Browsing by Author "Bekele Afework (Professor)"
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Item Abundance, Composition and Habitat Association of Rodents in Wonji Sugarcane Area; Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Takele Serekebirhan; Bekele Afework (Professor); M.Balakrishnan (Professor)A study on the ecology of rodents was carried out in Wonji Sugarcane Plantation from August 2005 to March 2006. Three trapping grids were randomly selected in the sugarcane plantation based on the growth stage of the cane as- immature sugarcane plant (ISP), young sugarcane plant (YSP), and old sugarcane plant (OSP). An additional grid was selected from bushland area outside the sugarcane plantation. A total of 629 captures were made in 2940 trap nights. Out of these, 557 individuals represented eight species of rodents: Mastomys natalensis, Arvicanthis dembeensis, Arvicanthis niloticus, Stenocephalemys albipes, Pelomys harringtoni, Mus mahomet, Mus musculus, and Rattus rattus. The remaining 72 individuals represented two insectivore species; Crocidura flavescence and Crocidura fumosa. Abundance of species varied in different growth stages of the sugarcane plantation and bushland area. There was seasonal difference in the abundance of the rodents. However, species composition was the same in all the three growth stages of the sugarcane plants and in bushland area. Variation in trap success with different growth stages of the of sugarcane plantations was significant. All age groups were represented in the population of most species. Breeding was seasonal for most of the species. The pest status of rodents in the sugarcane plantation was assessed. Analysis of the stomach contents of snap trapped rodents from the plantations showed sugarcane fibers that confirm the pest status of rodents in the sugarcane plantation while monocot plants were dominant in rodents captured from bushland area. Population estimation using minimum number alive (MNA) showed decline in each trapping session.Item Analyzing the Effect of Armed Conflict, Agriculture and Fire on the Movement and Migratory Behaviour of White Eared Kob and Roan Antelope in the Boma-Gambella Landscape of Ethiopia and South Sudan(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-03) Abera Kasahun; Bekele Afework (Professor)Wildlife migrations are indicators for functionality and connectivity of land or seascapes. A species movement promotes nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, prey predator interaction, as well as species fitness and survival. The disruption of wildlife migration phenomena are alarms to an underlying and complicated socio-political and environmental crisis yet to come. In this thesis I evaluated the disturbance on White eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis) and Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) generated by the armed conflict, livestock encroachment and agricultural investments in the Boma-Gambella landscape. Four years of wildlife telemetry data was collected to analyse and detect the movement and migratory behaviour of White eared kob and Roan antelope against armed conflict, agriculture, fire, livestock and settlements in the landscape. The telemetry data was complemented by the data from five systematic reconnaissance aerial flights. Kernel density estimates, overlay analysis, statistical derivatives and GIS illustration methods were applied to produce results. Migratory kobs have shown behavioural response to the ongoing armed conflict and livestock encroachments by shrinking their former home ranges and making sudden displacements away from conflict hotspot areas. Human footprints and their effect on wildlife conservation in the landscape are evident. The home ranges and movement patterns of resident roan antelopes overlap with the major agricultural concessions and their cropping seasons. The key wildlife core areas, the main migration routes and home ranges exist outside of formal protected areas. The migration route analysis resulted with the longest terrestrial mammal migration and the second largest wildlife migration in the continent.Item Avian Diversity Based on Habitat Difference at Geto and Gembejo Areas, Southwest Shoa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-07) Gosaye Teklu; Bekele Afework (Professor)The present study on avian diversity based on habitat difference was conducted at Geto and Gembejo in Kersa Malima Woreda in Southwest Shoa Zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Six habitats were identified for counting birds using line transect and point count methods. Data were analyzed using Shannon-Weaver and Simpson’s diversity Indies and Simpson’s similarity index. Altogether 120 species bird were recorded, of which 81 were during the wet season and 112 were during the dry season. They belonged to 39 families and 15 orders. This area holds Endemic species (five only in Ethiopia and seven in highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea) and six globally threatened species, which have high priority of conservation concern. Plain habitat constitutes the highest number (76) of species, followed by shrubland habitat (65). The highest species diversity index recorded was from woodland habitat during the dry season (H’= 3.3) and lowest was from ericaceous habitat during the dry season (H’= 1.94). Mean difference comparisons of species abundance between garden and shrubland, garden and woodland, garden and Erica, and woodland and Erica habitats are not significantly different at 0.05 level. Similarly, the multiple comparisons of mean difference of species richness among garden and plain, garden and shrubland, Erica and plain, Erica and agriculture, Erica and shrubland, and Erica and woodland habitats are significantly different. The highest species similarity was between dry and wet season of garden habitat (SI=0.87), followed by agriculture habitat during the dry season and shrubland habitat during the dry season (SI=0.85). The demographic growth and the increasing negative impacts of human activities have greatly reduced the resources in this study area. Timely action should be taken to tackle this problem in the study area. Keywords: birds of Geto and Gembejo, Erica, species composition and highland biodiversityItem Common Mole Rat, Tachyoryctes Splendens (Ruppell, 1836) Distribution and Its Impacts In Agricultural Fields in Angecha, Centeral Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Kokiso Abebe; Bekele Afework (Professor)This study deals with the current distribution, abundance and impacts of mole rats in agricultural fields in Angacha. It was carried out from August 2005 to April 2006 covering the wet and dry seasons. The mole rat is the main rodent pest on Enset and potatoes in Angacha though its effect is minor in other crops. Direct total count was carried out from fresh surface signs (mounds) to estimate abundance and distribution of mole rats. Vector gopher traps and conical “Yeshibowotimed” were set to serve as snap and live traps. Stomach content analysis was carried out to determine food content of mole rat. These were applied in randomly selected four sites representing the “Dega” and “Woina-dega” climatic zones. Total counts using traps by digging and “Yeshibowotimed” catches depicted that “Dega” climatic zone sites Ls and Sb have more mole rat population than the “Woina-dega” climatic zone sites An-01 and K. Sb harbored 15 individuals per ha while An-01 7 individuals. The male to female sex ratio was 2.1:1.0, which was statistically significant, but the variation is similar in all sites. Common mole rats preferred open grasslands adjacent to crop fields and extend their foraging tunnels to nearby crop fields that are not far away. Fertile, well-drained soil and richness of food resources are the main factors for reduction in the length of burrow system ranging from 10.2 – 18.6 m. Although the animal minimizes expenditure of energy for burrowing in areas of food resources, the bolthole is long to protect itself from danger. Loss on Enset plantation is about 12% for the whole district. This is high where the plant requires 5 to 7 years to mature for food processing. This loss in such densely populated, with large family size and reduced farmland is high. Devising proper control and sustainable management on major and economically important rodent pest on Enset is crucial. Key Words: Mole Rat, Tachyoryctes splendens, Agricultural fields, pest, Enset,Item Community Ecology, Abundance and Pest Implications of Small Mammals in and Around Yegof Mountain Priority forest Area, South Wollo, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2019-12-12) Getachew Gezahegn; Bekele Afework (Professor)An investigation on species composition, abundance, habitat association and humansmall mammal conflict in and around Yegof Mountain Forest, South Wollo, Ethiopia was carried out from 2016−2019. The study area was classified into six habitats and three altitudinal zones. Both Sherman and snap traps were used to collect small mammals. Thirteen (13) species of small mammals were recorded. Out of these, ten species were trapped and three species were observed. The trapped species were Mastomys natalensis (24.81%), Stenocephalemys albipes (19.53%), Stenocephalemys griseicauda (13.21%), Arvicanthis abyssinicus (11.98%), Lophuromys flavopunctatus (11.79%), Otomys typus (7.36%), Rattus rattus (5.28%), Myomyscus brockmani (5.19%), SpA (0.66 %) and Crocidura flavescens (0.19%) by using both traps. The highest number of species and abundance were recorded in a bushland habitat and in the altitudinal range between 2201−2600 m asl. There was statistically significant variation in the abundance of small mammals between habitats and altitudinal ranges (p<0.05). Species diversity was highest in the bushland habitat (H'=1.75) and lowest in the wooded grassland habitat (H'= 0.37). Highest species diversity was recorded in the altitudinal range between 2201-2600 m asl (H'= 1.79) and the lowest between 2601-2927 m asl (H'=0.39). Abundance of small mammals was higher during the wet season (54.64%) than the dry season (45.36%). The age structure of small mammals showed statistically significant variation (p <0.05). M. natalensis, S. griseicauda, L. flavopunctatus, A. abyssinicus, O. typus, R. rattus, T. splendens and H. cristata were categorized as the main pest rodent species. The majority of the respondents of the study area had negative attitude towards rodents and their conservation status. To reduce the damage caused by pest rodents, farmers use various techniques. Vegetation diversity, cover, rainfall, altitudinal zonations and human interference were the major factors affecting the abundance, distribution and diversity in the study area. Although, the study area is home for different species of small mammals including the endemic mammals of Ethiopia but it is highly disturbed by human encroachment and domestic animal activities through grazing and browsing. Hence, there is a need for urgent conservation measures to save the species.Item A Comparative Study on the Behavioural Ecology and Conservation of the Southern Gelada (Theropithecus Gelada Obscurus) in and Around Borena Sayint National Park, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-04-03) Kifle Zewdu; Bekele Afework (Professor)A Comparative Study on the Behavioural Ecology and Conservation of the Southern Gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) in and around Borena Sayint National Park, Ethiopia Zewdu Kifle Aweke, Doctoral degree Addis Ababa University, 2018 The southern gelada (Theropithecus gelada obscurus) is an endemic little known subspecies of gelada that occur in northern central highlands of Ethiopia. The study was conducted for 18 months (May 2015–March 2017) to investigate the flexibility of southern geladas in terms of their behavioural ecology by comparing two bands (Selam and Tikure) that occupied different habitat types in and around Borena Sayint National Park (BSNP). The study also examined the magnitude of human-gelada conflict and assessed the attitude of local farmers toward the conservation of geladas. The population size of geladas was estimated, and their group sizes were also compared between fragments and BSNP. Total count method was employed to estimate the population size of geladas. Data on the activity budget, feeding ecology, ranging ecology and microhabitat use of the two bands were quantified using scan sampling method. Data on human-gelada conflict were collected using questionnaire interview method. The population size of geladas was 2786 individuals. The band size in the unprotected area was 40.07 while in BSNP it was 81.56. The overall time spent feeding, moving, resting, grooming and socializing between the two bands were not significant. Selam band spent significantly more time feeding during the dry season than the wet season (p = 0.049); however, for Tikure band the difference was not significant (p = 0.112). The trend of activity pattern of the two bands differed from each other. 74 plant species were identified as food for Selam band while Tikure band was found feeding on 36 plants. Food items consumption markedly varied between seasons. Cumulative aboveground herb consumption was higher for Tikure band than Selam band, and the difference was significant (p < 0.00l). Fruits accounted for 7.18% for Selam band and 0.22% for Tkure band. The similarities of food species of the two bands overlapped very weakly (Sørensen’s coefficient = 0.19). The availability of green grasses was positively correlated with the consumption of grass blades and negatively correlated with underground grass item. The mean annual day path length for Selam band was 2438.35 m while it was 2512.64 m for Tikure band, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.569). Both bands used different home range sizes. Selam spent more time in open grazing plateau while Tikure spent in a long grassland plateau type of microhabitat. Overall, 42.41% of respondents had negative attitude towards geladas, and 92.13% considered them as crop pest. The result showed that southern geladas adapt anthropogenic habitat alterations by adjusting their ecological flexibility with respect to the habitat type. Thus, it is critical to consider the conservation value of humanaltered landscapes.Item Damage Caused by Large Mammals in Wonji-Shoa Sugarcane Plantation, Central Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Admassu Mesele; Bekele Afework (Professor)The goal of this research was to identify large mammals that cause damage to sugarcane plantation and to determine the extent of the damage; this goal was achieved. The study on the damage caused by large mammals in Wonji-Shoa Sugarcane Plantation was carried out from August 2006 to March 2007. Three sample areas were randomly selected in the sugarcane plantation to collect data on sugarcane damage and faecal droppings of the animals. Strip line transect method was used to estimate hippopotamus population and total count method was used to estimate warthog and grivet monkey populations. Data collected on population estimation and faecal droppings were analysed using descriptive statistic chi-square and for damage assessment T-test was used. There was seasonal variation in the population of the three animals in the area. The estimated hippopotamus population was 129 and 99 during the wet and dry seasons, which was significantly different (χ 2 = 3.947, df =1, P < 0.05). The estimated warthog population was 180 and 140 during the wet and dry seasons, which was significantly different (χ 2 = 5.000, df = 1, P < 0.05). The estimated grivet monkey population was estimated 882 and 630 during the wet and dry seasons, which was significantly different (χ 2 = 42.00, df = 1, P < 0.01). More number of individuals were recorded during the wet season. The grivet monkey population was most abundant and the hippopotamus population was least abundant in the area. The sugarcane damage caused by hippopotamus was 2745 and 3089 stalk per ha during the wet and dry seasons which was significantly different (t = 16.96, df = 1, P < 0.05). Damage caused by warthog was 3988 and 4025 stalk per ha which was significantly different (t = 216.57, df = 1, P < 0.05). The sugarcane damage by grivet monkey was 3148 and 3590 stalk per ha during the wet and dry seasons which was significantly different (t = 15.244, df = 1, P < 0.05). Sugarcane damage increased during the dry season. Warthog caused more damage than hippopotamus and grivet monkey; hippopotamus caused least damage.Item Determination of Bioaccumulation and Food Chain Contamination of Heavy Metals and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Abyssinian Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), Lake Ziway(Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Geta Selamawit; Bekele Afework (Professor); Megersa Negussie (PhD)The study had been carried out between July 2009 and June 2010 on the food chain components of Lake Ziway. Bioaccumilation and biotransference of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides were measured and determined in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Abyssinian ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) to evaluate ecological hazard levels. Heavy metals were determined using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy after digestion of the samples under reflux on kjeldhal hot plate apparatus using HNO3, HCLO4 and H2O2. Sample extraction for organochlorine pesticides analysis was carried out in a Soxhlet apparatus using mixtures of n-hexane and acetone (4:1) and clean up was carried out using SPE Cartridge (C-18 column). Gas chromatograph equipped with massspectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the detection and quantification of the organochlorine pesticides. Heavy metals; Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were investigated with mean concentrations of 1.13 mg/kg, 27.13 mg/kg, 0.35 mg/kg and 0.28 mg/kg in tilapia and 8.91 mg/kg, 139.08 mg/kg, 0.225 mg/kg and 0.286 mg/kg in Abyssinian ground hornbill muscle tissue samples. The detected organochlorine pesticides were dieldrin, DDT and the metabolites of DDT (DDD and DDE). DDT and DDD are below the detection limit in tilapia and detected with mean concentration of 0.19ng/g and 0.14ng/g in Abyssinian ground hornbill samples. Dieldrin and DDE were detected in mean concentrations, 4ng/g and 0.45ng/g in tilapia and 11.8ng/g and 12.61ng/g in Abyssinian ground hornbill samples. Zn and Cu indicated biotransference up the food chain with 5 folds and 7.9 folds, respectively while Cd and Pb showed lower concentration in the predator bird. DDE and dieldrin were detected in the bird sample with 28 and 3 folds higher than the amount detected in the fish muscle tissue, respectively. From the detected heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides Zn, Cu, dieldrin, DDT and its metabolites indicated positive biotransference through the food chain. The concentrations of the detected heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides were compared with threshold limits set by international organizations and the levels are within the accepted limits. Key words; Organochlorine, Bioaccumulation, Contaminant, BiotransferenceItem Distribution of Grazing Ungulates in Relation to Water Holes, its Consequence on Soil and Vegetation in the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Boay Martina; Bekele Afework (Professor)The distribution and abundance of grazers in relation to the water holes in the Serengeti plains were studied. Ten species of grazing ungulates were recorded in the area. Using direct and indirect count methods, high abundance of animals was found in zone 1 (areas around water holes). During the dry season, high abundance of Thomson´s gazelle was recorded in burnt areas away from the water hole. In unburnt area, they were abundant closer to the water holes. Total grass cover (percentage), species diversity and grass height were significantly lower in areas around the water holes compared to areas away from the water holes. Grazing was more intense in areas around water holes compared to areas farther. Among soil texture types, only clay fraction shows significant difference among the three zones compared. The percentage of clay in areas near the water hole was high compared to areas away. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen and potassium were significantly lower in areas closer to the water holes, whereas, ammonium, electrical conductivity and pH were significantly higher in areas close to the water holes and decrease with increased distances from the water holes. Most of the smaller grazing ungulates were abundant in burnt areas and in areas with short grasses. The study concluded that the distance from the water hole, fire and rainfall influenced the distribution and abundance of grazing ungulates. Further study should be conducted which can include the long rainy season so as to find out seasonal effects. Key words: Abundance, burnt areas, distribution of grazing ungulates, Serengeti plains, water holes.Item Distribution of the Bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) in the Bale Mountains and its Ecology in the Odobullu Forest, Ethiopia – A Study of Habitat Preference, Population Size, Feeding Behaviour, Activity and Ranging Patterns(Addis Ababa University, 2008-07) Mekonnen Addisu; Bekele Afework (Professor); Hemson Graham (PhD)The Bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) is endemic to Ethiopia. Bale monkeys are recorded as Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List of Threatened species categories. This study was conducted from August 2007 to May 2008 to determine the habitat preference, population size, feeding ecology, activity and ranging patterns of the Bale monkey in the Odobullu Forest and distribution pattern across the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. A total of 136 censuses of 1.8 to 3.2 km transects were conducted with a cumulative distance of 302.4 km in three different habitat types. A total of 62 Bale monkey groups were sighted and all of the encounters were observed in the bamboo forest habitat. In addition, the two study groups spent all group scan time exclusively in the bamboo forest habitat irrespective of seasons. Thus, Bale monkeys could be considered as bamboo forest specialists. The average group encounter rate of the monkeys in the bamboo forest was 0.44 per km and the average density was 124.69 per km2. The total population of Bale monkeys in the Odobullu bamboo forest is estimated to be 1746 individuals. The distribution of Bale monkeys in the Odobullu Forest was interlinked with bamboo forest habitat. The presence or absence of Bale monkeys in the bamboo forest habitat with altitude between 2400-3250 m asl was surveyed in the Bale Massif and three new Bale monkey populations were discovered. The activity pattern, feeding ecology and ranging behaviour were studied in two neighbouring groups with 15 minutes interval scan sampling for eight month study period. Feeding comprises the majority of their activity time with 65.7% followed by moving and resting that comprises 14.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Bale monkeys spent 7.1% of their time for social and the remaining 2.4% for other activities. The overall diet composition of Bale monkeys was dominated by young leaves, contributing 80.2%. In addition, they feed on fruits (9.6%), flowers (3.1%), animal preys (2.3%), shoots (1.5%), stems (1.4%), mature leaves (1.1%) and roots (0.9%). Bale monkeys consumed a total of 11 plant species, of these, the top five accounted 94.3% of their overall diet. Of these, bamboo (Arundinaria alpina) contributed 76.7% of their overall diet, of which 73% was from young leaves. The mean daily range length for the study groups was 928 m and the average yearly home range size of the study groups was 15.2 ha. The narrow ecological niche of the species may be a threat for its survival due to the bamboo harvest by local people for commercial purposes. The population status and distribution pattern of the Bale monkeys has to be studied in the neighbouring Bale Mountains Massif as well. Results from such future studies combined with these obtained in the present study could contribute in preparing proper management and conservation plans for the Bale monkeys. Thus, appropriate management action should be taken to conserve the species and their most important food resources, bamboo. Key words: Bale monkey, diet, distribution, Ethiopia, habitat preference, home range, Odobullu Forest, population sizeItem Distribution, Population Status and Feeding Behavior of Oribi (Ourebia Ourebi) in Senkelle Swayne’s Hartebeest Sanctuary (Sshs)(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Tekalign Wondimagegnehu; Bekele Afework (Professor)Population status, structure and feeding behavior of Oribi (Ourebia ourebi) was conducted in Senkelle Swayne’s Hartebeest Sanctuary (SSHS) from August 2005 to March 2006, which included wet and dry seasons. Total count method was used to determine the current population status, seasonal distribution, habitat association, and sex and age structure of Oribi. Direct observation on selected animal groups was made to study activity patterns. Data on seasonal variation in population size, habitat association and activity pattern was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) computer software package and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The estimated population of Oribi in the study area was 51 individuals. The population was female biased. The sex ratio of adult males to females was 1.00: 1.26. Oribi were mostly observed as solitary, or in pairs occasionally they form small groups, a male and one or more females and their offspring. They were often associated with Swayne’s hartebeest and sometimes fed among domestic livestock for protection. The oribi distribution showed preference to very high utilization for short grass in each vegetation communities. They were observed primarily as grazers on short grasses in both seasons. Themeda triandra was a highly preferable grass by Oribi in the study area. The distribution of Oribi during the wet and dry seasons showed slight variation on the study area in all vegetation communities. However, the tendency of population distribution towards Pennisetum grassland vegetation community increased during both seasons. The group size varied with food abundance and quality. They were mostly active during the early morning and late afternoon. The annual mean proportion of daylight hours spent feeding by Oribi was 54.7%. Morning and evening activity peaks were most obvious during the dry season, with most animals remaining inactive during the midday and hottest hours of the day. Increase in human and livestock population was observed in the study area. Overgrazing by cattle and encroachment are the primary factors that affect the population status of Oribi by deteriorating the grass quality. Key words: Oribi, population status, activity pattern, SSHSItem Distrlbution and Relative Abundance of the African Grass Ra T, Arvicanthis Dell/Beel/Sis, Among Selected Habitat Types of the Koka Region, Central Eti-Rropia(Addis Ababa University, 1999-02) Wube Tilaye; Bekele Afework (Professor)Data was collected on the distribution and relative abundance of Arvica1l1his dembeensis among selected habitat types in the Koka region, central Ethiopia. Fifteen habitat types were selected to be study sites. The selection was made with reference to vegetation density, height, and species composition. A total of 365 small mammals which belong to two orders, Rodentia and lnsectivora, were captured. The rodent species were; Arvicanthis dembeensis. Mastomys erythroleucus. Tatem robusta and Rattus rathlS. There was only one insectivore speciesCrocidura olivieri. The catch distribution was compared using a two way ANOV A (p=O.05). The result showed that the catch records among the selectcd habitat types were significantly different. A critical difference (C.D.) analysis was conducted to rank the sites and it was observed that habitats with moderate vegetation cover had high catch values while very dense bushes and totally open fields were less inhabited. The observed difference in the catch distribution among the sampling sites is discussed on the basis of habitat preference particularly with emphasis to the importance of vegetation cover in the habitat use of ArvicanthisItem The Diversity and Abundance of Amphibians in Meru National Park, Kenya(Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) Victor Domnick; Bekele Afework (Professor)A study on the diversity and abundance of amphibians was conducted in Meru National Park (Kenya) from October 2002 to January 2003. Transect sampling, drift-fence and pitfall trapping as well as opportunistic collections were used to detect amphibians. A total of 430 individuals of amphibians comprising eleven species and six families were observed. Amphibian species diversity was correlated with plant species cover/abundance in three vegetation communities. Acacia wooded grassland had the highest amphibian species diversity (H’ = 2.071, D = 6.74). Acacia-Commiphora bushland ranked second (H’ = 1.858, D = 5.88) while Combretum wooded grassland had the least diversity (H’ = 1.581, D = 5.076). The Acacia wooded grassland had the highest abundance (173 individuals) as well as species richness (10 species). Combretum wooded grassland had eight species (113 individuals) while the Acacia-Commiphora bushland had seven species (144 individuals). Differences in sex ratios within and between vegetation communities were not statistically significant (ANOVA, F = 8.3026, P = 0.6914). No differences were detected on a species by species basis (X2 Test). There was positive linear correlation between amphibian species diversity and plant species diversity in all vegetation communities. Hemisus marmoratus and Phrynomantis bifasciatus were exclusively recorded in the Acacia wooded grassland. Five plant species assemblages were identified from DCA ordination. These closely matched the three broad vegetation communities known for the park. There was least habitat disturbance in the Acacia wooded grassland and a high probability of disturbance in the Combretum wooded grassland. The study confirmed earlier reports that amphibian diversity and abundance can vary on a very small spatial scale. Impacts of habitat disturbance were also demonstrated. The need for long term monitoring of the amphibian population in Meru National Park, by considering additional environmental parameters and introducing a new fire management policy for the park is recommended. Key words: Diversity, Abundance, Amphibians, Meru (Kenya).Item Diversity, Distribution and Conservation Status of Small Mammals of Chilalo-Galama Mountains Range, Southeastern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-03-04) Kasso Mohammed; Bekele Afework (Professor)A study on diversity, distribution and conservation of small mammals was conducted in Chilalo-Galama Mountains Range from August 2013 to December 2016. The main objective of this research was to make ecological assessment on diversity, distribution, relative abundance, habitat association of small mammals and on their prevailing conservation challenges. Data on diversity, distribution, abundance, habitat association, pest status, possible conservation challenges of small mammals and their habitat were collected. A total of 40 grids from eight representative habitats were selected. A 5x5 Sherman Live trapping grid with 15 m spacing was employed for three consecutive days per each intensive grid. Overall, 230 mist net net-nights were employed during 60 nights. For chromosomal and molecular analysis tissue samples from each representative species were collected. For survey of local communities perception on small mammals conservation and pest status 370 households were selected. Sherman live traps, mist nets and mole rat traps were used to capture small mammals. Overall 36 species of small mammals were recorded of which at least 20 species or 55.56% were endemic to Ethiopia. Trap success ranged from 27% to 85.71% with overall trap success of 44.6%. Out of the 4302 captured individuals 4074 were rodents and 228 were shrews. In addition, 219 bats were captured of which 197 (89.95 were new captures, 16 (7.31%) were recaptures and the 6 (2.74%) were unidentified. The overall netting success and capture rate were 0.95 bats/net-night and 0.83 bats/net-h, respectively. The highest relative abundance was recorded for L. brevicaudus (21.36%) followed by S. griseicauda (17.50%) and S. albipes (16.44%). The least relative abundance was recorded for D. nikolausi and M. imberbis each having 0.03%. Capture per trap night was highest (55) for moorland habitat and least (16) in plantation habitat. Stenocephalemys griseicauda and L. brevicaudus were the most widely distributed species whereas C. fumosa, C. lucina, C. olivieri and M. imberbis were recorded from limited sites. More individuals of small mammals were captured during the wet season. The overall mean of reproductively active individuals was 38.17% and 20.02% and 18.15% during wet and dry seasons, respectively. The capture per trap night showed variations among the age of burnt Erica. Small mammals showed variation in distribution and abundance along altitudinal zonation. Results on chromosomal and molecular analysis of the representative species show similality with its previously described from different parts of the country and showed close affinity with the Bale Mountains. A total of 1993 individuals of ectoparasites that belonged to 24 taxa from examined 204 individuals of small mammals with the overall prevalence rate of 73.53% were recorded. All respondents perceived rodents as principal pests that cause great damage to their agricultural and household items. Overpopulation, uncontrolled hunting, poaching and deforestation, habitats destruction and degradation by agricultural expansion and settlement were perceived as major threats for the conservation of the area. Community based conservation strategies were supported by nearly all of respondents. As Chilalo-Galama Mountains Range had high diversity of fauna and flora, proper conservation measures have to be implemented.Item Diversity, Distribution and Relative abundance of the Avian Fauna of Denkoro Forest Proposed National Park(Addis Ababa University, 2008-07-05) Teklemariam Tebebe; Bekele Afework (Professor); Tefera Zelealem (PhD)The study was carried out to investigate the diversity, distribution and relative abundance of avian fauna in Denkoro priority Forest Area covering wet and dry seasons from August 2007 to March 2008. The study area was stratified based on the vegetation types. Four habitat types: Forest, Erica woodland, Grassland and Farmland were identified. Each vegetation type was used as sample site. Point count and line transect methods were employed. The data were collected in the morning and late afternoon. A total of 154 species of birds were identified. Erica woodland habitat had the highest species diversity (H = 3.332) during the wet season and Forest habitat had the highest species diversity (H = 3.850) during the dry season. The species richness of birds during the wet season was between 15-28 and that of the dry season ranged between 25-47. Simpson’s similarity Index indicated the highest similarity between Forest and Erica and Forest and Grassland during the wet season. During the dry season, the highest species similarity was observed between the Forest and Erica woodland. The mean number of individuals showed significant difference between habitats. Season had significant effect on bird abundance (p < 0.0001). The interaction of season and habitat was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The chi-square analysis for the habitat association of birds showed significant difference based on vegetation types (p < 0.001). Deforestation habitat fragmentation, agricultural expansion and settlement are the main threats for the avian fauna. Hence, conservation measures should be taken to protect the wildlife in the area.Item Diversity, Distribution, Relative Abundance and Habitat Association of the Larger Mammalian and Avian Fauna of Alatish, Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Mengesha Girma; Bekele Afework (Professor); Mebrate Assefa (PhD)Alatlsh contains variolls forms of larger mammalian and avian fauna. The diversity, distribution. relative ahundance and habitat ussocialion of the larger mammals and birds were investigated during the wel and dry seasons in Alatish. \ Bascd on topographic map, satellite image and preliminary survey, four habitat types were identified in Alatish comprising 37 blocks in 100 km'. Eleven blocks were randomly selected lhlSed an the type of , vegetation. Transect length of 10 km in 0.2 km width were randomly selected to cover 20% of the area. Twenty species of larger mammals and 143 species or hirds were recorded. Riverine woodland habitat had the highest large mammalinn species diversity both in the wet and dry seasons, The lowest diversil} of species was obtained in the woodland habitat. Simpson's Similarity Index was used to analyze the similarity in distribution of larger mammals. Larger mammals showed simifarity in their distribution in the lour habitat lypes during the dry season. The relative abundance or large mammals anu birds was determined using encounter rates that give ordinal scale. Species diversity or birds was the highest in lhe \\"(1ndtand habitat j()lIowed by bamboo woodland with the highest species evcnness in distribution. Thc wet season survey showed highest species diversity in the wooded grassland hahitat owing to the presence of food .lIld water. The dry season survey showed tbe highest avian species diversil) and evenness in the rin:rinc woodland habitat with highest species richness and evennes.s due to the availability of water. Most of the bird species in Alatish were (oealt)' rare as a result or habitat degradation, It ~s diHicu!l to cstubti;;h species distribution because of habitat degruoation. A\:ailabitity of food, ,,',ller and cover \\as onscn'cJ 10- be the ml\jor factors determining the di\'er",ity or larger mammals and bird:.;, SI)SS ~m<111)' endangered, vulncrabll:'!, and rare species such as Ah'<-'cp/w/us hllse/aphus lora, I,oxodollla qfi'itxma and Hippolragus equinus were once abundant til Alalish, However. currently it was difficult to nlr'I..'n L' lhem in Aiatish c,1511)" Urgent conservation measures with appropriate nHUlagcm~'nt plan are needed to conserve the biological diversity aud develop thepotential Wildlilce area of Alalish,Item Ecological Studies of Marabou Stork (Leptoptilos Crumeniferus) Around Hawassa Lake, Southern Ethiopia.(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-02) Garuma Bethelehelm; Bekele Afework (Professor)A study was carried out around Lake Hawassa, covering both wet and dry seasons in 2017/18, to investigate the population structure, habitat association, feeding ecology and reproductive patterns of the Marabou stork (leptoptilos crumeniferus). Sample sites were designed based on the vegetation type and area cover. Point count and nest monitoring method were used on the three selected sites. Direct observation techniques were also used to collect necessary information. A total of 289 and 366 Marabou storks were counted during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Birds counted during the dry and wet season, were significantly different (p<0.05). Lake shore was highly preferred for feeding. They were observed to feed on food items such as fish scraps (35%), carrion (27%), insects (13%), worm (12%) and frog (11%), with variations from season to season. Their breeding nests were mostly in the town and on the top of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica trees. On average, the female laid 3 eggs and both parents share in guarding and incubating eggs for 29-31 days. Marabou take long period of 124 days from hatching to fledging, with first flights out of nest during 90-110 days. The chicks show variation in physical status at different days. Habitat degradation in connection with recreation area and extreme exploitation of fishing activities are the main threats to the survival of Marabou storks and other wetland birds of the present study area.Item Ecological Studies of the African Civet (Civettictis civetta)(Addis Ababa University, 2000-03) Berhanu Ayalew; Bekele Afework (Professor)Ecological studies of the African civet (Civetticits civetta) was carried out in Hawassa and Wondo Genet areas of Ethiopia, during July 2012 – March 2014. Civetry distribution and density, population density, diet analysis, seed dispersal and scent marking of civets were investigated. Civetries were distributed along pathways at various locations like forest, plantation, bushy area, grassland, farmland, open area, bare land, lake shore and home garden. Higher density of civetries were recorded in the farmland than in other areas (t = 5.6, df = 3, p < 0.05). A population density of 2.3−12.8 civets/km2 was estimated. Civets feed fruits (36.9%), leaves and shoots (18.3%), roots and tubers (3.4%), invertebrates (19.1%), mammals (13.3%), birds (6.6%) and fish (2.8%) in the present study area. Fruits were the most preferred food item in all habitats. African civet is an effective seed dispersal agent. Over 70% of scent marked signposts were distributed around civetries in the farmland and natural forest areas, while about 35% of the scent marked sign-pots were distributed around civetries in the urban area. Most of the scent marked sign-posts were located at or close distance (< 2 m) to wildlife tracks. The amount of scent marks on sign-posts ranged between 0.0001−1.5110 g. The effect of season and habitat on population density and diet composition was insignificant in the present study area due to the habitat variability and modification. Fruit eating behavior of civets and widespread civetries distribution along various habitats have an important role in seed dispersal and implication for conservation of civets. Key words: African civet, musk, civetry, civiculture, feeding ecology, scent marking, seed dispersalItem Ecological Studies of the African Civet (Civettictis Civetta) in Hawassa and Wondo Genet Areas, Southern Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2015-06-05) Berhanu Ayalew; Bekele Afework (Professor)Ecological studies of the African civet (Civetticits civetta) was carried out in Hawassa and Wondo Genet areas of Ethiopia, during July 2012 – March 2014. Civetry distribution and density, population density, diet analysis, seed dispersal and scent marking of civets were investigated. Civetries were distributed along pathways at various locations like forest, plantation, bushy area, grassland, farmland, open area, bare land, lake shore and home garden. Higher density of civetries were recorded in the farmland than in other areas (t = 5.6, df = 3, p < 0.05). A population density of 2.3−12.8 civets/km2 was estimated. Civets feed fruits (36.9%), leaves and shoots (18.3%), roots and tubers (3.4%), invertebrates (19.1%), mammals (13.3%), birds (6.6%) and fish (2.8%) in the present study area. Fruits were the most preferred food item in all habitats. African civet is an effective seed dispersal agent. Over 70% of scent marked signposts were distributed around civetries in the farmland and natural forest areas, while about 35% of the scent marked sign-pots were distributed around civetries in the urban area. Most of the scent marked sign-posts were located at or close distance (< 2 m) to wildlife tracks. The amount of scent marks on sign-posts ranged between 0.0001−1.5110 g. The effect of season and habitat on population density and diet composition was insignificant in the present study area due to the habitat variability and modification. Fruit eating behavior of civets and widespread civetries distribution along various habitats have an important role in seed dispersal and implication for conservation of civets.Item An Ecological Study on Hamerkops (Scopus Umbretta) Along Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-04) Asrat Zebib; Bekele Afework (Professor)A study on population status, foraging nest building and breeding behaviour of hamerkops (Scopus umbretta) was carried out along the shore of Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected during the wet and dry seasons. Point count method was employed to estimate the population. Direct observation by the help of binoculars and necked eyes was used to record data on foraging, breeding and nest building. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 descriptive statistics and paired t test. The mean number of hamerkops in the study area was 168 during the wet season and 314 during the dry season. Hamerkops build huge nest and they spend most of their time in building their nest during the wet season. They breed during the late rain season and early dry season. Cultch size range from minimum three to maximum five. The mean clutch size was 4.3. The mean egg length and width was 45.9 and 34.0 mm, respectively. The mean weight was 27.1 g. Egg laying interval varied between 24 and 48 hours. Incubation started 24 hours after the laying of the first egg. Fledging time depended on the hatching period. Hamerkops feed on different food items at different sites, like fish, fish scraps, frogs and worms. Most of the time they feed on fish scraps during the dry season obtained from the fish market. They frequently feed worms at Fiker Hayiq during the wet season. The feeding pattern significantly differed based sites (p> 0.05) in the current study. Further detailed study should be carried out to get more exhaustive information on hamerkops.