Browsing by Author "Fanta Desissa"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 10
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility Profile of Selected Zoonotic Pathogen in Dairy Farm and their Public Health Implication in Adama and Modjo, Ethiopia
    (2019-06) Munera Ahmednur; Fanta Desissa
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019 in Adama and Modjo. The main objectives of the study were to isolate and identify selected zoonotic pathogens from dairy cattle, to assess practical usage of drugs and to determine the in vitro antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates. Structured questionnaire was designed and administered to dairy farm owners and dairy food consumers to assess their consumption behavior and antibiotics usage. A total of 607 samples consisting of fresh cow milk, fecal sample, nasal swab, pooled milkers’ hand swabs, pooled floor swabs and tank milk samples were collected from 20 dairy farms. The samples were examined for the presence of selected zoonotic pathogens. Total of 396 samples were analyzed for S. aureus and 15.7% (62) were positive. Total of 396 samples were analyzed for E. coli and 7.6% (30) were positive. From 271of the total analyzed samples for Salmonella 4.8% (13) were positive. A total of 62 S. aureus, 30 E. coli and 13 Salmonella isolates were observed resistant to at least one or more antimicrobials tested. Penicillin, Methicillin and Sulphametoxazole trimethoprim were drugs to which a large proportion of isolated S. aureus were (100%to90%) highly resistant. From 30 tested E. coli show resistance to Tetracycline (83%) and Vancomycin (80%). The resistances of Salmonella were 69% to Nalidxic Acid and 54% to Vancomycin. Multiple drug resistance was detected in high (98.4%) for S. aureus, (56.7%) for E. coli and (53.9%) for Salmonella. High proportion of the current misuses of drugs and occurrence of resistance isolates to drugs in the dairy farms alerts concern for animal and public health as these drugs is used widely for treatment and prophylaxis in animals and humans.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of the Contamination of Beef with Salmonella and Knowledge, Attitudes and Beef Handling Practices along Beef Supply Chain in Dukem Town, Ethiopia
    (2017-06) Zelalem Sisay; Fanta Desissa
    Salmonella is a major cause of food borne disease in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November, 2016 and April, 2017 to estimate the prevalence, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella, and assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices along beef supply chain in Dukem town. A total of 286 samples comprising feces, carcass swab and retail meat were collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella following the standard techniques and procedures. Hundred respondents consisting of 20 abattoir workers, 20 butchery workers and 60 consumers participated in the study. Systematic random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to generate the desired data. The overall prevalence of Salmonella along the beef supply chain was 6.3% (95% CI: 3.9-9.7). The specific prevalence of Salmonella based on sample source was 0.9%, 2.9%, and 12.7 % in feces, carcass swab, and retail meat, respectively. There was statistically significant difference along the beef supply chain(X2 = 14.3027, P <0.05). Among the isolates, 94.4% (n=17) were resistant at least to one of the antimicrobials. All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to Kanamycin where as 94.4%, 88.9% and 83.3% of the isolates were found to be sensitive to Sufisoxazole, Tetracycline and Nalidixic acid, respectively. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 27.8% (n=5) of the isolates.Majority (95%) of abattoir workers didn’t know that contaminated carcass has public health risk. According to the respondents, falling of carcass in the dirty floor and sudden stomach cut were the major possible sources for carcass contamination. All of the abattoir and butchery workers received neither job related training nor medical check up. Most (70%) of consumers had habit of eating raw beef and 73.3% of them had no knowledge about the transmission of Salmonella via meat consumption. In conclusion, the study found the occurrence of Salmonella along beef supply chain with higher prevalence at meat retail shop and the variability in the susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates against the tested antimicrobials. It also showed that the existing beef handling practices, knowledge and attitudes about the importance of occurrence of Salmonella along the beef supply chain could be a potential public health risk unless the necessary intervention is in place. All stakeholders should raise awareness in minimizing the occurrence of Salmonella and thereby transmissions of resistant Salmonella to humans and risk of raw beef consumption along the beef supply chain particularly at meat retail. Moreover, identifying Salmonella serotypes circulating in the area and regular monitoring of the heath status of workers and hygienic condition of the slaughter house and meat retail shop is recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of the Effects of Activated Lactoperoxidase System on Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow Milk on Diffferent Climatic Zone of Ethiopia
    (2018-06) Hani Selemon; Fanta Desissa
    The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial effect of the Lactoperoxidase system (LPS) in milk under different agro-climatic zones taking into account the variability of environmental temperatures toward improving milk quality and safety in Ethiopia. Experimental study design was employed to assess the antimicrobial effect of LPS on the keeping quality of raw cow milk. Milk samples were collected from Addis Ababa University Business enterprise Bishoftu fattening, dairy and poultry farm. A total of 12 liters of milk samples were collected and grouped into activated (treated with sodium thiocyante and Hydrogen peroxide) and nonactivated (control). The activated and non-activated milk samples were subjected to four treatment groups based on temperature. The treatments were designed to represent the average temperatures of the four agro-ecology of the country namely cool to cold humid zone (14oC), warm to cool, semi-humid zone (18°C), warm to hot, semi-arid zone (24oC) and hot, arid zone (37oC). The samples were incubated in adjustable incubator at each temperature. The effect of the system was evaluated using alcohol tests, total plate count and analysis of the composition of the milk every two hours. LPS activation has resulted in decrease of the number of microbial load significantly. Its effect tended to be more efficient as storage temperature decreases. There was significant reduction of microbial load in LPS activated milk samples as compared to the control group (P<0.05). The microbial load was decreased by 66.7%, 75%, 67.9% and 64.3% in activated milk samples kept at 370c, 240c, 180c and 140c, respectively. The activation of LPS can prolong the shelf life of milk ranging from 6 to 12 hours without deterioration. The study showed that LPS increased the shelf life of milk significantly at all temperatures. This study revealed that application of LPS had no significant impact on the nutritional composition of milk. In conclusion, activation of the LPS potentially decreases the microbial load and prolongs the shelf life of raw cow milk up to 6-12 hours based on the storage temperatures. Further studies should be done in different parts of the country under the specific temperatures especially in the high milk-shed areas of the country particularly by rural smallholder dairy farmers for practical usage of the system.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Brucellosis in Borena Cattle: - Seroprevalence and Awareness of the Pastoral Community in Yabello Ethiopia
    (2017-06) Roba Jilo; Fanta Desissa
    There is insufficient information on brucellosis on Borena cattle at Dida Xuyura ranch and its surroundings, despite its impact to the development of the cattle industry in Ethiopia. The present study was conducted from November 2015 to May 2016 in Yabello district, Borana zone, Ethiopia. The study was cross-sectional and the objectives of the study were: estimation of prevalence of bovine brucellosis, assessment of risk factors and assessment of knowledge of pastoralist about the disease and its risk factors in Borana cattle at Dida Tuyura ranch and its surrounding. The study animals were selected by multi-stage sampling. Blood was collected from selected animals and serum was extracted. The Sera samples were screened using the rose Bengal plate (RBPT) test and those which tested positive were further tested using Complement fixation test (CFT) for confirmation. Sixteen (16) cattle out of 661 (2.4%; 95 5 CI: 1.39, 3.9) tested using RBPT were found to be positive. The sero-prevalence was 2.94% (95% CI: 1.42, 3.53) in animals sampled from Dida Tuyura Ranch where as it was 1.86% (95% CI: 0.68, 4.01) in cattle sampled from pastoralist‟ herd surrounding the ranch. However, only 5 animals were found positive with CFT in animal sampled from Dida Tuyura Ranch yielding a prevalence of 1.47% (95% CI: 0.48, 3.41). from Six animals which gave positive reaction to RBPT from pastoralists‟ herd in the vicinity of the ranch only two gave positive reaction to CFT yielding a prevalence of 0.62% (95% CI: 0.162, 4.73). Taken together the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis as revealed by CFT 1.1% (95% CI: 0.43, 2.17). Univariable logistic regression analysis showed that previous history of abortion and retained fetal membranes were significantly associated with sero-positivity to brucellosis (P<0.05) whereas sex, age, parity, body condition and PAs were not associated with infection with Brucella (P>0.05). In the multivariable analysis, only abortion (OR=13.46, p<0.05)) remained to be independently associated with brucellosis seropositivity whereas other not. The results of questionnaire survey revealed that the majority of the pastoralists or cattle attendants do not have sufficient knowledge about brucellosis and are at risk of acquiring the infection. Therefore, educating the pastoralists about the disease through extension service on the handling of aborted fetuses and assistance of delivery is important. In addition breeding animals must be tested before distributed to pastoralists.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Comparison of Diagnostic Efficacy of Blocking Elisa with Competitive Elisa for the Detection of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibodies in Ruminants and Camels Sera in Ethiopia
    (2020-06) Kumela Lelisa; Fanta Desissa
    A Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is one of the top hindrance to small ruminants production. To facilitate the global effort to eradicate PPR, sufficient, reliable, fast and cost effective screening tests are important. This study compares the diagnostic performance of two anti-PPRV antibodies detection methods namely: ID Screen® PPR Competition ELISA (ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA) and Haemagglutinin based PPR blocking ELISA (HPPR b-ELISA®) kits using 480 sera collected from goats, sheep, cattle and camels. The results of the two tests were validated against virus neutralization test (VNT). The agreements between the tests were determined using Cohen’s Kappa statistics and two-way contingency table. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of HPPR b-ELISA® test were 79.55 and 99.74%, respectively relative to the ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA with almost perfect agreement (=0.86) between the two tests. Conversely, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA relative to HPPR b-ELISA® were 98.59 and 95.60%, respectively. There was almost perfect agreement between the two tests in goats (=0.82) and sheep (=0.98), while the agreement was substantial in cattle (=0.78). However, there was no agreement between HPPR b-ELISA® and ID Screen® PPR cxiii ELISA in detecting antibodies against PPRV in camels’ sera (=0.00). On the other hand, the results of the two tests were validated against VNT. The HPPR b-ELISA® test had a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 80 and 96.36%, respectively compared to VNT with substantial agreement. The agreements were almost perfect in goats (=0.83) and sheep (=0.89), moderate in cattle (=0.50) and none in camels (=0.00). The sensitivity and specificity of ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA relative to VNT were 92.00 and 76.36%, respectively. The ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA test had substantial agreement in goats (=0.69) and sheep (=0.78), fair agreement in cattle (=0.30) and no agreement in camels (=0.00) in detecting specific antibodies directed against PPRV relative to VNT. The HPPR b-ELISA® test was shown to be a good screening test to be used alone or in combination with ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA test for PPR serological surveys or monitoring in ruminants. Based on these results it can be concluded that the serology based on both tests represents a reliable and valid method for detection of anti-PPRV antibodies in ruminants, however, the use of ID Screen® PPR c-ELISA and HPPR b-ELISA® tests in detection of anti-PPRV antibodies in camels’ sera requires further investigation. Findings suggest that the newly developed HPPR b-ELISA® is suitable for screening of antibodies against PPRV in ruminants.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Estimating the Health Burden and Status of Rabies in Animals and Humans from 2014-2019 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021) Elsa Zerabiruk; Fanta Desissa
    Rabies is a notoriously underreported and neglected disease of low-income countries like Ethiopia where financial resources are limited and numerous interests compete, there is a need for updated quantitative data on the public awareness, health burden and costs of diseases to support prioritization. The aim of this study was to determine the level of community knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies and to estimate the health burden and post-exposure treatment (PET) costs of rabies in Addis Ababa. Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2020 to April 2020 to assess the KAP towards rabies. Two hundred and sixty-seven people who were bitten by rabies suspected animals were purposively interviewed for this study and retrospective study was conducted to assess the burden of rabies over the period of six years (2014 to 2019). Based on the collected data PET costs were evaluated and the health burden was estimated in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The KAP study showed that 62.8% of the respondents had good level of knowledge and had medium (51.1%) level of attitude and practices towards rabies. In this study the good scores were higher in males (62.87%) than females. There was strong association between knowledge scores and type of employment (P= 0.003), Attitude and Practice scores and gender (P=0.001). There was significant positive correlation between Knowledge and Attitude and practice (P=0.001). The retrospective data indicated that a total of 8613 victims were registered and received post exposure vaccine in Addis Ababa over the period of six years (2014 to 2019). From this most important animal species responsible for PEP was dogs (93.8%). The annual suspected rabid dog exposures were estimated, and higher exposure was recorded in 2019 which was 54.5 per 100,000 populations. An annual estimate of approximately 10 human deaths and 57 disabilities resulting 430-955 DALYS per 100,000 populations per year due to administration of nerves tissue vaccine (NTV). Costs per completed (PET) estimated around 9.2 ±22.8 USD for children and 11.8±27 USD for adults in Addis Ababa.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Investigation of the Occurrence of Selected Food-Borne Pathogen in the Slaughterhouses and their Drug Suseptability Profiles at Bishoftu Town, Central Ethiopia
    (2019-06) Seyum Firew; Fanta Desissa
    Escherichia coli O157 and non-typhoidal Salmonella are common cause of food-borne diseases worldwide. They cause acute gastroenteritis when ingested with contaminated food such as raw meat and meat products. They are also responsible for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance both in human and veterinary medicines. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify and determine antimicrobial sensitivity profile test of non-typhoidal Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157 in Bishoftu. Seven hundred (700) samples from abattoirs containing carcass swabs (n=420), pooled hide swab (n=140) and feces (n=140) were collected and processed using standard procedures. The overall occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 and non-typhoidal Salmonella were 4.29% and 4.57%, respectively. The occurrence in feces, hide and carcass swabs were 10%, 4.29 %, and 2.38% for Escherichia coli O157 and 7.14%, 7.14% and 2.86% for non-typhodal Salmonella, respectively. There was no statically significant variation among sample types and between abattoirs. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that Escherichia coli 157 isolates were 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin. All of isolates were resistant to Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Streptomycin and Polymyxin-B. But, 60%, 73.3%, 93.3%, 73.3%, 53.3%, 6.7% were susceptible to Tetracycline, Trimethoprim, Chloramphenicol, Kanamycin, Rifampicin, and Streptomycin, respectively. All non-typhoidal Salmonella species were susceptible to trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin while resistant to Cloxacillin, Cephalothin, Rifampicin, Ampicillin, Streptomycin and Polymyxin-B. But, 50%, 43.8 % and 56.25% were susceptible to Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Kanamycin, respectively. The study showed that the occurrences of Escherichia coli O157 and non-typhoidal Salmonella in the study area and their resistance to the commonly used drugs. Therefore, adequate hygienic practices at abattoirs, applying food safety procedures and rational use of drug were recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibiliy Profile among E. Coli O157: H7 Isolated from the Abattior, Reatail Shop and Diarrheic Patient in Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Ethiopia
    (2018-06) Alemnesh Jufare; Fanta Desissa
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 to investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle fecal samples at Bishoftu abattoir, meat at retail shops and stool of diarrheic patients at Bishoftu hospital. A total of 583 samples consisting 240 feces, 127 meats and 216 stool samples were collected using systematic sampling technique and analyzed according to the recommended standard procedure to isolate and identify the pathogen. In addition, questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the current status of hygienic and handling practices in the abattoir, retail shops and exposure assessments of diarrheic patients. Out of the total 583 samples examined, 31(5.3%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 7% (95%CI: 3.81, 10.32), 6.3% (95%CI: 20.16, 10.58) and 2.8 (95%CI: 0.56, 4.99) in feces, meat and stools, respectively. However, statistically no significant difference was observed among the three sample types (X2 = 4.4969, P = 0.106). Based on univariate logistic regression analysis, all the considered variables at retail meat shops were not statistically associated with the occurrence of the pathogen (P>0.05). Among the risk factors considered the exposure of the diarrheic patients, only four days duration of onset of diarrhea was statistically associated with the occurrence of E. coli O157: H7 (OR: 9.51 (95% CI: 1.02, 88.00, P=0.047). The study also revealed that, a varying level of resistance of E. coli O157:H7 against the ten commonly used antimicrobials. All the isolates of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to gentamicine and resistant to ampicilin, cefoxitin and nitrofurantoin. Multi-drug resistance was observed in all the isolates. In conclusion, the study showed the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 along beef supply chain with relatively high prevalence in cattle at abattoir and resistant E. coli O157:H7 to frequently used antimicrobials suggesting the need for intervention. Eventually, good hygienic practices along the beef supply chain and public education to safeguard the public from the associated risks and further study to identify the sources of the bacteria, establish the clear link between human diarrheal illness and beef consumption and investigating the genetic similarity of the isolates were recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Quantitative Risk Assessment of Consuming Milk Contaminated with Staphylococcus Aureus in Debre-Zeit
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06-01) Fanta Desissa; Girma Zewde
    A cross- sectional Study was conducted from October 2009 to March 2010 with the main objcctive to assess quantitatively the risk of consuming informally marketed milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus in Debre-zeit. The study employed a participatory risk assessment following the method recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.Rapid rural appraisal and key informants interview with pre tested questionnaire were used to generate data on milk handling, quantity of milk produced and consumed and the habits of milk consumption.A deterministic model was developed to assess quantity of milk contaminated with S. aureus using data on prevalence of S. aureus in farm bulk milk and collection centers bulk milk, raw milk consumption habit, milk handling practices and quantity of milk at the point of exposures along the dairy value chain as risk inputs. Monte Carlo Simulation was used to simulate the quantity and proportion of milk contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus entero-toxin (SEs). Two hindered fifteen milk samples and two hundred eighteen participants were included in the study. The milk samples comprised raw farm bulk milk (170), milk collection centers bulk milk (25) and pastcurized milk (20). The participants included 170 dairy farmers, 14 milk collectors, 25 consumers, l production manager at processing plant and 8 hotel managers. The result showed 44%;72 % and 0% prevalence of S. aureus in farm bulk milk, milk. collection centers bulk tank milk.and pasteurized milk respectively. Comparison of the contamination rate of farm bulk milk with S.aureus among different collection centers showed statistically a significant differences (x2 =31.784,df=13, p=0.003). The milk produced and collected in peri-urban areas was significantly more contaminated with S. aureus (25/39, 64.1%) than milk produced and collected in urban areas (50/131, 38.2%) (x2=7.18, df= l, p=0.007). About 24,000 L of milk was estimated to be produced per day in and around DZ of which around 23% (5,500 L) milk was collected by Ada dairy cooperative society from the cooperative members. The survey result showed that 32% of the dairy producers and 36% of the consumers had the habit of consuming raw milk. The behavior of raw milk consumption was most common in illiterate group (62.9%) and the proportion was significantly higher than the other education level groups (p=0.0145). Risk factors for consumption or raw milk among dairy producers such as income, education level, location of farm and knowledge staphylococcal poisoning were considered. Among these, only residing in peri-urban areas was a risk factor for consuming raw milk (p<0.001). The study showed that 166.7 L (90%CI:125.2-213.6), which is 0.7% (90% CI: 0.5-0.8) of the lotal daily production and everyday, 333 (90% CI: 250-427) people could acquire Staphylococcal poisoning in the urban areas of Debre Zeit Despite the limitations and the data gap, we demonstrated the benefit of participatory risk assessment not only as a risk evaluation tool but also as a helping device in the decision-making and the risk management