AAU-ETD :: Browsing by Author "Mohammed Hassen"

Browsing by Author "Mohammed Hassen"

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Acceptability and implementation of Development Journalism: the case of Radio Ethiopia.
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Abdulaziz Dino ; Mohammed Hassen
This research attempts to assess the level of acceptability as well as the level of implementation of development journalism by Radio Ethiopia in general and development journalists in particular. It mainly examines the views, perceptions and experiences of development journalists by using in-depth interviews, focused group discussions, personal observation and document review. In the in-depth interviews and focused group discussions deliberately selected development journalists were made to reflect their genuine views and perceptions concerning development and development journalism, and the relevance of practicing development journalism in the media. They were also made to reflect their role perceptions and their practical roles as a development journalist. As for the emphasis given to rural development reporting in the Ethiopian government media, Radio Ethiopian journalists also reflected much about the level of emphasis the media and journalists have given to rural development reporting in particular. In this regard, intensity of their inspiration and the media's tendencies in assigning journalists to rural have been analyzed. The research also attempted to examine the major challenges throughout the practice of development journalism. The findings show that development journalism is well-accepted as relevant and essential to the media, and hence, to Ethiopia. Yet it is misrepresented by deconstructing and then reconstructing it in a way it looses its widely accepted versions which allow significant amount of criticality. Moreover, development journalism is mistreated and the quality of the practice has not been adequately valued by potential stakeholders: the government, the media, journalists, and journalism education schools in Ethiopia. At the end, the research suggests possible pOints of action as to secure the acceptability and the quality of the practice of development journalism in Ethiopia.
African Solutions for African Problems: Ethiopia’s Mediation Role in (2018-2019) Sudan Political Crisis
(Addis ababa university, 2021-03) Tisefin Motuma; Mohammed Hassen
After the overthrew the 30- year old rule of Al Basher the political condition of Sudan had been in a state of swinging to the left and to the right.What Ethiopia did in this particular case was to avoid an all-out conflict and bring the contending parties to the negotiating table in a step-by-step process with a spirit of ‘’African solution for African problem’. The effort succeeded to have resulted ina power sharing deal between the TMC and the civilian opposition power. Itis believed to be the first step towards a democratic transition for the Sudan. This study therefore sought to assess the contribution of Ethiopia towards bringing the disputing Sudanese parties to reach an agreement in the spirit of solving African problems by African. The study utilized qualitative method and non-probability sampling technique to select informants. By conducting semi-structured interviews and extensively reviewingsecondary data sources the study has examined the role, approaches, achievements, and challenges of the Ethiopian-led mediation during the 2018-18 Sudan crisis. The study established that there were various actors in the mediation process in theSudan. Ethiopia’s mediation effort was successful.The successes of the process, has depended on the outcome, acceptability of the mediators by the warring parties, the neutrality of the mediators in the process, and the skill and knowledge of mediators on the causes of conflict, the parties and process. Nerveless, the mediation process was not smooth. There were major challenges including mistrust between the negotiating parties, internal friction among civilian groups, and pressure from various actors and skepticism towards Ethiopia’s initiative. Finally, the study recommended that, coordinated and timely application of specific political, diplomatic, and economic and/or security measures and activities in response to a situation threatening peace should be a responsibility of each member states. Also, to be effective conflict prevention must be planned and implemented with its contribution and transition to longer-term peace and security as a key consideration.Finally, critical post-conflict components should be addressed.
Audience Satisfaction with Ethiopian Television Amharic Children's Program: The Case of Children in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Tseganesh Mulugeta ; Mohammed Hassen
The central focus of thi s study was to explore the satisfaction/di ssati sfaction of children with Ethi opian l 'elevision Amharic children's program, The study attempted to see the extent to which the program gratify the ch il dren or nOL for what purpose they use the program, the ch ildren's program preferences and whether the chi ldren's needs/ interests arc addressed or nOL In the literatlll'e review, va riOus literatures th at have connecti on with children and televi sion were review. Accordi ngly, Bandura's soc ial - learning theory and the uses and gratifications approach were used as a th eoretical framework to this particular theme. The research method that was uti li zed in thi s study was qualitative. The study, by using focus group interviews and in-depth individua l di scuss ion s, tried to explore the level of the respondent 's sati sfaction/di ssat isfact ion in relat ion to the program. The respondents were se lected purposely to find out the real v iewers of the program. The editor and producers of the particular program also interviewed to make the study complete. The lindings or the research demonstrated that ETV Amharic chi ldren's program is not in the position to gratify its vielVers. The responses of the respondents reveal that theirneeds and/or preferences are not fit with the content and presentation of the program. Even if they have lots of reasons to watch it, they didn ' t achieve what they want and expecL The outcomes of the individual in-depth and focus group interviews revea led that the majority of the respondents lost interest toward the program because the program did not gratify their need s.
Audience Satisfaction With Ethiopian Television Amharic Children’s Program: The Case of Children in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-07) Tseganesh Mulugeta ; Mohammed Hassen
The central focus of this study was to explore the satisfaction/dissatisfaction of children with Ethiopian Television Amharic children’s program. The study attempted to see the extent to which the program gratify the children or not, for what purpose they use the program, the children’s program preferences and whether the children’s needs/interests are addressed or not. In the literature review, various literatures that have connection with children and television were review. Accordingly, Bandura’s social – learning theory and the uses and gratifications approach were used as a theoretical framework to this particular theme. The research method that was utilized in this study was qualitative. The study, by using focus group interviews and in-depth individual discussions, tried to explore the level of the respondent’s satisfaction/dissatisfaction in relation to the program. The respondents were selected purposely to find out the real viewers of the program. The editor and producers of the particular program also interviewed to make the study complete. The findings of the research demonstrated that ETV Amharic children’s program is not in the position to gratify its viewers. The responses of the respondents reveal that their needs and/or preferences are not fit with the content and presentation of the program. Even if they have lots of reasons to watch it, they didn’t achieve what they want and expect. The outcomes of the individual in-depth and focus group interviews revealed that the majority of the respondents lost interest toward the program because the program did not gratify their needs.
Causes, Conseqences and Roles of External Actors in the Current South Sudan Conflict
(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Tewodros Mebratu ; Mohammed Hassen
imposition of sharian law, denial of self-governing rights and in general, claiming that they were considered as „secondary citizens‟ in Sudan, and after making a bitter struggle for three decades, in 2011 South Sudan maintained its independence by a referendum. But unfortunately, within three years after gaining its independence a civil war broke out in South Sudan. A political power struggle between the South Sudanese president Salva Kiir and former vice president Riek Machar has resulted in violent clashes between ethnic army factions in December 2013. Since then, fighting has spread across South Sudan and claimed the lives of around 10,000 people. Taking into account the past hostility and bitterness between these two big ethic groups. It is feared that a deadly ethnic cleansing and massacre might happen again in the continent. Since the civil war broke out, peace talks between these sides in Juba & Addis Ababa hasn‟t been fruitful yet. Conflicts are erupting in different provinces of South Sudan from time to time. To this effect; children, women & elderly will continue to suffer. Thus, this research opts to explore and find out the root causes of this conflict which broke out in 2013, with the direct and indirect involvement of the external state, and non-state actors as well. In addition; the political, economic and humanitarian consequences of the conflict will be explored in depth. To conduct the research, primary and secondar
A Comparative Analysis of State and Private Newspapers of National News Coverage and Representation of Newsmakers- A Case Study on Addis Zemen and Addis Admas Newspapers
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Eden Taye ; Mohammed Hassen
The main aim of this research was to compare the state owned and private owned newspapers (Addis Zemen and Addis Admas) extent of coverage and representation of known and unknown newsmakers in the news. Thus, the study has tried to get answer for the above research questions by setting specific objectives: To determine the extent of news coverage the known and unknown newsmakers receive in the news in the newspapers. To assess the types of topics and kind of roles (as criminals, heroes, victims) given to the known and unknown newsmakers in the newspapers. To identify the tone of coverage and representations (negative, positive and mixed) of known and unknown newsmakers in the newspapers.The analysis of data gathered through content analysis method is made by using a description method and the interview is also analyzed through different categories inferred from the interview questions and answers. The finding shows that unknown newsmakers-ordinary people and those in official positions are under- represented compared to known newsmakers in both newspapers even if the Addis Admas newspaper gives better coverage compared to the Addis Zemen newspaper; and for most part, those in official positions. When comparing the newspapers tone of coverage given to newsmakers, they are in the extreme parts; Addis Zemen gives favorable representation for both newsmakers while Addis Admas gives unfavorable representation for both newsmakers. This research finding shows that due attention should be given to the unknown newsmakers too in the newspapers coverage because by reading the news which is the actual happening, anyone can infer meaning not only about the newsmaker but also about the society and the nation at large. It would also be good if the tones of coverage and the type of topics and roles given to the newsmakers get special attention because, varying the coverage is sometimes the tool to satisfy readers‟ interest by entertaining different tones, roles and topics in the news.
Content Analysis on Reporter's Coverage of Corruption
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-07) Sileshi Yilma ; Mohammed Hassen
While stress ing the importance of the media's struggle against corru ption. one shou ld ask whether or not the Ethiopian med ia houses make an effol1 to uncover co rruption cases in . timely manner so that the public can make an informed dec ision. This thesis has. therefore, attempted to assess the content corruption coverage by the Amharic bi-weekly, Reporter fo r the period of two years. Content analysis was employed as the major method. In-depth-interview was a lso made wi th two of the newspaper's staff. Both quanti tat ive and qua li tative methods were used to collect the data. As a result. Systematic random sampling of 216 artic les were taken from all the 159 edi tions of the newspaper. The analys is was done based on the type of story, theme, source, placement, au thor and the case of individual vs. institutions. The data found from the interview as well as underlyi ng theoretical frameworks were used to back up the analysis. Results sho\\ that embezzlement was the leading form of corru pt ion theme. Reporter used anti-co rrupti on watchdogs as its maj or sources of sto ry. From the research it is possible to conclude that Reporter gave more prominence to corruption issues on institutional level rather than on individual bases. The study further concluded that the biggest st rength of Reporter emanates from the news section as majority of the news stories were authored by its own staff reporters. The newspaper's coverage of corruption was dominated by the ncws genre. In addi tion, significant number of the corruption stories were placed on the midd le pages of the newspaper. From the overall find ing of this research, it is po~sib l e to conclude that Reporter seems somewhat respons ib le in fulfilling its du ty as the Fourth Estate by consistently re porting events of corruption in the country.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of selected Newspaper Stories on the 2015 Nigerian Presidential Campaign
(Addis Ababa University, 2017-01) Rezene Hagos; Mohammed Hassen
This study attempts to analyze the discourses embedded in the news reports that a prominent Nigerian newspaper called The Nation published about the 2015 Nigerian presidential election. The news reports that have been analyzed are those published in the month before the presidential election’s date of May 28, 2015. The analysis is done by applying Critical Discourse Analysis to the newspaper reports. The analytical part begins with the exploration of the informative content of the news reports. The reports cover stories on the presidential election, the political campaign, the political parties and their respective candidates. All the news reports published by the online edition of the daily newspaper in the period under investigation were retrieved first, in order to create the repository of the reports relevant for this research. According to the findings of this study, The Nation played a very important role during the presidential campaign by consistently disseminating information aimed at shaping public opinion in support of presidential candidate Muhammadu Buhari.
Digital Playing: A Study on The Popularity of Digital Video Play Station Games Amongest Ethiopian Children in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-07) Endalkachew H/Michael ; Mohammed Hassen
In the midst of the dissemination of digital electronic games particularly Play Station Video games in Ethiopia since the turn of the millennium Ethiopian children have been able to be exposed to different kinds of digital video games. A noteworthy part of this Ethiopian children are from lower-class section in Addis Ababa who are exposed and attracted to the Play Station Video games produced by the time leading manufacturer of video games, the Japanese owned which is based in America ,Sony Company. Digital Playing : An Investigation into Popularity of Play Station Video Games amongst Ethiopian Children in Addis Ababa attempts to explore how the specified children in Addis Ababa, in the midst of their everyday lived reality, make meaning out of the Play Station games contents and its technology that are produced in another setting. The study, by using focus group interviews and in-depth individual interviews, explores how Ethiopian lower-class children make sense out of digital video game contents and technology as represented by Play Station video games in the context of their everyday life. The findings of the research demonstrate that Play Station video games have a significant role to play in the Convergence and Hybridizations of cultures between the global and the local. The convoluted responses of respondents reveal that there are differences in the level of play, as well as genre preference. For most of the children technology and cultures are most highly integrated .These enjoy multiple pleasures from the gaming experience including mastery of game-based computer related skills and competition. Some of the children play in order to cope with their real lives. These children reported taking pleasures in controlling the gaming environment or alternatively that games provide a needed distraction from the pleasure of their daily lives. Finally, some non-gamer female children who participated in the study expressed strong criticisms about game playing and gaming cultures. For female children, Play Station games are a west of time .However; female children who are gamers technology, gender and culture are mostly integrated .These children enjoy multiple pleasures as male children do in the research.
Does the Exchange Rate Regime Matter for East African Countries?
(Addis Ababa University, 2018-10) Mohammed Hassen; Atnafu Gebremeskel
This study aimed at identifying whether the choice of exchange rate regime (ERR) matter for the inflation and economic growth of East African countries and identifying which regimes do best for the region. To do so it used the panel data of 10(ten) selected countries observed from 1996-2016. It used descriptive statistics and econometric analysis techniques. Even though the de-jure regime was much smaller than the de-facto, the study found that intermediate regimes dominated other ERRs. Relatively the highest levels of inflation are recorded in Malawi and Zambia while Uganda had the lowest inflation. The analysis also shows that the highest average growth level was that of Mozambique and the lowest was that of Burundi. The study found that both the claim and practice of intermediate regimes are related to lower inflation compared to pegged regimes. In the 'coarse' classification crawling regimes are negatively related to inflation compared to pegged regimes. Moreover, estimation of the 'fine' classification shows de-facto crawling peg and crawling band are negatively related to inflation compared to currency board arrangement. The study also found that de-facto intermediate regimes are negatively related to economic growth. When the 'coarse' classification of regimes is applied all intermediate regimes (i.e. crawling, managed floating and free falling regimes) are negatively related to growth. However, when institutional quality is controlled almost all the regime dummies of the 'fine' classification became insignificant in the growth regression. The result implies that the choice of ERR should be based on whether countries target either inflation or growth. Future researchers could focus on "why countries choose regimes?".
Ethiopian Newspapers’ Framing of Children’s Rights Issues: the case of Addis Admas, Addis Zemen, and Reporter
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Betelhem Abegaz ; Mohammed Hassen
Millions of children in Ethiopia are exploited in different ways. Children are forced to work in factories, in back rooms, on streets, and in the sex trade. In this regard, the protection against and prevention from child abuse becomes a critical issue. Thus the media is a powerful instrument which can be used to influence those who have little concern and to do more in overcoming the problems facing such children. This study was conducted to examine how Ethiopian print media framed child right issues during September 2009 - August 2010. For this study Addis Zemen, Addis Admas and Reporter were purposefully selected for analysis. Content analysis was the major research method used in the study and hence 144 articles were analyzed. In collecting data both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. In addition to this, so as to make the data deep-rooted and tangible, in-depth interviews were conducted with the editors and journalists of the newspapers. The result of the study shows that from the analyzed articles the majority were framed in human interest and empathy frames. On the contrary, morality, conflict and economic frames were the least used frames. Meanwhile, such frames were given a better coverage on Addis Zemen than on Addis Admas and Reporter. Comparing the private ones, Addis Admas gave a better coverage on child right issue than Reporter. In addition to this, health and protection from HIV/ AIDS and protection from violence were the most frequently employed types of child right. The newspapers mostly got the information from discussions /demonstrations, and they reported the news based on these sources. It was also learnt that government officials were highly quoted in the newspapers even though the fact is not true in Addis Admas. Children were not quoted to the proper extent. Community members and police were also given very little chance to be used as source. In general the newspapers did little to inform the society what child rights issues are. The findings indicated that the media gave much attention to violation of children‟s rights and child protection more than to maintaining the rights and child protection
Examining The Popularity of Local Films: A Study of Audiences in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Ridwan Berihu ; Mohammed Hassen
For decades the Ethiopian audiences had no choices except watching Hollywood‘s and Bollywood‘s films in cinema theatres. For decades the foreign product movies were consumed by the audiences in Ethiopia. In recent years, the film industry in Ethiopia has witnessed a major stride in terms of quantity and popularity of locally made films. This study under the title of “Examining the Popularity of Local Films, A Study of Audiences in Addis Ababa” is interested in examining the reception of the local films. The study employed qualitative method of study and participatory observation, focus group discussion, and individual in-depth interviews to gather the data. The findings of the study showed that the local audiences choose the locally made films primarily because of the language and cultural familiarities. The audiences are eager to watch the locally made films and actively participate in negotiating with the messages of the films. Moreover, the audiences are associated the messages of the films with their day to day real life. Audiences are also in favor of the culture and norm of the society, because from their response they don‘t feel comfort watching the nudity, sexual scenes, kissing in the locally made films. Moreover, the movie going culture is evidently becoming very high as a result of cultural familiarity and absence of language barriers among other things. This is consistent with theories of active audiences and audience reception in which audiences give their own interpretations and understandings based on their actively participation with the messages of the films
FM Radios for Social Development A Case Study of Zami FM 90.7 and Sheger FM 102.1
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Milkissa Chimdessa ; Mohammed Hassen
The study aims to develop knowledge on how FM radios (private) are promoting social development issues to improve the public’s welfare. The study uses development media theory and social responsibility theory to explain the responsibility that the private broadcasters have in treating educational and socially relevant themes (pro social messages). The empirical data was collected through four focus group discussions (with a total of 22 FM radio listeners) and individual interviews (which are entirely qualitative) with two radio editors and two reporters. The Focus Group Discussion (FDG) and individual interviews were conducted from May10 to May 15, 2010. The FDG was conducted with FM radio listeners in Asko (Kolfe Karaneo sub city) and Shiromeda (Gulalle sub city) of Addis Ababa. This study treated the types of educational development programs that the FM radios broadcast, audiences’ perception to the private FM radios contribution to social development and the editors and reporters view of the radios role in enhancing educational development messages. Accordingly, the findings of this study show that the private FM radios have created programs that are entertaining, educational, socially responsible and commercially profitable. The FM radio stations devote a reasonable percentage of their broadcasting time to the discussion of public issues of interest i.e. educational and socially relevant issues. The radio stations have been reflecting and promoting local identity, character and culture by focusing on local content. They are also assisting the dissemination of expert and social knowledge on topics of interest to general listeners as well as NGOs and other institutions engaged in social transformation in Ethiopia. These FM radio stations have been successful in bringing educational development issues in to public deliberations. The study also found that the FM radio stations produce radio programs jointly with development partners who work on development and broadcast a variety of educational development themes over the last two years. The educational development themes that the FM radio stations broadcast include culture (language and literature, music and poetry) and environmental issues, health education, family planning, gender issues, science and technology, rights of the disabled, marriage and family values. These various educational development themes are being disseminated through many popular program formats such as talk shows, chat shows, commentaries, magazine formats, drama and music. Now listeners give feedback and participate in the production of these programs through various channels and these have included phone calls, text messaging, email messages and personal visits. The interpretation and analysis as well as the conclusions of this study are based on the theories of development advanced by development communication scholars as treated in chapter two of this paper.
An Investigation into the Reception of English Premier League Games by Ethiopian Youth in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Dereje Mekonnen ; Mohammed Hassen
In the midst of the broadcasting of football games particularly the English Premier League games in Ethiopia recently youth have been exposed to different kinds of foreign produced media products. It is obvious that Ethiopia, as part of the world-wide trend of influence brought about by globalization, is subject to a situation marked by the increased flow into the country and consumption by the local audience of foreign- produced media products. While at this time English Premier League games take lead in terms of consumption rates of foreign media products. This study, in particular, under the title of ‘’An Investigation into the Reception of English Premier League Games by Ethiopian Youth in Addis Ababa’’ is interested in investigating the web of meanings that arise from the viewing of English Premier League among Ethiopian youth. With this end in view, the study employed observation, focus group interviews, and individual in-depth interviews to gather the data needed to make sense of the youth’s viewing experience. The findings of the study show that youth in their interaction with media contents transmitted in settings far from theirs, actively interpret them in light of the subjective values, aspirations and concerns within their lives. What the youth’s own responses reveal is that the plurality of meanings they make when viewing English Premier League games represent a challenge to the premises of the media imperialism thesis, which put forward the homoginizating role of the Developed countries media in terms of propagating developed countries values and interests at the expense of the developing countries like Ethiopia. The concept of homogenization fails to accurately describe the consumption of foreign media messages by local audiences. The research also shows that the coming into the picture of such regional media as produced by nations like Great Britain raises the question whether media imperialism thesis is adequate in terms of explaining the overwhelmingly complicated global exchange
An Investigation into the Reception of English Premier League Games by Ethiopian Youth in Addis Ababa
(Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Dereje Mekonnen ; Mohammed Hassen
In the midst of the broadcasting of football games particularly the Engli sh Premier League games in Ethiopia recently youth have been exposed to different kinds of foreign produced media products. It is obvious that Ethiopia, as part of the world-wide trend of influence brought about by globalization, is subject to a situation marked by the increased flow into the country and consumption by the local aud ience of foreign- produced media products. While at this time English Premier League games take lead in terms of consumption rates of foreign media products. This study, in particular, under the title of "An Investigation into the Reception of English Premier League Games by Ethiopian Youth in Addis Ababa" is interested in investigating the web of meanings that arise from the viewing of Engli sh Premier League among Ethiopian youth. With this end in view, the study employed observation, fo cus group interviews, and individual in-depth interviews to gather the data needed to make sense of the youth's viewing experience. The findings of the study show that youth in their interaction with media contents transmitted in settings far from theirs, actively interpret them in light of the subjective values, aspirations and concerns within their lives. What the youth's own responses reveal is that the pl urality of meanings they make when viewing English Premier League games represent a challenge to the premises of the media imperialism thesis, which put forward the homoginizating role of the Developed countries media in terms of propagating developed countries values and interests at the expense of the developing countries like Ethiopia. The concept of homogenization fails to accurately describe the consumption of forei gn media messages by local audiences. The research also shows that the coming into the picture of such regional media as produced by nations like Great Britain raises the question whether media imperialism thesis IS adequate in terms of explaining the overwhelmingly complicated global exchange.
Managing Political Engagement of Diasporas in Africa: A Case Study of Ethiopia
(Addis ababa university, 2021-07) Hanna Zerihun; Mohammed Hassen
This paper explores the participation of African diaspora in the politics of their home country by focusing on the experience of Ethiopia. The Ethiopian diaspora is said to be highly politicized, large in number and well-educated; they keep in touch and are interested in domestic affairs. Therefore, according to their management and participation methods, they have the ability to challenge the country or give up its huge potential. So far, the relationship between the Ethiopian government and the diaspora has been more confrontational than cooperative. The political and political climate in Ethiopia tends to view the diaspora as cash crows and favors participation in political decision-making in a moderate manner. In any case, the diaspora participates in national politics through various other channels. After the reforms in 2018, the government made rapid adjustments to give expatriates a say in their hometowns. However, if there is no favorable political and institutional framework, the relationship between the diaspora governments will not be easily resolved in the short term. The researcher will use qualitative analysis methods in interviews, document analysis, video analysis, and websites.
Publishing Private Daily Newspaper in Addis Ababa: Post-1991 Challenges and Prospects
(Addis Ababa University, 2011-10) Frezer Ejigu; Mohammed Hassen
During the last two decades in Ethiopia a daily private newspaper has not evolved except Eletawi Addis (Addis Daily) which lasted practically for a year. The purpose of this study is to find an economic explanation as to why daily private newspapers fail to evolve in Ethiopia. Commodification, an entry-point in the study of a political economy of communication dictates the research. A decade being the dividing line, two newspapers each are randomly selected from the first and the second decade, and another newspaper, unlike other newspapers which has ither stayed for the longest years or remained in the market without interruption from entry-point to the present is part of the study. Hence, the advertising content, the motives and the commercialization throughout the years in the selected five newspapers has been studied from the first year of operation with two years interval till the exit years for the two newspapers of the first decade and till 2009/10 for the rest three. A qualitative indepth interview has also been conducted with advertising and marketing department heads and editors-in-chief in order to add to the richness of the data available from the quantitative content analysis. It has been found out that advertising following an increase in the early years has decreased towards the end of the first decade while in the second decade advertising has steadily increased in all the three newspapers. It should be noted that in all the five newspapers with the increasing advertising, news element has always been in a decreasing trend both in the first and second decade. This is a clear indication that the private weekly press throughout the years rather than providing news stories progressively to the public, their concern has shifted to advertising and contents that are not truly news such as entertainment and opinion. Hence, it could be concluded that though the private press beginning from the early years of existence has quickly familiarized itself with commodification, advertising has remained both a challenge as in the case of Tobiya, Tomar, and Mesenazeriya and a prospect for Reporter and Ethio Channel. In general, advertising that challenged the private newspaper market has significantly contributed for a daily not to evolve.
The Role of Internal and External Actors in Reshaping the African Nation States: the Case of Somalia
(2015-06) Nasir M. Ali; Mohammed Hassen
Africa has been in a state of crises since independence, primarily linked to external influences which have social, cultural, economic, and political dimensions. The African states, not all, suffered the extreme consequences from unviable forms of political rule which criminalized both the state and the economy and produced ethnic contention and deeply divided society. The external actors are not the only chief architects of the Africa‟s lingering conflicts and state failures, but also their local actors in the post-colonial age are partially responsible for the political and economic troubles, and the frequent state collapse. Somalia, for example, became a victim of internal and external actors; while the post-state collapse actors are the tragic, violent outcome of gradually deteriorating political dynamics since 1991. From the rubble and ruins of the state, self-appointed warlords who struggled to rule the country from the barrels of guns, business groups and, later, Islamists aspire to power with the influence of external actors, both from the region and beyond exacerbated the political instability and economic shortcomings which impacted both on the state and the lives of the ordinary Somali citizens. In fact, numerous peacebuilding efforts and attempts at building a centralized Somali national government have failed due to extensive involvement of diverse external actors. Without exception, Somalia neighbors, Arab and Western states have been involved in Somalia‟s conflict for political and economic reasons. This study, therefore, dismisses that the external actors, both from the region and beyond will bring peace and stability to Somalia. Therefore, the issue should be considered as a Somali issue that has an economic, social, and political impact on the Somalis at large, and according to this suggestion, any resolution to the Somalia conflict needs indigenous efforts since it affects the internal peace and security of the Somali citizens as well as their destiny. Without a unified grassroots involvement, it is difficult to foresee a sustainable peace and stability in Somalia.
The role television can play in Early Childhood Development: an in-depth investigation of Tsehai Loves Learning
(Addis Ababa University, 2008-11) Issayas, Tsion; Mohammed Hassen ; Elsie Seip
This study is an inquiry into the use of television as a tool for education. The area of early childhood development is taken as a particular case of the study for the reason that it is an under-researched field. To gain a deeper understanding of the issue, the study is based on a local children's television program called Tsehai Loves Learning. The study is guided by theories of child education. The different approaches taken in the education of the child are seen as relevant literature for the purpose of this study. The researcher has collected data using qualitative research methods of in-depth interview and document analysis. Accordingly, interviews were carried out with key informants from the Ethiopian Television and Whiz Kids Production to shed lights on the issues affecting them. Also, documents such as the Education and Training Policy, the Kindergarten Syllabus and Whiz Kids objectives and missions documents have been analyzed. The study has found out that Early Childhood Development, which is included in the preschool education system in Ethiopia, is a grossly neglected field and solutions and alternative routes of educating children have not been exploited. also, through the process of this study, it has been discovered that the government is not doing its share in supporting the initiatives of the private sector in an attempt to expand Early Childhood Education. It has also been revealed that using television as an educational tool for children is not yet appreciated and the Ethiopian Television itself does not give due attention to programs for children.
What News Journalists Have Selected Overtime? The Case of English Daily Newspapers
(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Semere Ameha ; Mohammed Hassen
For which news ideas do the Ethiopian daily English newspapers provide priority is one of among the most important questions that need to be addressed in the media study. It is frequent to see common news topics in the individual newspapers. It is vital examining what values are intrinsic for the worth of incoming news stories to give them space. A front-page news event in a particular newspaper might not appear in the other newspapers. The study provides remarkable insight in examining major questions dealing with what news editors in the Ethiopian Herald and the Daily Monitor have selected overtime and why? Like in any other media, both newspapers receive mass of news stories every day from various sources, and the editors of these newspapers select certain news rejecting the majority overwhelming. There are common traditional news values which used to measure the worthiness of a story. To which values do the two newspapers give priority and other related questions are also discussed in the study. Both newspapers dedicate much of their space to different news topics. News which considered as worth report in the Daily Monitor’s pages may not receive any space in the Ethiopian Herald. While the Ethiopian Herald gives focus for stories about economic activities and intensely development, the Daily Monitor provides more space to politics, sport and conflict news. Beside the news values, there are other factors that influence the selection of news like ownership, news source and space.

Browsing by Author "Mohammed Hassen"

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