Browsing by Author "Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)"
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Item Assessment of the Effect of Substance Abuse and Other Factors on Birth Weight of Newborn among Mothers Who Attended Birth at Hospitals, Addis Ababa(Addis Abeba Universty, 2014-03) Dendir, Emebet; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: Substance abuse during pregnancy is more prevalent than commonly realized.The problem is greatly underestimated in many parts of the world. Specifically limited research to date has addressed the relationship between substance use and birth outcomes among women in Ethiopia. Therefore, the study to close the gap in generating first hand information on the issue Objective: The main objective of this study was to examine the effect of maternal substance abuse on the birth weight of a newborn Methods: The study used analytic study method in the form of facility based unmatched case control study, which compares the substance use of women during pregnancy with birth weight of newborns delivered from women in Addis Ababa Hospitals using an interview with a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Sample total sample was allocated to each health facility based on their patient load by proportionate to size, and a total of 112 cases of neonates with low birth weight were compared with 235 controls of neonates born with normal or higher birth weight to identify gaps. The data were analyzed using the SPSS-21 statistical - package. Results:- khat chewing, cigarette and shisha smoking and having a partner smoking during pregnancy were statistically significant with lower birth weight Overall, factors associated with low birth weight were mothers who had sexual violence during pregnancy, Mothers who did not attend primary school (Education) and those with history of low birth weight. Moreover, lesser weight gain during pregnancy and short birth interval were associated with low birth weight. Conclusion:- The association of low birth weight among mothers who had substance abuse was strong for particularly khat, cigarette and shisha smoking during pregnancy therefore, I recommend health professionals working in antenatal care service should be given training on counseling of mothers for banning or lowering use of substance abuse, and providing educational opportunity for girls and mothers is needed.Item Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self Examination among Under Graduate Female Students of age 30 years and below in College of Natural and Computational Science of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2015) Bikila, Tamene; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD); Assegid, MeselechBackground: Breast cancer is the most common among developed and developing countries. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer annually worldwide. The high breast cancer mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa has been attributed to a lack of public awareness of the disease which often leads to late diagnosis of the disease. Objective: This study was to assess the knowledge; attitude and practice of breast self examination of female undergraduate students age 30 years and below of College of Natural and Computational Science College of Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, 2015 Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted from Feb, 2015 to June, 2015 in College of Natural and Computational Science of Addis Ababa University on randomly selected under graduate female students. Simple Random Sampling technique was used to recruit 662 female undergraduate students. Data entered using EPI-INFO version 3.5.3 and analysis carried out using SPSS Version 20. Bivariate analysis was used and then entered to multiple logistic regressions model and significant variable were identified on the basis of OR, with 95% CI. Results: In this study, 597 study subjects involved making a response rate of 90.2%. About 24.49% of the participants had good knowledge of breast self examination while 29.50% of the informants had good attitude about BSE. Of the total participants, 25.96% reported that they are practicing of breast self examination in the last 12months. Conclusion: In general, the KAP of the participants were 24.49%, 29.5% and 25.9% respectively. This finding showed that the participants had poor KAP toward BSE. Therefore, Universities and other stake holders should plan to promote provision of information, education and communication targeting young females, and the general community to increase awareness to ward breast self examinationItem Assessments of the Magnitude and Determinant factors of Institutional Delivery among Mothers who Utilized antenatal care in the Case of SodoWoreda, Gurage Zone, SNNPR(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Gizaw, Tefferi; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: -Maternal death from preventable causes related to pregnancy and child birth is unacceptably high. Institutional delivery plays an important role to avert maternal death from such causes. Only16% of women delivered at health facility by 2014 in Ethiopia. Therefore, themainaim of this study is toassess the magnitude and determinantsof utilization of institutional delivery among mothers who utilized antenatal carein SodoWoredaGurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in selected kebele of SodoworedaGurage zone. By using systematic sampling technique, a total of 559 eligible mothers were included in the study. The data were collected using interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered into EPI data 7.0 computer programs and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated through simple and binominal multiple logistic regressions model. Result: Out of the 559 respondents, only 366 (65.5%) gave birth to their last child at health facility.Maternal educational statusAOR =5.52;95% CI; 1.45, 20.94,time travel on foot from the nearbyhealth centerAOR = 3.57; 95% CI; 1.57, 8.19],number of ANC visits at last pregnancyAOR = 4.54; 95% CI; 2.00, 10.31, autonomy to decide their place of delivery lonely or jointly with their husband AOR = CI; 4.10, 14.08, and accessibility of transportation serviceAOR =2.65;95% CI; 1.67, 4.20were found to be significantly associated with the institutional delivery service utilization. Conclusion:The institutional delivery rate in this study was higher than the national and regional report by 2014 but less compare to ANC usersto this study area. The major factors that were significantly associated with this low utilization of institutional delivery were maternal level of education , time taken to reach the nearby by health facility, maternal autonomy on deciding place of delivery, accessibility of transportation and the frequency of ANC Information, education, communication, and empowering mothers is essential, and could help them in decision making regarding their own health, being committed to use the services and able to persuade their partner and family members if they encountered opposition.And expansion of facility delivery & transport service to address the need of mothersItem Contraceptive use and depression among female employees in governmental institution in Sebeta Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2016-05) Lenjisa, Gadisa; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: None of the contraceptive methods are fully side-effect free. The number one reason women give for dissatisfaction with discontinuation hormonal contraception is side effects, such as mood disorder and depression that lead to discontinuation. The purpose of this tudy was to assess the association between contraceptive use and depression among female employeesin governmental institution in Sebeta town, Oromia regional state, central Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among female employees in governmental institutions found in Sebeta town, conducted from August 2015 to Jun 2016. Selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were obtained through a standard questionnaire including PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). The questionnaire was included socio demographic variable, social and economic factors, environmental variables. Data entry was being done using EPI-info version 7 and analysis was done using SPSS for windows version 20. Associations between determinants and outcome of interest (depression) was analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and was displayed using odds ratio with confidence intervals.Logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of different determinants for depression. Results:According to the PHQ-9, 34.10% women employees were identified by PHQ-9 as having had any form of depression diagnosis disorder. After adjusting confounding effects current use of contraceptive was not associated with depression, however marital status (AOR=2.31,95%CI (1.00, 5.33)), ever use of injectable(AOR=1.59,95%CI(1.02, 2.49)), Exposure of violence (AOR=1.98,95%CI(1.20, 3.26)), sufficiency of income (AOR=2.11,95% CI (1.26, 3.53)), total family size(AOR=1.50, 95%CI(1.02, 2.20)), problems of everyday living food cost(AOR=3.47,95%CI(1.56,7.67)) and problems of everyday living house furniture cost (AOR=1.56,95% CI (1.01, 2.39)) were statistical significant. Conclusion; In this study, there is no association between current use of contraception and depression. Marital status, ever use of injectable, exposure of violence, income covering living expenses, total family size, problems of everyday living food cost and problems of everyday living house furniture cost were the determinants ofdepression; therefore, women should be aware of using hormonal contraceptive with out fearing on its side effect related to depression. Key words: Contraceptive methods and Depression.Item Contraceptive use and depression among female employees in governmental institution in Sebeta Town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2016-05) Lenjisa, Gadisa; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: None of the contraceptive methods are fully side-effect free. The number one reason women give for dissatisfaction with discontinuation hormonal contraception is side effects, such as mood disorder and depression that lead to discontinuation. The purpose of this tudy was to assess the association between contraceptive use and depression among female employeesin governmental institution in Sebeta town, Oromia regional state, central Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among female employees in governmental institutions found in Sebeta town, conducted from August 2015 to Jun 2016. Selfadministered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were obtained through a standard questionnaire including PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). The questionnaire was included socio demographic variable, social and economic factors, environmental variables. Data entry was being done using EPI-info version 7 and analysis was done using SPSS for windows version 20. Associations between determinants and outcome of interest (depression) was analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and was displayed using odds ratio with confidence intervals.Logistic regressions were used to assess the impact of different determinants for depression. Results:According to the PHQ-9, 34.10% women employees were identified by PHQ-9 as having had any form of depression diagnosis disorder. After adjusting confounding effects current use of contraceptive was not associated with depression, however marital status (AOR=2.31,95%CI (1.00, 5.33)), ever use of injectable(AOR=1.59,95%CI(1.02, 2.49)), Exposure of violence (AOR=1.98,95%CI(1.20, 3.26)), sufficiency of income (AOR=2.11,95% CI (1.26, 3.53)), total family size(AOR=1.50, 95%CI(1.02, 2.20)), problems of everyday living food cost(AOR=3.47,95%CI(1.56,7.67)) and problems of everyday living house furniture cost (AOR=1.56,95% CI (1.01, 2.39)) were statistical significant. Conclusion; In this study, there is no association between current use of contraception and depression. Marital status, ever use of injectable, exposure of violence, income covering living expenses, total family size, problems of everyday living food cost and problems of everyday living house furniture cost were the determinants ofdepression; therefore, women should be aware of using hormonal contraceptive with out fearing on its side effect related to depression. Key words: Contraceptive methods and Depression.Item Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program (EFETP) Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology(Addis Abeba University, 2015-05) Dumessa, Gebeyehu; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious, acute, viral illness of the respiratory tract caused by RNA enveloped virus of the family paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus. Measles is the most common of vaccine preventable diseases that occur in Ethiopia; where parents recognize it as a self-limited common childhood illness for which no medical care is often sought. Measles outbreak was detected in Beko Jimma Kebele of Sibu Sire District, East Wollega Zone in March 2014. Investigation was done to verify the existence of an outbreak, to determine the magnitude and identify associated risk factors contributed for the occurrence of the outbreak. A Cross-sectional descriptive study followed by a one to two unmatched case control study was conducted from May 4 to 18, 2014. Interview by using structured questionnaire was used to collect data from cases and controls. Data was managed and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Epi- Info 7.1. From five of the cases, blood samples were collected for laboratory confirmation, and all tested positive for Measles IGM. All other cases were epidemiologically linked with the confirmed cases. Over the period of outbreak a total of 291 measles cases with 10 community deaths were detected. 52.2 % of the cases were females and the age of the cases ranged from 1 month to 55 years with median age of 5 years. More than three quarter of the cases were aged below 15 years. 88.3% of the cases including all the deceased were not vaccinated for measles. The overall attack rate was 2.91% and the case fatality rate was 3.44%. Having contact with a person suspected to have measles AOR: 31.16 (95% CI, 8.19 – 118.62) and presence of measles case patient among the family in the house hold AOR: 6.36 (95% CI, 2.23 – 18. 13) were independent risk factors for contracting measles infection. However, nutritionally being normal was found to be protective for measles infection AOR: 0.13 (0.05 – 0.34). This outbreak occurred in remote pocket kebele of the Sibu Sire District with extremely low immunization coverage. Multiple factors contributed for the occurrence of the outbreak. We recommend enhanced routine immunization service, availing therapeutic feeding service and awareness creation to the community on mode of transmission, prevention and health seeking behavior. 6 | P a g e Key word: measles, outbreak, Beko Jimma, Sibu Sire.Item Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program (EFETP) Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology(Addis Abeba Universty, 2015-05) Dumessa, Gebeyehu; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious, acute, viral illness of the respiratory tract caused by RNA enveloped virus of the family paramyxovirus, genus Morbillivirus. Measles is the most common of vaccine preventable diseases that occur in Ethiopia; where parents recognize it as a self-limited common childhood illness for which no medical care is often sought. Measles outbreak was detected in Beko Jimma Kebele of Sibu Sire District, East Wollega Zone in March 2014. Investigation was done to verify the existence of an outbreak, to determine the magnitude and identify associated risk factors contributed for the occurrence of the outbreak. A Cross-sectional descriptive study followed by a one to two unmatched case control study was conducted from May 4 to 18, 2014. Interview by using structured questionnaire was used to collect data from cases and controls. Data was managed and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Epi- Info 7.1. From five of the cases, blood samples were collected for laboratory confirmation, and all tested positive for Measles IGM. All other cases were epidemiologically linked with the confirmed cases. Over the period of outbreak a total of 291 measles cases with 10 community deaths were detected. 52.2 % of the cases were females and the age of the cases ranged from 1 month to 55 years with median age of 5 years. More than three quarter of the cases were aged below 15 years. 88.3% of the cases including all the deceased were not vaccinated for measles. The overall attack rate was 2.91% and the case fatality rate was 3.44%. Having contact with a person suspected to have measles AOR: 31.16 (95% CI, 8.19 – 118.62) and presence of measles case patient among the family in the house hold AOR: 6.36 (95% CI, 2.23 – 18. 13) were independent risk factors for contracting measles infection. However, nutritionally being normal was found to be protective for measles infection AOR: 0.13 (0.05 – 0.34). This outbreak occurred in remote pocket kebele of the Sibu Sire District with extremely low immunization coverage. Multiple factors contributed for the occurrence of the outbreak. We recommend enhanced routine immunization service, availing therapeutic feeding service and awareness creation to the community on mode of transmission, prevention and health seeking behavior. 6 | P a g e Key word: measles, outbreak, Beko Jimma, Sibu Sire.Item An Exploratory Study on the Contexts of Domestic Violence in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2005-07) Yigzaw, Tegbar; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: Increasingly domestic violence is being recognized as an important public health concern. However, we know little how and why domestic violence occurs. Objective: To obtain in-depth contextual insights about domestic violence Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Gondar town between December 2004 and February 2005 involving women, men, victims, abusers, “Yager Shimaglies,” legal bodies and professionals with vested interest and/or expertise in gender issues. Six focus group discussions and five in-depth interviews were carried out with purposively selected subjects. OpenCode software was used to code, search and sort data and conceptual framework was constructed following grounded theory approach. Results: Contextual factors (ideological, economic and politico-legal factors) deny women equal opportunity as men contributing to their subordination, predispose them to abuse and justify and perpetuate violence. Causal conditions (like economic reasons, drinking and sexual incompatibility) give rise to discontent and misunderstanding in marriage. Intervening conditions, which depend on gender norms, attitude and skills in conflict management and individual socioeconomic standing, determine whether conflicts will grow into violence. Conclusion: Domestic violence is rooted in the socioeconomic, cultural and politico-legal context that upholds men dominance. IEC, empowerment of women and reforming laws and translating them into action are recommended. Keywords: domestic violence, qualitative study, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, OpenCode, grounded theoryItem Factors Associated With VCT Utilization in Guraghe Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba University, 2004-04) Wondimagegn, Getachew; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)A case-control study was conducted from November 2003 to January 2004 to investigate the association of socio-demographic variables with VCT use and to assess determinants of VCT service utilization using both Quantitative and Qualitative methods of data collections. A total of 636 individuals (212 cases and 424 controls), who came to health institutions that deliver VCT services in Guraghe Zone, were enrolled in the study. Twelve (5.7%) of cases and 82 (19.3%) of controls (non-VCT users), 94 (14.8%) of the total study subjects had not have heard of VCT in general. The main reason for VCT utilization among cases was pre-marital 160 (75.5%) and the main reasons for non-use among controls were partner-and self-trust (23.1%), no information about it (17.8%), other social reasons (13.7%) and lack of nearby services (13.0%). The majority (82.8%) of cases were in the age groups of 15-19 and 20-29 years. Study participants were 54.7% males, 78.3% rural by residence, 54.7% followers of orthodox religion, 80.7% Guraghe by ethnicity, 37.3% farmers by occupation, the majority (67%) had educational status of elementary and below and 80.7% were unmarried. Religion, Muslim & other Christianity, secondary and above educational status, other occupational status, singleness and non-polygamous union showed statistically significant positive associations with VCT utilization. Attitudes related to stigma and discrimination showed statistically significant positive associations with cases but there was no statistically significant difference regarding knowledge and practice between cases and controls. ix Confidential testing, Physicians as counselors, and face-to-face way of receiving HIV VCT test result were the preferred VCT schemes by most respondents and FGD participants. Most health institutions do not have referral system for social support, targeted VCT, follow up training and supervision, referral for indeterminate HIV VCT test results. Maximizing pre-marital VCT with proper information dissemination targeting the rural community, involving all possible stakeholders and using local resources, follow-up training and supervision and setting up referral systems are recommended. Key words: VCT utilization, Case-Control, Stigma, Discrimination, Service qualityItem Feeding Profile and Diarrhea Morbidity among Infants of 7-12 Months” Adua Town, Tigray, North Ethiopia 2006(Addis Abeba University, 2006-02) Gezehagne, Getachew; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)A community based cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire was conducted from November 2005 to January 2006 in Adua town central zone of Tigray regional state to assess infant feeding profile, determinant factors affecting breast-feeding and prevalence of diarrhea morbidity in infants. Six hundred and ninety six mothers having infants in the age group 7-12 months were included in this study and the Mean age of mothers was 25.7 years (SD±5.68). Orthodox Christians accounted for 654 (94%) and the rest were Muslims. Three hundred and seventy nine (54.5%) were Male infants, 648 (93%) were on breast-feeding within the first 1hr and the rest 125 (18%) were not started weaning diet until the time of study. Two hundred and ninety one (41.8%) mothers exclusively breast-fed for six months. Overall, mean age of weaning was 5.59 (SD±1.34) months. Mother’s education was directly associated with exclusive breast-feeding practice (OR= 0.52; 95% CI, 0.25-0.94). Similarly husband’s occupation was significantly associated with exclusive breast-feeding (OR=0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.99) in private employed and (OR= 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.91) in the un-employed husbands compared to the government-employed husbands. Prevalence of diarrhea was 26.35%, and odds of experiencing diarrhea was higher in infants from single mothers than in the married mothers (OR=2.50; 95% C.I, 1.55-4.02). Infants from un-employed fathers were also at higher odds of experiencing diarrhea than the infants from employed fathers (OR= 3.45; 95% CI, 1.56-7.68). A higher proportion of infants who were not exclusively breast-fed developed diarrhea compared to those who were exclusively breast-fed that is 29.9% and 21.6% respectively. ix In our study, weaning and exclusive breast-feeding was relatively good, but a considerable proportion of infants were not on weaning diet until the time of study. Over a quarter of infants in the town are suffering from diarrheal morbidity, it is highly pronounced in infants whose mothers are uneducated and unmarried. Infants from unemployed fathers were at higher odds of experiencing diarrhea than infants whose fathers were governmental employed. So as to address the existing diarrheal morbidity the district health office and local NGO’s should educate parents and equip parents with up to date information on benefits of breast-feeding, timing of weaning, infant care and feeding, and should work in harmony in the practice of infant feeding and controlling diarrhea in the town.Item Health Related Quality of Life and Its Associate Factors among Breast Cancer Survivors at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Yilma, Tewodros; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD); Getachew, SefoniasBackground: Breast cancer is certainly the commonest forms of cancers among women in Ethiopia. For a long time the focus has been on clinical management of cancers but now Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) is emerging as an important health outcome which requires to be incorporated in the holistic management of patients. Evaluating the HRQOL, is used to identify cancer patients in need of clinical attention and to evaluate interventions for cancer patients and lead to better outcome. There were no studies conducted in Ethiopia that have investigated HRQOL issues among breast cancer survivors. Objective: To assess the level of health related quality of life and to identify associate factors among women breast cancer survivors at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Refereal Hospital, Addis Ababa. Methods: The study was hospital based cross-sectional research involving 360 breast cancer survivors from March 20 to June 30, 2015. The translated to Amharic version of European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire QLQ-C30 (Quality of Life Questionnaire-Cancer 30) and QLQ-BR23 (Quality of Life Questionnaire- Breast Cancer 23) were used to measure the health related quality of life. The data entered, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS 20 version software. Multiple binary logistic analysis was performed to examine the effect of independent variables on HRQOL further more analysis of variance (ANOVAs) and t-test was performed to examine the relationship between independent variables and functional and symptom scales. Results: Overall, 360 respondents participated in this study making the response rate at 94.48% percent. The mean score for HRQOL was 60.53. For bivariate analysis age, marital status, educational status, average monthly income, medical services status, types of anti cancer treatment, co-morbidity and cancer stage were associated with HRQOL. Whereas age, lower average monthly income (≤ 600 ETB), time since diagnosis, co-morbidity and current cancer stage remained significant in multivariate analysis. In all functional and symptom scales of the QLQ C30 and QLQ 30 except sexual functioning, sexual enjoyment and upset by hair loss were significantly associated with HRQOL. Conclusion: The study revealed that the mean health related quality of life among breast cancer patients were 60.5 and was comparable with the international findings. Significant determinant of health related quality of life include; age, low monthly income, high year of diagnosis, co-morbidity and being stage four and all functional and symptom scale variables except sexual functioning, sexual enjoyment and upset by hair loss. Based on the findings of the study it is important to prioritize such groups of breast cancer survivors for targeted programs to improve the health related quality of life and contribute for better out comeItem Investigating Incidence and Association between Poverty and Maternal Common Mental Disorders, In a Populationbased Cohort of Pregnant Women, Cmamie Study, Butajira, Ethiopia: Retrospective Cohort Study(Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Sibhatu, Yosef; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD); Hanlon, Charlotte(PhD)Background Maternal Common Mental Disorders (CMD), including depression and anxiety, are recogniz ed to have important public health consequences in lowand middleincome countries (LMICs). In Ethiopia, maternal CMDs have been associated with increased infant diarrhea, impaired child development and increased child mortality. Crosssectional studies show associations between poverty and maternal CMD in LMICs, but the temporal relationship is unclear. Objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the association between poverty and maternal CMD, to assess incidence of poverty and maternal CMD. Methods: a retrospective cohort study design was conducted. The CMaMiE study recruited pregnant women (aged 15 – 49 years). CMD has been measured using WHO’s SelfReporting Q uestionnaire. Poverty was constructed using Mokken scaling procedure during pregnancy and having two or more subjective poverty report at the follow up time. Poisson and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Incidence rates of poverty and CMD were 7 3 .3 9 (9 5 % CI: 5 1 .9 0 1 0 3 .7 9 ) and 3 5 .3 8 (9 5 % CI: 2 9 .1 1 4 2 .9 9 ) per 1 0 0 0 personyears of observation respectively. However, this was not statistically significant. This study revealed that there was no statistically significant (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.68 – 1.95) effect of maternal CMD upon poverty but it was found effect of poverty upon CMD (OR: 1.53, 95%CI: 1.02 – 2.31) . Husbands’ primary education school (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44 0.94) and seconda ry and above (OR: 0.31 95% CI: 0.15 0.64) and poor social support (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.06 2.75 ) were predicators of poverty. Polygamous marriage (OR: 0 .5 4 , 9 5 % CI: 0 .3 2 – 0 .9 2 ), age group of 2 4 – 3 4 years (OR: 1 .6 9 , 9 5 % CI: 1 .1 1 – 2 .5 7 ), and maternal health problem (OR: 2 .1 6 , 9 5 % CI: 1 .4 0 – 3 .3 3 ) were predicators of CMD. Conclusion and Recommendations: there was no significant effect of CMD upon poverty. On the other way round, there was statistically significant effect of poverty on CMD. Husbands’ educational level and poor social support were predicators of poverty. Polygamous marriage, age and physicalill health were predicators of CMD. The relationship among maternal mental health, physicalill health and poverty could be addressed, this linkage should be brought to the attention of policy makers in the rural settings and further research is required to investigate maternal CMD leads to poverty causality using standardiz ed and valid poverty measureItem Magnitude and Associated Factors of Female Genital Mutilation among High School and Preparatory Students in Dale Wabera Woreda, Oromia Regional State(Addis Abeba Universty, 2012-05) Shiferaw, Desalegn; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: According to Ethiopian Demographic and Health survey (EDHS) 2005 the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation was 74.3% in the country and it was 87.2% in Oromia Regional State. Other than Demographic and Health Survey data studies showing the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation is scarce and in some areas inexistent. So, this study was conducted to give evidence based information for intervention especially in the study area. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the status of Female Genital Mutilation and identifying the associated factors and peoples’ perception towards it among high school and preparatory school students in Dale Wabera woreda, Oromia National Regional State. Method: A cross sectional quantitative study design supplemented with qualitative study was conducted. A 95% confidence level and 3% margin of error used to study the magnitude of FGM among 798 high school and preparatory students. A multi stage sampling procedure was employed to select female students in the schools. Sections were randomly selected from each grade and also study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique. The data analysis methods used were: Univariate for frequencies, and percentage; bivariate analysis to see association between independent and dependent variables and logistic regression to see the independent effect of selected variables on the magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation. Qualitative data collected through focus group discussion and an in-depth interview were analysed using content analysis to see communities’ perception towards the practice of Female Genital Mutilation. Result: Data were collected from 769 study participants with a response rate of 96.4%. About 78%, 95% CI (74.9%, 80.7%) of the study participants underwent the procedure. Age ≥17 [AOR=1.8, 95% CI (1.28, 2.61)], grades 11 and 12 [AOR =2.98; 95% CI (1.45, 6.12)] and [AOR=6.52, 95% CI (1.85, 22.94)], respectively, being from rural area [AOR= 1.6, 95% CI (1.01, 2.52)], and house wife & merchant mother occupation [AOR= 2.38, 95% CI (1.07, 5.29)] & [AOR= 2.72, 95% CI (1.04, 7.12)], respectively were independently associated to higher prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation. In this study, culture, fear of stigma, shame, and hygiene were some of the perceived reasons for Female Genital Mutilation. Conclusion: Irrespective of different forms of interventions in the country, the prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation is still very high in the study area. Those who are at higher risk have to be addressed especially rural residents.Item Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in Laelay-Maychew District, Tigray Region, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Angesom, Teklit; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD); Wakuma, SamsonIntroduction: Acute diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of preventable death, especially among children under-five in developing countries. Worldwide and nationwide (Ethiopia) diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in under-five year children only to pneumonia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and associated factors of under-five diarrhea in Laelay-Maychew district. Methods: A community based Cross sectional study was conducted from February 01- February 15, 2015. A two stage stratified sampling method was done to select the eligible households. Data was collected by trained data collectors using standard questionnaire and observational check list tested previously which was prepared based on EDHS and WHO core questionnaires related to diarrhea. Data was entered in to a computer using Epi Info 3.5.3 software and exported to SPSS V.21 statistical software for further analysis. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to determine OR and 95% CI. Variables with p-value <0.2 in the bivariate analysis were entered in to multivariate analysis and with p-value <0.05 in the final model were considered as significant. Result: The two weeks period magnitude of diarrhea among under-five children was 17.7% with 95% CI (14.5-20.8) which was associated with children being rural residence [AOR: 1.52, 95% CI(1.26,4.87)], female child [AOR: 3.85, 95% CI(1.8,8.22)], education of mothers [AOR: 0.02, 95% CI(0.01,0.12)], households with improved water source [AOR: 0.18, 95% CI(0.02,0.39)], households with ≤20L per capita per day water consumption [AOR: 1.53, 95% CI(1.12,1.97)], and mothers who wash their hand with water and soap/ash [AOR: 0.52, 95% CI(0.24,0.42)]. Conclusion and recommendation: The two weeks period magnitude of acute under-five diarrhea was relatively high and residence, educational status of the mothers, water source of the households, per capita water consumption of the households, and hand washing methods of the mothers/care takers were significant predictors. So, Females’ education at least to complete primary school, constructing improved water source and giving HE to the community about hand washing methods to use soap at recommended times were recommendedItem Prevalence and Factors Related to Gender Based Violence among Female Students of Higher Learning Institutions in Mekelle Town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopi(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Gebreyohannes, Yaynshet; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: Despite the deleterious effects posing on the life of young women, the sensitiveness and stigma associated with Gender Based Violence (GBV) and lack of data have hampered full understanding and the development of appropriate interventions. Methods: Cross-sectional institution based survey, using self-administered anonymous questionnaire and focus group discussion, was conducted among college female students found in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia in March 2007 to determine the prevalence and associated factors of gender based violence. A total of 1024 female students were involved in the study. Prevalence was calculated using frequencies and logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using SPSS statistical packages. Result: Among the respondents, the overall prevalence of GBV in lifetime and in the current year was found to be 62.1% (95%CI: 59.1, 65.1) and 40.2% (95%CI: 37.2, 43.2) respectively. Prevalence of sexual violence in lifetime, since joining college and in the current academic year was 45.4% (95%CI: 42.4, 48.4), 34.4% (95%CI: 31.5, 37.3) and 28.1% (95%CI: 25.3, 30.9) respectively where as the prevalence of physical violence in this order being 46.3% (95%CI: 43.2, 49.4), 32.3% (95%CI: 29.4, 35.2) and 26.4% (95%CI: 23.7, 29.1). Current year GBV was associated with female students who witnessed parental violence as a child, having boyfriend currently, who were sexually active at the time of the survey, with history of alcohol consumption and having drunken peers (males or/and females), whose childhood residence was in rural area and having poor school performance. In the focus group discussions both in female and male groups, it was underscored that officials’ tolerance, traditions rewarding manliness and females’ loss of confidence as how to negotiate about sexual relations were exposing girls to gender based violence even in higher learning institution. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the survey, it is concluded that gender based violence is common and serious problem among college female students in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended that GBV needs due attention and remedial action from policy makers, college officials, non-governmental organizations, parents, students and other concerned bodies. viii Programs aimed at preventing gender-based violence must address these identified factors or correlates of violence against female studentsItem The Relationship Between Low Birth Weight and Household Food Insecurity in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. a Case Control Study(Addis Abeba Universty, 2017-06) Sahlu, Degemu; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Background: Low birth weight is defined as birth weight of less than 2500 grams .It is a public health problem affecting 15%-20% of births worldwide. The great majority of low birth weight occurs in low and middle income countries especially in the most vulnerable population such as sub-Saharan countries which account 13% of low birth weight. The trend of low birth weight decline in Ethiopia from 14.6% in 2005 to 11% in 2011. But if these trends continue in this manner Ethiopia might not achieve the global nutrition target of low birth weight reduction by 30% in 2025. Food and nutrition are critically important to support healthy pregnancy. But food insecurity prevents many women meeting guideline for healthy eating during pregnancy. Inconsistency and little information between relationship of food insecurity and low birth weight was the rationally to study on this area. Objective: To assess the relationship between low birth weight and household food insecurity in public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case control study was conducted among mother with their term neonate in governmental hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 480 (120 cases and 360 controls) neonate was included in the study. Case was term baby weighed <2500grams and control was term baby weighed ≥2500 grams. In each selected hospital selection of case was made as case found and the next three eligible newborn was controls. The data were collected using interviewer administer structured questioner. Necessary permission to conduct the study obtained from research and ethics committee of Addis Ababa University and Addis Ababa health bureau. Data were entered into EPI data 3.1 computer programs and analyzed using STATA 14. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis was done to identify independent predictor of low birth weight using binomial and multivariate logistic regression. The adjusted odd ratio was used to determine the strength of association and corresponding CI was used to decide whether statically significant between the explanatory variable and outcome variable. Result: A total of 116 cases and 352 controls were included in the analysis. After adjusting potential confounder mothers in food insecure household were strongly associated with low birth weight AOR 3.58 CI (1.79-7.16). In addition MUAC, hypertension and age were independently associated with low birth weight with corresponding AOR of [AOR 7.7 CI (4.39-13.60)], [AOR 4.81 CI (2.33-9.93)] and [AOR 3.88 CI (1.35-11.15)]. xi Conclusion: Mothers from food insecure household were about four times more likely to give birth with low weight against their counterpart in governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Beside hypertension, MUAC and early age were significantly associated with low birth weight. Key words: Low birth weight, Household, food insecurity, neonate, mothers.Item Study of prevalence of opportunistic infections among HIV/AIDS patients in Addis Ababa public hospitals(Addis Abeba University, 2011-05) Beshah, Gedlu; Deyessa, Negussie(PhD)Introduction: - The end result of HIV/ AIDS infection is the depletion of the immune system leading to a spectrum of various HIV/ AIDS associated opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis chronic and acute diarrhea of protozoal and bacterial infections, central nervous system infections with toxoplasma Gondi is the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV/ AIDS infected patents. Objective: To describe the prevalence of opportunistic infection among HIV/AIDS patients and to identify socio-demographic factors for the development of severe forms namely central nervous system toxoplasmosis, pneumocysitc carrini pneumonia in the antiretro viral therapy clinics of public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Methods: A cross sectional study design on clinical records of HIV/AIDS patients in ART clinics. Systematic random sampling method was used to obtain the required sample. The total sample size was 566 Result: Oral candidacies 326(58. 0 %), Tuberculosis of all forms 260 (45.9%) and herpes zoster 198 (35%) had the highest prevalence. Therefore the prevalence of sever forms of the opportunistic infections made up 17.7% of the total sample. Using binary logistic regression model, WHO stage IV had an independent association with the distribution of the sever forms of the opportunistic infections. The odds of having the sever forms of the opportunistic infections was 40 times higher in the respondents who were in stage IV condition than stage III or II combined. The distribution of the sever form of opportunistic infections in St. Peter’s hospital was lower by 85% as compared to the referent hospital. There was no difference in the distribution of the sever forms of the opportunistic infections in the other 7 hospitals. There was also no difference in the distribution of the sever forms of the opportunistic infections among the socio demographic group of the age, sex, marital status and education. Conclusion: Oral candidacies, TB of all forms and herpes zoster were the predominant OIS. Only WHO stage IV condition and patients from St. Peters hospital were associated with the distribution of sever forms of the OIs. Recommendation: Skilled professionals for the management of the OIs and the implementation of the TB and HIV collaborative activities are of critical importance. VIII