Browsing by Author "Debebe, Yared"

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    Staff Turnover in International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): A Case Study of International Rescue Committee (IRC)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Debebe, Yared; Murthy, Kirshina (Prof)
    This project paper aims to analyze the staff turnover of international non governmental organizations (NGO) and particularly the case of the International Rescue Committee (IRC). Non government non profit organizations are one type of the institutions that provide employment opportunities in addition to the private sectors and government institutions. The success of NGOs is determined by the availability and commitment of efficient and effective human resources. However, currently most of the NGOs are highly affected by staff turnover and therefore the quality of the service they provide to the beneficiaries is affected and the financial and non-financial cost of replacing vacant posts is significantly increased. In order to identify the causes and impact of the staff turnover in IRC, the project has used both primary and secondary data. With regard to primary data, first hand data have been collected through questionnaire filled by twelve terminated, thirty one existing non-management and seven management staffs of the organization selected based purposive sampling. Moreover data about the trend of both existing and terminated staff were collected from the organization. IRC (An American NGO) was founded at the suggestion of Albert Einstein in 1933 with the objective to assist Germans suffering under Hitler. Currently it works in twenty five countries and fifteen are found in Africa. IRC Ethiopia program has started in 2000 in response to the severe drought in Somali Region. With 209 permanent employees IRC Ethiopia participate in education and Community service, Environmental Health (Water and Sanitation), Health, and other sectors in the four refugee camps and local communities. Since from the period 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 the total number of staffs terminated from the IRC is counted to 89. However, though the organization does not keep detailed record for each resigned/terminated staffs, the total number of terminated staffs since from establishment is around 174. This indicates that the organization has lost almost 45% (174 out of 383) of its employees due to different reasons. The analysis of the three year period figures portray that most of the employees are terminated /resigned from the IRC during the first months of their employment period. Of the total terminated 89 employees, the highest share of terminated staff based on position is counted for the Officer and Assistant positions. Regarding termination based on filed office Assosa and department Education and Community service takes the lion shares.The findings of the study also revealed that the causes of staff turnover are a combination of factors. Family problems, poor leadership, dissatisfaction with the job, better opportunity in other organizations, dissatisfaction with the area, and educational opportunity are some of the causes. Based on the findings recommendations are suggested.
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    Studies on the Spatial Ecology of Malaria and the Impact of Mass Trapping of Anopheles Mosquitoes on Malaria Transmission in Southern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-07-06) Debebe, Yared; Tekie, Habte (PhD); Ignell, Rickard (Professor); Rose, Sharon (PhD); Hopkins, Richard (Professor); Dugassa, Sisay (PhD)
    The sustainability of current indoor vector control methods is challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance in malaria mosquito populations and the behavioural shift of vectors, resulting in increased outdoor biting activities. As a result, there is a dire need for novel vector control tools, which complement the existing strategies, particularly targeting the outdoor-active mosquitoes. Effective control of mosquitoes outdoors can be achieved through in-depth understandings of their spatial and behavioural ecology. The effect of landscape elements on the resting site selection of the outdoor Anopheles mosquito population was assessed. Fine-scale characterization of landscape factors within 10 m radius from resting clay pots was conducted and their association with the number of resting anophelines was determined. Canopy cover, distance from the nearest focal house, and land cover type significantly influenced the aggregation of resting mosquitoes. Canopy cover was the strongest predictor for both the number and presence of Anopheles mosquitoes in the clay pots. Female Anopheles were most frequently found resting in the pots placed within the banana plantations, and at sampling points that were ≥75 m from the focal house. To identify the factors underlying hotspots for higher vector densities and malaria incidence, and associated landscape features, monthly entomological monitoring, and fourstage repeated seasonal malaria prevalence surveys were conducted in two rural villages in southern Ethiopia. Moreover, characterization of the landscape features in and around every household of the study villages was conducted. Spatial analyses using Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used to identify hotspots for malaria incidence, as well as malaria vector density and associated sporozoite prevalence. The result from the regression models revealed that household occupancy, location and housing conditions were the main iv predictors of vector density, entomological inoculation rate, and malaria incidence. The spatial analyses revealed that statistically significant hotspots for malaria vector densities and Plasmodium-infected individuals were identified at village edges. The impact of mass trapping of Anopheles mosquitoes using odour-baited traps was assessed in a controlled before-and-after study design in two rural villages of Southern Ethiopia. Baseline monthly entomological and seasonal cross-sectional malaria prevalence surveys were conducted in the two villages for a year. Then, mass trapping was implemented in one of the villages immediately before the beginning of the rainy season, while the monthly entomological monitoring and the seasonal malaria prevalence surveys continued in both villages for nine months, throughout the long and short rainy seasons. The impact of the mass trapping was then assessed by computing the relative reduction of entomological indices and malaria incidence in the intervention village in a seasonal comparison with the control village. The mass trapping resulted in a significant reduction in the population of the primary malaria vector in the area, An. arabiensis and the associated entomological indices (the human biting-, sporozoite-, and entomological inoculation rates) in the intervention compared to the control village. This resulted in a relative reduction of malaria incidence by 61 %, 44 %, and 49 % in the long rain, short rain, and dry seasons, respectively.