.35 million and 234.56 + 28thousand per micro liters of blood respectively. Pregnant women having history of abortion andwith low income had low hemoglobin and hematocrit value. Based on this finding, beingpregnant was found to reduce the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements with Pvalues for Hgb (0.01) and HCT (0.02). Conclusion: This study found that the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit among the pregnantwomen were low. Hence regular hemoglobin and other common hematological measurement isimportant in the time of pregnancy and mother’s awareness has to be improved on theimportance of nutrition during pregnancy
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    Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Emergency Contraception among Female High School Students in Lideta Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020/21 G.C.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Esayas Binyam; Negash Shiferaw ; G/Hiwot Yirgu; Sultan Semir
    Background: Each year, around 210 million women throughout the world get pregnant, of which 21 million girls aged 15–19 years in developing regions become pregnant. More than half of the teenage pregnancy in developing countries are unintended(1, 2). Emergency pregnancy. Despite the existence of different modern and effective contraceptives methods worldwide, the problem of unintended pregnancy is still high (3). Objectives:Toassess knowledge, attitudeandpracticeofEmergency Contraception in female high school students in Lideta sub-city, Addis Ababa, 2020/21 G.C. Methods: A mixed study was used. A cross-sectional, institution-based study was conducted from September 1 to November 30, 2020 E.C., and a systematic sampling technique was used for the quantitative study whereas for the qualitative study, an in-depth interview and purposive sampling techniques was used. Quantitative data were cleaned, coded and entered into, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Data from in-depth interview was transcribed and translated to English then coded using QDA software, and categorized into similar themes. Descriptive statistics like frequency, measures of central tendencies were used to describe study participants and to summarize the results of the study. The association of the independent variables was done using logistic regression and chi-square test. Variables with P-value of ≤ 0.05 were declared as statistically significant. Result: A total of 257 female students have participated in the study with 100% total response rate. The finding of our study showed that 37.4% of the respondents have good knowledge and47.9% have positive attitude towards the use of EC. The main source of information about EC was TV. Of the total respondents, only 8.2% have ever practiced sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime. Of those respondents who had sexual intercourse, 66.6% have ever used EC.In the in-depth interview, when asked about the reason “why they don’t take or recommend EC“, most mentioned ineffectiveness of post-pill in preventing pregnancy. Conclusion: The result indicates that most of the respondents have heard about EC but the cumulative knowledge score is low and only around half having positive attitude about EC.Only a few of the respondents have used EC in their lifetime. We recommend a continuous information delivery to high school students and a separate and scaled-up study should be done to assess the knowledge, attitude, and utilization of EC among high school students.
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    Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnancies Complicated by Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Late Preterm in three Teaching Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Girma Getinet; Haile Sofani; Yigeremu Mahlet; Negash Shiferaw
    Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are multisystem diseases known to increase the risk of perinatal mortality worldwide, with a significant proportion of these deaths occurring in low income countries. However, little is known about the obstetric and treatment predictors of perinatal mortality in women with HDP. Until now, only few studies focused on the management of women with hypertensive disorders between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks of gestational age in Ethiopia. General objective: To investigate the perinatal outcomes of late preterm pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders in low resource settings Methods: Hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 274 newborns delivered from December 15, 2020 to June 15, 2021 at the three teaching hospitals. Structured and pretested questionnaire were used to collect socio-demographic data and medical records were reviewed. Neonatal status was checked every other day through phone call till 7 days afterdelivery date. Descriptive statistics were used to describe parameters collected from the files. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were done to determine factors associated with unfavorable perinatal outcome. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Among 10,129 deliveries during the study period, 952 (9.4%) were preterm. Of these preterm deliveries 680 were late preterm and 274 neonates fulfill the inclusion criteria and analyzed. About 83(30.3%) neonates were delivered 34+0-34+6 weeks, 45 (16.4%) at 35+035+6 weeksand the majority146 (53.3%) at 36+0-36+6 weeks. Cesarean section was the mostcommon mode of delivery 191 (69.7%) followed by SVD, 74 (27%) and 6 (2.2%) by AVD. About 173 (63.1%) newborns were LBW (1500-2499 grams), 76 (27.8%) were NBW and theremaining 25(9.1%) were VLBW. Fifty eight (21.5%) of neonates need resuscitations at delivery. Hundred forty eight (55.2%) of these neonates were referred to NICU and 102 (68.9%)of them required NICU admission. On day seven neonatal assessment the cumulative survival was 93.7%. The survival rate of late preterm neonates is 87.7%, 90.9% and 97.9% at 34, 35, and 36 weeks respectively. The perinatal mortality rate in late preterm pregnancy in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in this study was 76.6/1000 live births. Over half, 9/17 (52.9%) ofneonatal deaths occurs within the first 48 hours while majority (76.5%) of neonatal deaths occurs with in the first 3 days. In this study one fourth (25.9%) of women had at list one maternal complication. Fetal weight at birth, gestational age during delivery and Apgar score at delivery found to be independent predictors of perinatal survival. Conclusion and Recommendation: During the study period the rate of late preterm birth was 71.4%. This study shows preeclampsia as the most common cause for late preterm birth (84.7%) from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Late preterm neonates are at higher risk for neonatal morbidities and mortality contrary to the belief that they are nearly mature. Neonatal birth weight and Apgar score during delivery were the important predictors for the neonatal survival. Critical attention should be paid on the first 72 hours of newborn life to reduce factors contributing to high neonatal loss at this particular time.
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    To Describe Health Related Quality of Life, and its Predictive Factors on Cervical Cancer Patients in two Teaching Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-08) Terefe Daniel; Negash Shiferaw; Haillu Sofanit
    Background: Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy in Ethiopia associatedwith high mortality and morbidity. Nonetheless, few efforts have been made to assess thepatients’ HRQOL, and its predictive factors in Ethiopia. Objective: To describe Health Related Quality of Life, its predictive factors of cervical cancerpatients in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, from Feb to June,2021G.C. A total of 264 cervical cancer patients were interviewed using the Amharic version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer module (EORTC QLQ-C30), andcervical cancer module (EORTC QLQ-CX24) .The Amharic versions of bothinstruments werepreviously validated .The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 and Microsoft Office Excel2010. ANOVA and stepwise binary and multivariable logistic regression were employed todetermine mean difference and significant associations. Results: The mean Global quality of life (GQOL) was (mean± SD =42.57± 23.31) and with theleast affected function being physical functioning (mean± SD =76.39± 23.24) and highest socialfunction (mean± SD =50.40± 32.19). For the symptom scales, the financial difficulty had the highest mean of (mean± SD =57.83 ±35.34) and with the exception of diarrhea (mean± SD=20.08± 29.87) and dyspnea (mean± SD= 22.89± 29.87), all the other items indicated moderate to high symptoms. The EORTC QLQ-CX24 symptom scales the least affected score was on Lymph adenoma (mean± SD =27.71±37.11) and highest affected score was for sexual worry(mean± SD= 51.81+32.197). As stage increases there was a statistically significant reduction in GQOL (p = 0.005) .Age, educational status and monthly income has association with GQOL.Being in the age group <40years affects 2.12 times the GQOL compared to the other variables(AOR =2.12, 95%CI =0.23-18.90). The patients monthly income <600ETB affects the GQOL 1.7times (AOR=1.74, 95% CI = 0.34-8.93). Participants affected body image and feeling of lymph adenoma was the only two variables which had significant association with GQOL. Once sense of body image affected 1.88 times (AOR=1.88, 95%CI=0.42-8.45) the GQOL and 1.39 times(AOR=1.39, 95%CI=0.51-3.81) if affected feeling of lymph adenoma. Conclusions: GQOL, physical function, role function, cognitive functions, financial difficulties,insomnia and fatigue were the most affected however social function, dyspnea and diarrhea wereless affected components of HRQOL of cervical cancer patients. Age , marital status, educational status, occupational status ,monthly income , stage of the disease ,time since diagnosis andplanned type of treatment were some of the different socio demographic and medical factors which were associated with health related quality of life of cervical cancer patients.
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    The Trend of Deeterminants of Home Delivery in Ethiopia from 1995 to 2016
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-07) Alemayehu Liben; Negash Shiferaw; Arage Seid
    Back ground: The world health organization (WHO) has reported that the proportion of deliveries attended by skilled health providers rose from 58% in 1990 to 68% in 2008 worldwide, but remained at only about 50% in Africa. This study therefore tried to identify trends of home delivery and changes in each associated factor over time in Ethiopia. Objective: To analyze the trend of determinants of home delivery since 1995 to 2016 so as to identify areas of intervention to decrease home delivery in Ethiopia. Design: Retrospective analytical study design selected to assess the trend of determinants of home delivery rate since 1995 to 2016 so as to identify areas of intervention to decrease home delivery in Ethiopia using 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016 demographic and health surveys. Analysis done based on 43,029 women who had given birth in the five-year preceding each survey. Result: Of all respondent 36163 (84%) of them gave birth at home and the remaining 6866(16%)delivered at health institutions. The highest home delivery prevalence is seen in Affar (94.2%),Oromiya (92%) and SNNPR (91%). The Home delivery rate decline is greater in women age greater than 34 years (1.4%/year) than women in other age group. The highest rate of 93.3% was reported among women whose age at first marriage was teenager. Interestingly, home delivery rate trend in women high level of education shows small increment by 0.3% each year. The analysis also found that plateau change of home delivery rate in married women. This study shows home delivery rate decline among women from the ‗rich‘ and ‗middle‘ household(2%/year) but for those women from the ‗poor‘ household (1.1%/year). About 17.6 times declineof home delivery rate in women who watch TV almost every day than who watch TV less thanonce a week. The trend line for women with no ANC visit almost had no change. Though the trend in rural area was not having change until 2010, but it show major curve (by about 7%)change since then. The steepest decline is seen in Tigray region by more than 3% per year. InAffar, Oromia and Somali regions the analysis show plateau home delivery rate.Discussion: With the current drop rate of home delivery revealed in this research i.e., 1.3% per year, it will take 32 year to achieve MDGs of universal access to reproductive health. Though history of abortion, contraceptive use and pregnancy plan are interrelated health issue, the finding show home delivery rate is less affected by whether the pregnancy is planned or not than the other two factors Conclusion: This study underscores that strategies to decrease home delivery prevalence in the country requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses several preventive interventions such as reduce the likelihood that a woman will become pregnant, improving women education,income and access to media, using ANC as utility to decrease home deliver, encouraging low enforcement in preventing teen age marriage and pregnancy and involving religious leaders;specially traditional religious leaders; in implementations of policy and strategy. This study couldn‘t unknot the real reason of the mothers not to utilize to institutional delivery services. Indepth qualitative study will further help to gain better insight into these.