Browsing by Author "Kumie, Abera (PhD)"
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Item Assessing Satellite-Based Ambient PM in Relation to Under-Five Children Mortality in Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2022-05) Bereded, Ashenafie; Kumie, Abera (PhD); Tefera, Worku (PhD. Candidate)Background: Particulate matter below 2.5 µm diameter (PM ) is a part of air pollution that has adverse effects on health. Data on exposure to ambient PM 2.5 is not well monitored in sub-Saharan Africa due to limited resources and skilled manpower.The effect of PM 2.5 on health is least explored in Ethiopia. Objectives: The study has assessed the relationship between satellite-based ambient PM 2.5 pollution and under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: The study used the data from Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys conducted in 2016, collected between January 18 and June 27. Under-five children with the child mortality information and coordinates of geographical location were included. Satellite-based ambient PM 2.5 concentration was extracted from the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group website at Washington and Dalhousie University, in the United States and Canada, respectively. Datasets were downloaded from their respective websites. Annual pollution level and mortality datasets were matched by children’s geographical location, birth, death, and interview dates.The relationship between satellite-based ambient PM and under-five mortality was determined by multilevel multivariable logistic regression. The statistical analyses were two-sided at 95% confidence interval. Results: The study addressed 10452 children with the proportion of under-five mortality being 5.4% (95% CI 5.0% - 6.8%). The estimated lifetime mean annual exposure of ambient PM 2.5 was 20.1 ± 3.3 µgm-3. Significant clustering of mean annual PM concentration and under-five mortality proportion were varied by region. A ten-unit increase in lifetime mean annual ambient PM 2.5 2.5 was associated with 2.40 [95% CI 1.51, 3.80] times more odds of under-five mortality after adjusting for other variables. In addition, children with food cooked inside a house but with no separate room, mothers without formal education, very large birth size, twins, born at home, and stunting prevalence were significantly positively. Conclusions: Clustered spatial distribution of ambient PM concentration and under-five mortality has existed. Satellite-based PM 2.5 2.5 is significantly associated with under-five mortality adjusted for other variables. Validating satellite-based PM data with ground-based measurements is advised. Additional ground-based PM monitoring devices, particularly in Afar where PM 2.5 2.5 and under-five mortality were higher, is suggested.Item Assessing the Prevalence of Occupational Injury and its Association With Utilization of Personal Protective Equipment Among Workers in Large Scale Metal Manufacturing Factories, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2017-03) Benti, Abate; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: The risk of occupational diseases and injury is increasing from time to time that has become the most prevalent and major public health problem in the world. Globally, there are 271 million work related injuries, and 2 million work-related deaths per year. Metal and engineering industries are identified as one of the five priorities sector by the government of Ethiopia, which is expanding in diversity and number. Work related injuries have become public health importance among industrial workers in Ethiopia. Personal protective equipment are belived to prevent the occurance of injuries. Studies on the prevalence of injury and its association with PPE utilization among metal workers in Ethiopia is limited. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of injury and its association with the personal protective equipment among workers in large scale metal manufacturing factories in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from Auguest to October, 2016. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was carried out among 588 metal workers engaged in metal manufacturing factories in Addis Ababa. Five metal manufacturing factories were selected based on their long year service and existing total number of workers. Data was collected by trained data collectors using pretested Amharic version questionnaire through face to face interview. Observation and FGD was done by using Observation check list and FGD guide. The raw data was entered using Epi Info version7 then exported to SPSS version 20 for descriptive statsitcs, bivariate & multivariate analysis. Statistical signficance of 0.05 was considered. Results: The prevalence of occupational injury in one year was 49.9% [95%CI:45.8-53.9]. There were 18 reports with disability from one factory in one year. Respondents age range of 18 to 30 years [AOR=0.42; 95%CI:0.186-0.950], attending primary school [AOR=5.64; 95%CI: 3.049- 10.430] and secondary school [AOR=4.20; 95%CI: 2.567-6.883], work experience of less than 11 years [AOR=3.62; 95%CI: 1.214-10.824], those who had 11 to 20 years work experience [AOR=7.878; 95%CI: 2.596-23.904], workers with no job stress [AOR=0.38; 95%CI: 0.219- 0.668] and workers who didn’t use PPE were [AOR=4.84; 95%CI: 2.929-8.012] found to have a statistically significant association with work related injury as compared to their reference categories. Conclusion and recommendation: This study concludes that the prevalence of occupational injury among metal workers was high as compared with the studies done in Addis Ababa metal factories and Mekele small scale industries. The study also showed that respondent’s age, educational status, work experience, job stress and PPE use were the significant variables associated with work related injury. There should be quality and adequate supply of PPE for all metal workers. Safety education for metal workers and program based supervision in metal factories is essential.Item Assessment of factors influencing Hygiene Behaviour among School Children in Mereb-Leke District, Tigray Region, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2013-07) Assefa, Mulubirhan; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: Children are “agents of change” in pacing the behaviour and practice of their family and community at large. Hygiene and sanitation in schools is important, as it allows children to learn about hygiene at a receptive age, as well as having immediate and long term health benefits. Poor hygiene behaviour remains high risk behaviour increasingly responsible for high water and sanitation related diseases among primary school going children. Many outbreaks of gastrointestinal infections have been associated with primary schools Objectives: assessing the factors influencing hygiene behaviour among school children. Methods: A school children based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted. Five Primary schools was recruited from the list of primary schools with second cycle in the Woreda Education Office and a total of 528 School children were selected randomly selected from the list of every school based on the proportion to the size of grade six to eight of each school. Fifty percent of students‟ house hold was assessed for availability of hygiene enabling facilities. All questionnaires and records were checked by the data collectors and supervisors before leaving the data collection area. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Version 17.0 after the data has been entered using Epi-Info version 3.5.3. Logistic regression employed to identify factors influencing hygiene behaviour via crude and adjusted odds ratio. Result: the study found that knowledge and awareness on water handling, and hand washing was significantly associated to hygiene behaviour. The likelihood that the child‟s knowledge on water handling issues and hand washing matters was 2.24 times (AOR, 2.24; 95%CI 1.54, 3.26) and 1.7 times (AOR, 1.70; 95%CI 1.12, 2.57) likely to have positive hygiene behaviour compared to those was not knowledgeable, respectively. Predictably, school children who had proper awareness on water handling matters 2 (AOR, 2.0; 95%CI 1.37, 2.90), hand washing practice 2.36(AOR, 2.36; 95%CI 1.62, 3.45) times more likely to have positive hygiene behaviour compare to those school children not aware. Being a member of hygiene and sanitation club, parent‟s health package status, have ever trained on hygiene and sanitation and have ever visit model school had observed a significance difference in hygiene behaviour. The peer pressure measured by „what you think children are washing their hands‟ was observed a difference in handwashing behaviour. This was statistically significant with diseases avoidance P <0.05. Conclusion: we conclude that this study has shown that knowledge, awareness, ever training, being a member, visit model school, and parent‟s health package are factors to influence hygiene behaviour.Item Assessment of healthcare waste generation rate and its management system in health centers of West Gojjam zone, Amhara Region(Addis Abeba Universty, 2007-03) Azage, Muluken; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: The aim of healthcare services is to reduce health problems and to prevent potential health risks. On the other hand health facilities generate hazardous and non hazardous waste that is potentially harmful to public health and the environment if not segregated and dispose properly. Objective: To assess the waste generation rate and its management system in health centers of West Gojjam zone. . Methods: Cross-sectional study was employed to estimate waste generation rate and evaluate their management system in health centers from March 2007 to April 2007. Ten health centers were included in the study. Observational checklist, key informant interview and weighting scale were used to assess the management and to quantify the generation rate. Weighing of healthcare waste was done for eight days in each health center. Data collectors and supervisor were recruited and trained. Training of data collectors and calibration of weighing scale with standard weights were done during data collection to assure data quality. Data were compiled and analyzed with EPi Info version 6.04d & SPSS version 13.0. Results: The mean (±SD) healthcare waste generation rate was 1.79 ±0.57 kg/day or 0.035kg/patient/day±0.07, of which (52.0%) 0.93±0.3 kg/day was general or non-hazardous waste and (48.0%) 0.86 ± 0.33 kg/day was hazardous. The mean healthcare waste generation rate between health centers did not significantly vary with Kurskal-Wallis test (x2=8.105, pvalue= 0.524). Only six health centers used safety boxes for collection of sharp wastes and all health centers used plastic buckets with out lid for collection of healthcare waste. Segregation of wastes and pre treatment of infectious wastes were not employed by any of the health centers. Only four out of ten health centers used incinerators and the rest six health centers used open burning for disposal of healthcare wastes. All study health centers had placenta pit for disposal of pathological waste however only three pits had proper covering material. Training about healthcare waste management was not given for waste handlers and healthcare workers. Operational standards and healthcare waste management committee were not found in any of the study health centers. Conclusion and Recommendation: The mean healthcare waste was 0.035 kg/patient/day or 1.79 kg/day per health center of HCW was generated. It is managed and disposed in manner that pose health risk to healthcare workers, waste handlers and the vii community in addition to contaminate the surrounding environment (air, soil and water). Segregation of wastes at point of generation with appropriate collected material and pre treatment of infectious waste before disposal should be practiced. Training of healthcare workers and waste handlers should be given. Incinerators must be constructed in a manner that facilitates complete combustion and the lining of placenta pit should be constructed in watertight material.Item Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Household Hygiene Practices Related to the Occurrence of Diarrheal Disease among Under Five Children in Rural Settings of Awi Zone, West Amhara Region(Addis Abeba, 2010-06) Dessie, Kelemu; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: Childhood diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. Poor water handling, unsafe disposal of excreta and unhygienic practices of mothers/caretakers are some of the risk factors for the transmission of childhood diarrhea. Improving knowledge, attitude and household hygiene practices of mothers are potentially the most effective means of reducing the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in children. OBJECTIVE: To assess knowledge, attitude and household hygiene practice of mothers of children aged less than five years related to the occurrence of diarrheal disease among under five children in Awi Zone, West Amhara region. METHODS: Community based cross-sectional study was employed using both quantitative and qualitative research methods from January to February 2010 in 12 rural kebeles of Awi zone, West Amhara region. Kebeles were chosen by random sampling technique. A total of 422 households that had at least one under-five child were selected by random sampling technique from list of census frame. A structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. Four focus group discussions (FGDs) were also held to generate important idea for the study. Data were entered into EPI Info version 6.04 and it was also edited, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Odd ratio with 95% CI was employed to test the significant association and multiple logistic regressions were also used to control confounders. RESULTS: The multivariate regression model showed that children in the age category of 12-23 months were 6.5 times more likely to be affected by diarrhea as compared to those children in the age category of 36 – 59 months [AOR: 6.48, 95% CI: (2.23,18.84)]. Use of unprotected water sources, poor utilization of latrine and feces seen around the yard were significant predictors for the occurrence of childhood diarrhea in bivariate analysis (p<0.05). Mothers/caretakers have high knowledge on key critical handwashing times of before preparing food (96.4%) and after eating food (84.6%). Crude association was observed in the practices of hand-washing after defecation, habit of body bath taking by mothers and frequency of washing hands with soap (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed mother /caretakers presenting diarrhea [OR: 15.96, 95% CI: (2.27, 112.33)] and early initiating foods [AOR: 4.03, 95%CI: (1.32, 12.31)] were independent predictor of the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. The study also indicated that the two week period prevalence of childhood diarrhea was 20.6%. CONCLUSION: This study substantiates the occurrence of childhood diarrhea was highly related with mothers’/caretakers’ hygienic and child feeding practices in particular and the environmental health characteristics in general. Therefore emphasis should be given to enhance the awareness of mothers/caretakers about household hygiene and childcare practices. Keywords: knowledge, household Hygiene, critical times of hand washing, household environment and Childhood diarrheaItem Assessment of occupational injuries in tendaho Agricultural development S.C, afar regional state(Addis Abeba Universty, 2007-03) Yiha, Osman; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: Occupational injuries pose a major public health and development problem. At present the problem of occupational injuries in work place is increasing in many developing countries including Ethiopia, mainly caused by unsafe work environments or human factors. Objectives: This study was aimed to determine the magnitude of occupational injuries and identifying factors related to this injury among workers. Methods: Cross-sectional study design was employed to assess occupational injuries among Tendaho Agricultural Development S.C workers, Afar Regional State. The enterprise was first stratified by working departments and working sections. A total of 810 workers were involved in the study based on proportional allocation to size. Study subjects were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was made using pre-tested questionnaire. Work environment observation, physical examination, and reviewing injury records were also employed to complement self reported information. Results: The overall occupational injury prevalence rate was 783 per1000 exposed workers per year. Seventy (11%) injured workers were hospitalized. Most (90%) of hospitalization was more than 24 hours. One death was also reported in the last 12 months. A total of 6153 work days were lost, being 11.4 days lost on average per an injured worker. Working more than 48 hours per week [AOR: 8.27, 95% CI:(4.96-13.79)], absence of health and safety training [AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: (1.02-8.06)], sleeping disorder [AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: (1.12- 2.41)], alcohol drink [AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: (1.06-2.80)], job dissatisfaction [OR: 1.83, 95% CI: (1.30-2.58)] and absence of protective devices [OR: 3.18, (1.40-7.23)] were significant factors to occupational injuries. Conclusion: Working more than 48 hours per week, absence of health and safety training, sleeping disorder, alcohol drink, job dissatisfaction and absence of protective devices increases the risk of occupational injuries. Ongoing health and safety information and/or training, periodic supervision, and occupational health and safety services above all should be emphasized to promote health and safety conditions of the worker. Key words: Occupational injuries; magnitude; determinants; severity; Tendaho Agricultural Development S.C.; Dubti State Farm; Dubti Ginning Factory; and Detbahri State Farm.Item Assessment of occupational injury and associated factors among Mugher cement factory workers, Mugher, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2014-06) Gebretsadik, Mulu; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Back ground-Throughout the world, occupational exposure to cement dust and noise continue to cause serious public health problems and are leading cause of disability and disease among workers. There are 2 million work-related deaths annually worldwide. Studies done in Ethiopia on textile factory, Iron and steel factory and among small and medium scale industries, occupational injury is the cause for hospitalization, disability and death of workers. There is no study done on the prevalence and associated factors of occupational injury in cement factory. Objectives-this study investigated the prevalence and determinants of occupational injuries among cement factory workers in Mugher. Methods -An institution based cross sectional study complemented with work place observation checklist and record review was conducted. Stratified random sampling by job category was used to get the desired sampling unit. The study participants were selected using simple random sampling technique, lottery method. Data was collected by trained data collectors using pretested Amharic version questionnaire through face to face interview of the study participants after getting ethical clearance from responsible bodies and informed verbal consent from study participants. The raw data was edited, entered in to a computer using Epi Info version 3.5.0 then exported to IBM SPSS version 21 and cleaned. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21. Bivariate analysis &multivariate analysis was done.95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05 was used. Results: The prevalence of occupational injury in one year was 10.4%.There was one report with disability .In addition, 1356 working days were lost as a result of 52 work related injuries.Thirty seven (71.2%) were hospitalized, accounting for 51.4% hospitalization for more than 24 hours, 18(34.6%) were absent from work for 15-30 days .The significant contributing factor for occupational injuries was job category. Workers in the cement production were 74.7% less likely to experience occupational injury than workers in clinker production [AOR= 0.25, CI :( 0.100-0.639)], workers in the raw material production had 73.6 % less likely to experience occupational injury than workers in the clinker production [AOR= 0.26, CI :( 0.107-0.653)]. Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of occupational injury was 10.4%. Job category increased the risk of work related injuries. Preventive measures like provision of adequate and quality safety materials timely and work place supervision should get focus.Item Assessment of prevalence injuries and determinants among fire fighters of Fire and Emergency Prevention and Rescue Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2017-06) G/egziabher, Hadush; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background Occupational injury is a global public health burden in developed and developing countries. The nature of a firefighter’s job is hazardous and involves rescuing people as well as preventing further escalation of dangerous situations. In US, 68,085 firefighter injuries reported in 2015. Majority injuries were falling (27.2%), Strain (27%) and hit by objects counts (9.0%). In Ethiopia, the prevalence of injury among fire fighters in fire and emergency is unknown. But in Addis Ababa, 452 fire-fighter injuries reported in between 2014 and 2016. This study investigated the prevalence and determinants of occupational injuries among workers in fire & emergency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Objective: - To assess prevalence injuries and determinants among fire fighters in Addis Ababa Fire and Emergency Authority. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa fire and emergency authority fire stations. Simple random sampling was used to take on 403 study participants. Data was collected using structured questioner by face to face interview. Data was cleaned using EPI info version 3.5.3 and analysed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Frequency tables, graphs and descriptive summaries were used to describe the study variables. Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression model with hierarchical entry analysis were performed. Results: A prevalence of 27% with [95% C.I: (26.79- 27.21)] respondents reported experienced occupational injuries during the past 12 months among workers of Addis Ababa fire and emergency. All injured respondents, 108 (100%) were hospitalized. Not using PPE, lack of safety & health training, sleeping disorder and lack of warning signs were significantly associated with occupational injuries. The odds of developing injury among fire fighters not using PPE was 3.8 times than those PPE users [AOR: 3.76, 95% CI: (2.23-6.36)]. The odds of developing injury among fire fighters with sleeping disorder was 2.6 times than those without sleeping disorder [AOR: 2.61, 95% CI: (1.53-4.46)]. Safety and Health training and Warning signs had also significantly contributed to the higher risks of occupational injuries. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study showed the prevalence injury was high not using PPE, lack of health & safety training, sleeping disorder and lack of warning signs were identified as risk factors. Therefore, safety and health training and proper using of PPE should be given due attention in the fire, emergency prevention and rescue authority. Key words: occupational related injuryItem Assessment of Self-Reported Health Symptoms and its Determinant Factors among Hairdressers in Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2015-12) Dula, Sara; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Back ground: Hairdressing is a worldwide job, with predominantly female staffs of the younger age group, who are exposed to different physical and chemical hazards present in their work environment , which affect their health seriously. However, there is no information regarding Ethiopian situation. Objective: To assess self-reported work-related health symptoms and its determinant factors among hairdressers working in beauty salons of Nifas Silk Lafto Sub City, Addis Ababa. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using interviewer-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire prepared in English and translated to local language (Amharic), to assess 480 stratified, proportionately sampled hairdressers, from April 15 to June 15, 2015. Checklist was used to assess the work environment. Variables on socio-demographic characteristics, work-related symptoms, preventive methods employed, work duration and conditions, and risk factors for ill health were collected after ethical clearance was obtained from the school of Public Health College of Health Sciences. Information collected was processed and analyzed using SPSS-version 20, Chi-x2 test and P value was used to compare the values. Multivariate analysis and logistic regression was done for the risk factors. Results: Musculoskeletal symptom (at least one symptom) was reported by 372 (77.5%) hairdressers. Back (63%) and foot/leg (54.4%) pain/discomfort was reported by the majority. Uncomfortable body posture at work (AOR= 4.256 (95%CI = 2.544 – 7.119)), and non-use of ergonomic tools (AOR, 2.082 (1.148 –3.773)), were major factors associated with musculoskeletal symptom. Hand allergy/eczema was reported by 103 (21.5%) of hairdressers. Of whom 39(38%) of them were those who were engaged in hair washing activity and 61 (59.2%) of them were those who worked more than 8 hours a day. Prevalence of respiratory symptom (at least one symptom) was 207(43.1). Rhinitis (32%) and breathing difficulty at night (11%) were frequently reported symptoms. More than 22% of the hairdressers reported nasal symptom with hair spray and dye application/preparation. Reproductive health problems were reported by 44% (n=25) of hairdressers. Conclusions: The study showed that the hairdressers suffer multiple health symptoms of multifaceted origin, which needs organized and coordinated intervention, yet the profession is neglected. Therefore, ensuring proper work organization and design, and safe work environment is recommended. Awareness Creation regarding musculoskeletal and respiratory symptom is emphasized. Hence, preparing guideline on Occupational Health and Safety of hairdressers’ salon, and update of the training manual has paramount importanceItem Assessment of the Sanitary Conditions of Food Establishments in Mekelle Town(Addis Abeba Universty, 2005-06) Zeru, Kinfe; Kumie, Abera (PhD)In Mekelle town the number of catering establishments is increasing from time to time like other towns of the country. Different efforts are undergoing to prevent and/or avoid the incidence of foodborne diseases that can arise from food service establishments. However, the sanitary condition is not known since no systematic study was carried out to assess the condition. Thus, this study was designed to determine the sanitary conditions of mass catering establishments in Mekelle town. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2004 to January 2005. A census was employed to obtain the list of catering establishments. Four hundred twenty two (422) establishments were recruited for the study from the total 546 establishments by simple random selection technique. Standardized and structured questionnaire was used to gather information. Bacteriological examination of food utensils from randomly selected 88 establishments was made. Standard swab sample collection and laboratory procedures were employed. Epi Info version 6 was implemented for data management. The findings of the study showed that 91% of the establishments have license, 65.7% were found operating their business in rented buildings and 83.8% of the managers/owners were literate. Sixty two percent of the floor and 54.4% of the walls and ceilings of the kitchens were found in good repair condition. Toilet, hand washing lavatories, proper solid waste receptacles and privately owned tap water supply were available in 96.9%, 57.1%, 39.2% and 93.6% of the establishments, respectively. Ineffective dish washing practice, improper food stuff and food utensil storage, poor personal hygiene and food handling practices of food handlers were also the major deficiencies observed. Of all the bacteriological tested, 44.3% were found with v aerobic mesophilic bacteria above the acceptable level (>100 colonies/utensil) and 45.5% were grossly contaminated (> 50 fecal coliform/100ml). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were also isolated from 27.3% and 18.2% of the swabbed food utensils. In conclusion large numbers of mass catering establishments were found with poor sanitary condition and major deficiencies of the premises. The knowledge and practice of food handlers were also found unsatisfactory. In addition the laboratory results of swabbed utensils revealed the ineffectiveness of washing, sanitizing, handling and storage system. Therefore, the likelihood of food contamination is very high. Promoting and improving the standard sanitary requirements through regulatory activity, regular sanitary inspection focusing on education and motivation of owners and food handlers as well as an integrated work with other relevant sectors, is recommended. Keywords: Sanitary condition, catering, food utensils, swab testItem Assessment of the sanitary status of food and drink establishments in Addis Ababa city, a case of KIRKOS SUB-CITY; ADDIS ABABA(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Bulcha, Kassa; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: Food borne diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality globally, in urban areas food and drink establishments serve as source of ready-to-eat foods for large number of people. The sanitary handling of food establishment has public health relevance in terms of preventing food related diseases and intoxications. Objective: To assess sanitary condition of food and drink establishment and associated factors, in Kirkos Sub City, Addis Ababa ETHIOPIA. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from December 2013 to march 2014 in Kirkos Sub City, located at the center of ADDIS ABABA, With an area of 14.62 km2 and population size of 245, 578. Three hundred sixty four food and drink establishments and owners/managers from these establishments were selected through stratification (by Woreda and type) and proportionate simple random sampling to be the study subjects. Data was collected using pretested and structured Amharic version questionnaire and observation checklist. Results:- Among 364 food and drink establishments assessed in this study, highest were cafeteria 134(36.81%), followed by bar and/or restaurants 104(28.57%), fresh juice house 52(14.28%), hotels 34(9.34%), bakeries 25(6.86%) and the fewest 15(4.12%) were butchers. Construction/repair in past 2-5 years was done in only 180(49%) and among not maintained or constructed, 124(67.4%) reason for construction were due to urban plan requirements and no permission from renting body. overall kitchen cleanliness was highly associated with good repair condition of floor, wall and ceiling with OR=15.81(3.76,66.38 95 % CI), OR=14.24(3.39,59.28 95 % CI) and OR=15.85 (4.81,52.18 95 % CI) respectively. Access to private pipe water supply was strongly related to clean kitchen, availability of latrine and shower facilities with OR=5.48(1.65,18.13 95% CI), OR=24(6.64,91.01 95%CI) and OR=3.95(1.37,11.35) 95 % CI respectively. conclusion :- overall sanitary status of establishments was found to be in poor status in majority of the establishments worse than assessed in other towns. Generally there should be Integration between the regulatory body and different City administration stakeholders. In 5 addition, the regulatory body shall focus on hygienic food handling promotion activities towards establishment mangers and food handlers. Routine sanitary inspections and health certificate of competence issuance activities need to be conducted continuously, periodically and should cover/reach all establishments. Key words :- Kirkos sub City, food and drink establishments sanitary status, food premises, repair/construction, health certificate of competence and manager status.Item Assessment on Situation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Home Based Care Clients of Plwha in Addis Ababa(Addis Abeba Universty, 2009-07) Siyoum, Manaye; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: - Although HIV/AIDS is not water and sanitation related disease, the issues are closely linked. Many of the opportunistic infections like diarrhea that cause high morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS are transmitted through contaminated water and unsanitary living conditions. Therefore, a reliable water supply and good sanitation facilities are indispensable to assist in the task of bathing, washing, cleaning & disinfecting the home environment, providing water for taking drug, using latrine to avoid contamination. Access to Water and sanitation services can help home based care clients to live longer in good health, facilitate care for ill patients, improve the quality of life and increase their dignity. However, this is poorly recognized by either organizations working on HIV/AIDS or water and sanitation sector. Objective: - the objective of this study is to assess the situation of water, sanitation and hygiene in home-based care clients in Addis Ababa city. Methods: - A cross-sectional study using simple random sampling technique was conducted in Addis Ababa from March 31 to April 14/2009. A total of 422 home based care clients proportionally allocated to each sub city were interviewed and the response rate was over 99%. Data on socio-demographic characteristics of home based care client, water, sanitation and hygiene practices were collected through face to face interview and observation using checklists. Participation in this study was voluntary and based on clients’ ability to give informed consent. Data was analyzed using SPSS 11.0 for windows statistical package. Result: - The result of this study showed that home based care clients had access to improved water sources (96.4%) with reasonable time taken to fetch. The availability of improved sanitation, bathing facilities and hand washing facility near latrine were 62.5%, 6.9% and 4.3% respectively. The per capita water consumption (10l/c/d) and home based water treatment practices (11.4%) of clients were very low. There was also gap between knowledge of hand washing during critical times with detergents (70.5%) and practice X (60.5%). Similarly, clients had poor practice of water dipping (86.9%), keeping cleanliness of latrines (69.6%), proper efflu XI ent (50%) and child feces disposal (67.9%). While they had good practice of proper covering of water vessels (83.8%) and body bathing at least once a week (90.4%). Homebased care clients were less exposed to hygiene education and hygiene promoting teaching materials. The two week period prevalence of diarrhea was 15.5%. However, only 80% related to water and sanitation which characterized by lack of blood in the stool. The results of bivariate analysis showed that there was no statistically significant association between house owner ship, sex of head of households and income in availability of improved water sources, sanitation and hand washing facilities near a latrine. However, the odds of having improved sanitation in households whose monthly income was >300 were about four times higher than the odds in households whose monthly income was <300 birr. Educational status of clients was found to be significant predictor of daily per capita water consumption. Education had also relation with availability of improved water sources and improved sanitation but the associations were not statistically significant at P<0.05. Conclusion and recommendations- From the study it can be concluded that the water, sanitation and hygiene needs of home based care clients was not full filled. Therefore their need should be addressed by including safe water, sanitation and hygiene as essential components of basic preventive care packages of home based care clients at policy, service provision and community levels. Key words: HIV/AIDS, Home-based care, water, sanitation, HygieneItem Comparative Cross Sectional Study on Occupational Health Problems among Workers in Floriculture Industry, Holeta, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2012-05) Gezu, Meaza; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Back ground: - Floriculture is labor intensive industry in which a number of citizens in Ethiopia rely on it and currently it is on vast expansion over the country. In spite of its creation of job opportunity it imposes various health challenges on the workers. Objectives: the specific objectives of this study are to assess the magnitude and determinants of common illness symptoms encountered by the workers of floriculture industry. Methods: - Mixed method approach; using Comparative cross sectional quantitative study on 958 randomly selected respondents of floriculture workers and general population; a qualitative study on purposively selected respondents from floriculture workers were conducted to obtain result on illness symptoms encountered in the past 12 months prior to data collection and associated factors. The data was collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire for the quantitative study and qualitative data was obtained from workers of floriculture through indepth interview and focus group discussion with predesigned interview guide. Results: - A total of 958 respondents with a response rate of 98.4% were included in this study. The prevalence of respiratory and skin disorder illness symptom were 462 (75.5%) and 232 (48.6%) versus 178(37%) and 68 (14.1%) for floriculture workers and general population respectively. Awareness of workers on risks of working in floriculture has association with reported respiratory and skin disorder illness symptom as those who were not aware about risks were less likely to report illness symptom. Use of personal protective equipment and pre training doesn’t show significant association with illness symptom of workers. Majority of respondents didn’t wear full personal PPE since only less than 30% of workers who have reported having PPE have boots, facemask and goggles. In the qualitative result respondents mentioned that the type of pre-training that is being provided to workers focuses on safety of flowers rather than how workers keep themselves away from the potential risks. Conclusions and recommendations: - According to these study respondents of floriculture workers have reported high prevalence of developing illness symptom in the past 12 months of time prior to data collection. Thus employers’ should give training on protection on workers from the potential hazard and fulfill personal protective equipments to workers.Item Determinants of Occupational Injury among the condominium house construction workers of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. Unmatched case control study(Addis Abeba Universty, 2013-06) Shine, Sisay; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Back ground of the study: Occupational injuries constitute global public health burden from which millions of workers die each year from unintentional work related accidents causing economic loss. The construction industry has been identified as one of the hazardous industries in Ethiopia; a significant number of people are working in the industry. Objective of the study: To assess factors of Occupational Injury among the condominium house construction workers of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based unmatched case control study design was done to assess the determinant of occupational injury among the condominium house construction workers in Addis Ababa city. Five large scale condominium house construction site was selected based on the number of worker (n>250) and number of condom unit (>=2500) constructed. Sample of 576 study participants were included in the study by one to two cases to control ratio (192 cases and 384 controls). Study subjects were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was made by using pre-tested questionnaire. Work environment observation was held to strengthen the information with quantitative findings of environmental determinants. EPI INFO 3.5.1 version computer software package was used for editing, cleaning, coding, and check completeness and consistency of data. Variables with 95% confidence interval and P value at <0.2 during the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis to see the effect of confounding variables. Result: Socio demographic and most environmental factors had no association on the occurrence occupational injury among the condominium house construction workers only health and safety information access had association; some behavioral factor such as use of personal protective equipment (AOR [95%Cl] = 2.24 [1.26, 3.93]), sleep disturbance (AOR [95%Cl] = 8.67 [5.30, 14.20]), workers who were unsatisfied by their work (AOR [95%Cl] = 2.14 [1.26, 3.93]), smoking cigarette (AOR [95%Cl] = 2.38 [1.45, 3.89]), and drank alcohol (AOR [95%Cl] = 2.15 [1.38, 3.34]) were significantly associated with the occurrence of occupational injury. Most environmental health and safety matters such as warning sign, ladders inspected, portable circular saws were equipped with protective guards, unsafe handling of material prohibited by supervisors were not fulfilled with in all construction site. Conclusion and recommendation: Behavioral factors sleep disturbance, not satisfying by work, alcohol consumption, smoking cigarette, not using personal protective equipment increase the risk of occupational injury. Safety training of workers and continuous monitoring of working site can play an important role in reducing occupational injury. Key word: occupational injury; socio demographic, environmental, and behavioral factors; condominium house worker.Item Exposure Assessment to Indoor Smoke Pollution in a Rural Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 1999-12) Eshete, Berhanu; Berhane, Yemane (PhD); Kumie, Abera (PhD)Very little effort has been made in Ethiopia to assess the effect of indoor air pollution at a community level. The aim of the study was to assess exposure to indoor air pollution at a household level and f ind out the feasibility of using questionnaire in determining exposure level for indoor air pollution . Crosssectional study design was utilized . Data were collected using structured questionnaire , in-depth interview with key informants and child movement recording . Data entry and analysis was done using Epi Info version 6 statistical software . A total of 600 households f rom the three study areas (rural high land , rural lowland and t own)were assessed . Three hundred thirty four(55 . 7%)of the households had high exposure level to indoor smoke . Rural households were less likely to have adequate smoke clearance compared to urban households (OR=O . 3 ; 95% CI=O . 16 , 0 . 54) . Being muslem, mar ri ed , Mother illiterate and and low economic status were less likely to be in the low exposure status with adjusted OR(95%CI) of 2 . 24(1.39 , 3 . 54) , 0 . 41(0 . 18 , 0 . 82) , 0 . 36(0 . 2 , 0 . 66)and 0 . 34(0 . 22 , O . ~4) , respectively . The main source of i ndoor Hlnoke wa s biomass fuel used by 98 . 5% for cooking and 29 . 6% for heating . The majority (94.9%) were using open type of stove wi thout flue or chimney . The median (SO) of exposure time by the interview and observation was found to be 180(202) and 125(148) minutes , respecti vely. From this we conclude and recommend that biomass fuels are the principal sources for the indoor smoke , the poor socio- demographic and environmental factors e xpos e children t o indoor smoke and collecting information about exposure time of under f ive c h ildren using interview and observation methods has no statistically significant difference . Using cleaner fuels , improving social , e conomic , cultural and envi ronmental conditions could improve the exposure level to indoor smoke .Item Factors related to sustainability of water and sanitation projects in the rural setting of North Gondar, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2002-04) Admassu, Mengesha; Kumie, Abera (PhD)A descriptive cross-sectional study to assess factors of sustainability of water supply and sanitation projects was done in the rural setting of North Gondar in North Western Ethiopia, January 2002. The quantitative study included an interviewing 768 female household respondents using a structured questionnaire. A qualitative study was conducted from one hundred fourteen water and sanitation projects using observation checklist and supported by slide film and computer print out pictures. Focus group discussion was conducted, both at the community and at the project funding organization level. The study examined Utilization, Functionality and Participation of the community as important elements of sustainability to their water and sanitation projects. The mean age of the respondents were 37.09 years. Seventy (9.11%) were literate, six hundred thirty two (82.3%) were married, of these 267(42.25%) of their husbands were literate, a mean family size of 5.31 persons per household, a mean of 60.72 Birr family income per month. Four hundred forty two (57.6%) households were using protected water projects and 5 (0.7%) were having pit latrines. The mean per capita water consumption was 6.68 liters, the mean time to collect water; total time, from house to source, staying at the source, and back to the house were 20.51, 6.11, 5.65, and 8.76 minutes respectively. The average frequency of water collection was 2.04 times per day. Three hundred thirty nine (76.7%) were participated in the development of the water projects. Fifty-two (11.76%) of the respondents were complaining of not functionality of the water projects. A significant positive association of adequate water per capita was found with the family size four and less number of people (p= .009). Vii 10 A very significant positive association with the respondents complains of projects not function (p < .00001) was found time waiting at the water point (mean + SD 5.65 + 2.24). Significant positive association with the participation of respondents contributed (p < 0.05) was found with the type of water projects (protected springs) than Protected hand dug well. Results from the observation checklist showed that 77% of the protected spring and 52% of the hand dug wells were broken at least once since of their duration of services. Animal trough and cloth washing facilities were observed in 11(21%) protected springs and 9(17%) hand dug wells. There were Guards at the water source points in 12(23%) of the protected springs and 19(36.5%) protected hand-dug wells. Based on the findings, the need of training on proper financial management of the contributed money, strengthening the skill and resource capacity of the water desk agents at the Woreda level, and planning to construct additional protected water are recommended.Item Improving the Completeness of Medical Records at Inpatient department of Dalefage Primary Hospital, west Afar, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2014-03) Mohammed, Nuru; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Introduction: The completeness of medical records is an outstanding problem that affects the quality of health services in many hospitals of Ethiopia. Enhancing the completeness of patients records is inexpensive that can be implemented with the involvement of health workers. Objective: To improve the completeness of patient’s card admitted to Dalefage hospital. Design; Pre - post interventional study from January - August, 2013 GC uses inpatient medical record review form and focus group discussions. Setting; Dalefage district hospital, west Afar, Ethiopia. Participants: Medical director, matron and other clinical staffs. Implementation: The interventions implemented were avail inpatient medical record completeness format, facility based inpatient medical record completeness guideline and procedures were developed and onsite training was provided. The work plan progresses of implementation were monitored by check list. Main outcome measures: Availability of inpatient medical record completeness format, provision of onsite training, development of facility based guideline and procedure and enhancement of inpatient medical record completeness report. Evaluation: inpatient medical record format availability and completeness improved significantly from 0% to 100% and from 0% to 73.6% respectively. Lesson learned: our findings indicate that a well-organized inpatient medical record completeness enhancement can improve the quality of available inpatient information, helps to know our reporting status of inpatient medical record completeness which is crucial to plan improvement strategy and development of facility based guideline and procedure was required to accomplish sustainability. Lastly, onsite training was the best strategy for resource limited countries like Ethiopia to improve health care quality service delivery. Key words: medical record, availability, completeness, Dalefage hospital, Ethiopia.Item Indoor Air Bacterial Load and Contributing Factors in Government and Private Hospitals in Harar, Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Abebe, Hiwot; Kumie, Abera (PhD)Background: Human can be exposed to airborne microorganisms in both residential and hospital indoor environments. This may lead to adverse health effects with major public health impacts. Hospital indoor air may contain a vast number of disease causing agents that could be originate from patients, the staff, visitors, ventilation and outdoors. Hospitalized patients are at a higher risk of infection due to confined spaces that can accumulate microorganisms and create favorable condition for their growth and multiplication. Objectives: to determine and compare indoor bacterial load, and contributing factors in different wards of the four hospitals in Harar town, 2017. Methods: A cross sectional study design was used to assess the bacterial load and associated factors in two government hospitals (Police and Jugula), one teaching hospital (Hiwot-Fana) and one private hospital (Yemage) in Harar town. Nine inpatient wards and 96 rooms were taken as a sample to determine the bacterial load. All of the impatient rooms of all wards of these hospitals were included in the study. To determine the bacterial load of these rooms’ passive air sampling technique was used. Data was collected using settle plate method by exposing petridish of blood agar media for an hour to the indoor air of the sampled rooms. Observation checklist was used to assess the contributing factors that influence the quality of the indoor air. Results; Based on our finding, airborne bacteria load ranged from 74.2–14,310 CFU/m3. The highest bacterial load was found in medical ward and the lowest in OR of Hiwot-Fana specialized teaching hospital. The result of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in mean bacterial load among the four hospitals and also the major wards of these four hospitals. In those hospitals, S.aureus, micrococcus and CoNS were among the most common bacteria identified. This study suggests that cleaning frequency, room temperature, a high number of health and medical students as well as number of visitors were found to be determinants that affect bacterial load in the sampled rooms. Conclusion: High bacterial load was recorded in Jugula, Police & Hiwot-Fana specialized teaching hospitals. The bacterial load of Hiwot-Fana specialized teaching hospital was much higher the other hospitals. Environmental factors play a major role in the increase of bacterial load. Thus, this high bacterial load in those hospitals may lead to high infection risk to the admitted patients.Item Practices and Barriers on Deployment of Electronic Medical Record (Smart Care) in Addis Ababa City Administration Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Shamil, Kamil; Kumie, Abera (PhD)The deployment (implementation) of electronic medical record in Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau hospitals were done from in 2011. In five hospitals Practices such as utilization, perception, confidentiality and privacy and barriers during implementation are necessary to assess the deployment. Other studies gave emphasis on those. Objectives: To assess the practices and barriers on deployment of electronic medical record (smart care) in Addis Ababa regional hospitals. Methods A cross sectional survey using self-administered questionnaires and complemented by a qualitative data using interviews was conducted in April 2013 at Addis Ababa city administration health bureau hospitals in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 422 Study subjects were selected by random sampling method for quantitative and 5 study subjects selected by purposive sampling for interviews. The collected data was cleaned, coded and fed to SPSS 20.0. Descriptive statistics on their perception, utilization, barriers and privacy and confidentiality issues were calculated. Finally results were presented in text, tables and graphs. Results: the study finding showed that users had good perception to use and the overall utilization of Smart Care was not good. Because the implementation practice was not similar in all hospitals means two of them interconnected and others used now for data entry. Also qualitative findings indicate that work flow interference, simplicity, training and quality of work were in good position on user perspective and barriers that hinder the implementation process these are connection problems, lack of single responsible body, technical and financial support problem, follow up from health bureau and venders. Conclusion and recommendation: from the finding perception is not a big problem in user’s side. The major problem were; functionality of system, unable to generate monthly report, common securing mechanism, connection, follow-up and support from concerned body, continues and planned training and structured and organized culture of a practice. Thus, it is essential to improve handling the strength and overcoming those challenges to make practice sustainable and adhere the smart care through users.Item Predicting the Occurrence of Under Nutrition Status of Under- Five Children in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Kumela, Chaluma; Kebede, Gashaw (PhD); Kumie, Abera (PhD)