Browsing by Author "Alemayehu, Yonas"

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    Characteristics of Mixed Income Neighborhoods in Addis Ababa: The case of Aroge Kera
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-06) Fantahun, Hellom; Alemayehu, Yonas
    This research is motivated by the existence of different mixed income groups in the city of Addis Ababa where segregation is not seen commonly. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the characteristics of mixed income neighborhoods in older residential settlements of Addis Ababa. For this, major objectives such as: identifying the socio-economic and spatial characteristics, analyzing the factors and elements that brings mixed-character and investigating the problems and benefits of mixed income neighborhood was set. And case study methodology was used to test and understand real existed situation in a selected study area through primary and secondary data collection techniques. To test the existence of mixed income neighborhood in Addis Ababa, Aroge Kera area which is located in Arada sub-city, kebele 01/02 has been chosen for the case study. This area have been investigated in-depth with the life stories of high, middle and low income households based on formulated socio-economic filters such as: sources of income, household income, social interaction, job opportunity, participation in social activity, sharing of household equipment and services. Spatial filters such as: social service and infrastructures, house type, local road, public and private open spaces, compound characters were also used. Then, the data is analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative issues were analyzed by graphs and descriptions, while qualitative issues were analyzed by maps, tables and descriptions that show comparison and relationships. The major socio-economic findings identified in this research are: the low income people benefited in getting job opportunity and financial support from the middle and high income people when facing problem. The high and middle income households get cheap labor from the low income residents during events like wedding, ceremonies, funeral by preparing injera, wot and tela. The major spatial findings identified for the existences of mixed income neighborhood are: different house types, private spaces, compound and availability of service for all income level residents. The house type based on area for high income is 120-180m2, middle income 60-100m2 and 15-3m2 for low income households. Compound and front yard for high income one household live in one compound, for middle income 3-6 households live in one compound and for low income 9-13 households live in one compound. As any other neighborhoods the research also identified problems in the neighborhood such as: shortage of children‘s playground, security problem, and the low income households are more affected by lack of common space in the compound. Based on these findings socially mixed design incorporating spatial elements is suggested and also recommendations and design proposal is forwarded
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    Exploring the use of domestic spaces for home Based income generation ﴾The Case Of WISE Of Addis-Ketema, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia﴿
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2015-02) girmay, Alemea; Alemayehu, Yonas
    Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia, a bustling metropolis is a small-scale fabric of global mainstreams, 80% living in slums, 51% working in the informal sector. Among the informal sector, home-based enterprise is very crucial in Addis Ababa, where 70% of the people are running business reported the same. Hence, this study was motivated to explore the implication of accommodating home based work in the domestic space, in areas where the population density is high (E.g. Addis-Ketema, Addis Ababa). Therefore, selfemployed women in Addis-Ketema are used as a case study. Methods employed in data collection include field observation, self -administered in-depth interview with households and key-informants, photo registration, measurement and drawing of domestic spaces. Drawing on this data, the paper examines implication of domestic space use for home based work. The study found out that home-based enterprise (HBE) is not spatially confined to the dwelling and scarcity of space does not prevent from accommodating the HBE in the dwelling. Home-based workers use the domestic space starting from the dwelling, to the courtyard and neighborhood street. As a result, HBE operators use different techniques to configure these spaces, starting from a simple (cleaning and changing of function of space) to comprehensive (adjusting partitions, extension and enclosure of veranda, replacing the structure step-bystep, constructing rooms & building temporary movable structures). The study has also revealed that the benefits of accomodating this HBE at the domestic space are: closeness to customers & service (time and money saving), symbiosis in the phenomenon and optimal use of the house, household participation and family supervision, and enhancement of security. However, the challenges are nuisance related (noise, smell, dust and smoke), risks related (Such as health, privacy, and security), and crowding. The study found out HBEs are the primary income source to support the households. Despite the fact that, respondents have different perception regarding the use of domestic space for home based work. The integration of HBE activities into the domestic setting is appreciated: when dwellers have small household number, ample room area or where the activity intensively takes place outside the dwelling (such as, courtyard and adjacent neighborhood streets).As well as, households support the integration of the HBE activity when there is no movement of the working equipment. Surprisingly, households with scarce space and having large household number, still have positive perception due to its being their indispensible income source, enabling them to cover their daily expenses. Nevertheless, respondents have a negative perception towards intgration of the home based income generation activity in the domestic space, where the activity creates health related risk (dust & smoke) and crowdedness. Based on the findings, the study concluded that accommodation of the HBE in the domestic space is an important way through which the low-income households can earn and boost their living. Hence, understanding the configuration and meaning of the domestic space for this purpose is essential. Key Words: Home-based income generation; domestic space configuration, women in self-employment (WISE), Addis-Ketema, Addis Ababa
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    Income Generation and Jobcreation in Public Housing LaseStudy of Selected condominium Sitesin Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-03) Mestie, Wondwossen; Alemayehu, Yonas
    The economic effect of housing had been debatable in the past. However, recent global experiences showed that housing has significant impact on urban economy. It creates jobs for unskilled labor during construction and stimulates income generating activities for the urban poor. The Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP) is a public urban housing scheme designed to use housing as instrument for poverty alleviation and job creation in Ethiopia. However IHDP, commonly called “condominium housing program”, is criticized for focusing only on the physical improvement of housing than wider socioeconomic aspects of the beneficiaries. On contrary, IHDP is praised for its success on job creation through Micro and Small-scale Enterprises (MSEs). This study investigates income generating activities and assesses job creation in IHDP projects in Addis Ababa. It is designed as two fold and dictated by these two key ideas: income generation and job creation. For the first thesis regarding income generation, case study research method is adopted and four different cases are selected. For the second thesis, i.e job creation, both desk review and case study was adopted as a research strategy. The desk review and evidences from this case are cross referenced for conclusion. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are employed in the study. Analysis of quantitative data was conducted using SPSS: a statistical software design for analysis. Based on the empirical evidence from the case study the following findings are revealed. Two types of income generating activities are observed in condominiums. These are communal income generating activities operated by community based associations and home-based economic activities operated by individuals. The frequency of homebased economic activities operated by individuals varies substantially. Renting is the most frequent income generating activities which outnumbered the remaining home-based enterprises. Particularly, in inner-city condominiums sites most units are occupied by tenants. Vending is the second most frequent income generating activity. The finding indicates that HBEs are common in studied sites in the outskirts of the city. During field survey 26 home-based enterprises are found in Repi I and Repi II condominium sites. On contrast HBEs are not common in inner-city sites. Most businesses are operated by women engaged in small businesses which are the replications of domestic activities. HBEs have vital impact on the livelihood of operators especially for women and unemployed. No considerable negative impact of HBEs is observed. Most HBEs are located in the ground while some located in higher floors. In terms of spatial usage, Kitchen is the most interchangeably used space for income generating activity. The evidences from Lideta Redevelopment Project and desk review indicate that significant jobs are created through MSEs. Even though MSEs are involved in small sub-contractual works and construction material production, they have substantial contribution in creating casual jobs. MSE created sustainable job rather than safety nets
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    The Management of Water in the Ihdp Program: How Sustainable is it?
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-01) Eyob, Yohana; Alemayehu, Yonas
    The Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP) is an ongoing mass housing development for low and middle income dwellers of urban areas in Ethiopia. This study examines the sustainability of water management in the occupied IHDP neighborhoods in Addis Ababa. The phenomenon is investigated through the analysis of a case study. The data are primarily collected through qualitative techniques supplemented by a quantitative technique. This was done in three parts: first finding out pre-design and design considerations of water management for Gofa-Mebrathaile condominium site; second investigate the household water management trend in relation to the design of the condominiums and third is measuring the level of sustainability of the water management for this neighborhood. Based on the empirical evidence from the case study and analytical generalization the following findings are revealed. With the aim to alleviate the living standards of people the housing units are designed with indoor toilets and kitchens. This is considered to be one of the achievements of the IHDP; before moving to the condominiums, in the slum areas, people were using shared kitchens and toilets among a large group of people or do not have it at all. Due to this and the existence of flush toilets and use of conventional sewerage system the average daily demand is increased to be 111 l/c/d from the previous 30 l/c/d. From this amount 80% of the water is calculated to be used by the flush toilets to make the sewerage system work properly. But the demand and supply of water are not balanced. Due to this the case area is suffering from shortage of water. People stay on average three to four days without water and this gets even worse in dry seasons which could go more than eight days. The apartment units (usually small spaces) and the shared spaces are being occupied by water storage containers as most of the building are not built with water reservoirs. Since the toilets and kitchens are found inside the units, there is a big chance of contamination when the water supply is interrupted, which puts the residents health in a high risk. They cannot also access external toilets in their surrounding as such options are not considered with the neighborhood design. The actions taken by different authorities are not integrated in order to solve the problem. AAWSA is the only responsible body to manage water and to overcome the problem of water shortage. The actions taken by this organization are traditional and there are no much considerations for alternative and innovative ways. Even if there are some considerations to adopt some sustainable water management principles by AAWSA, but since other decisions are not integrated the overall effect is not very visible. The sustainable water management performance assessment method done in this research, shows that water management is partly unsatisfactory in terms of the accepted sustainable water management principles for developing countries. Finally the study recommends possible iv solutions for the already built condominiums and the coming ones to have a more sustainable practice in the management of water for housing development
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    Open Space Quality And Sustainability: The Spatial Aspects of Low Cost Condominium Neighbourhood Open Spaces in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2014-02) Admasu, Fitsum; Alemayehu, Yonas
    Urban redevelopment is the effort currently undergoing in the city of Addis Ababa This research examines a phenomenon currently happening in the open spaces of Addis Ababa condominium neighbourhoods.it focuses on spatial aspect and sustainability of condominium neighbourhood open space. The research investigated the phenomenon through analysing two selected case study areas located in Kirkos and Nifassilk-lafto Sub cities of Addis Ababa. The research method used is a case study method in which both primary and secondary data were collected through qualitative and quantitative technique. The qualitative data analyses are done through discussion, comparative analysis of empirical observation and mapping. Random sampling method is applied to choose households during the survey. This research is carried out from the perspective in which quality and sustainability of open space is viewed as a significant element of organisation. Two categories of activities were used to evaluate the quality of open space and the result shows that necessary activities have been the dominant one, which leads to conclude that outdoor spaces are found in poor spatial qualities. However, most of the times a majority of open spaces is found to be dull and inactive, it was able to identify major uses and activities of open space. The research found a distinguished edge and central space within a defined open space in which the first is most chosen by the residents than the later. The study also found three major approaches of open space management in which the first is run by condominium owners association, the second is by business owners and the third is by self-motivated dwellers. A close connection between pedestrian movement, road hierarchy within the neighbourhood, and provision of commercial services are revealed by this study. Furthermore, lack of proper open space management, inefficient use of existing features and assets, poor arrangement of landscaping elements have heightened the un-sustainability of the study areas in spatial aspects. Finally, based on the findings of the study recommendations are forwarded. Keywords: Quality, Landscape, Open space, Sustainability, Activity
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    Planning and Design Processes and Organizational structures in Mass Housing: The case of Addis Ababa Integrated Housing Development Program
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Abate, Redeat; Alemayehu, Yonas
    In the urbanized part of Ethiopia, the need for housing had always been eminent and Addis Ababa city, being the capital, has seen its fair share. In the past decade, the introduction of the Integrated Housing Development Program (IHDP) had presented Addis Ababa with providing housing opportunities for the mass population while fulfilling other objectives related to housing. Approximately 276,000 houses were built and jobs were created but the housing demand still remained. This accounted to many factors, one of which was the fact that much of the project was not completed in its designated time. The driving force for the research lies on the need for understanding about the IHDP, to find data related to how mass housing projects are produced and who the actors were that were involved in the planning and design process. The research has taken a case-study method for a better description and explanatory take on planning and design processes and organizational structures in the Addis Ababa IHDP. The research found several critical points regarding both design/planning process and organizational structures. From the organizational structure perspective, the research found that AAHDPO (which had to change its structure from product divisional to geographic divisional to the current matrix structure) is the constant actor that remained through different phases in the making of AAIHDP whereas other governmental, non- governmental and private actors participated in within different timelines with AAHDPO. There were cases of duplication of effort in organizations where there shouldn‘t occur and a lack of a proper monitoring mechanism (actor) for projects in AAIHDP. There is also no room given for the local community in the planning and design process. From the process standpoint, there have been issues with sequence in the LDP, NHD and typology preparation where typology precedes the first two. Consecutively, LDP & NHD preparation were given a time of 1 month whereas typology designs were given 60 days showing that the designs that needed more time to develop are given half the amount of time. The research finally puts forward recommendations for both design/ planning process and organizational structures. Recommendations such as less duplication of effort, participation of the local community in the design and planning process, a statement of a clear housing policy, a clear flow of design and planning process shall be considered. Key words: Design and Planning Process, Organizational Structure, Mass Housing, Integrated Housing Development Program
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    vernacular Architecture of Argobba, Ethiopia: The Case of Shonke Amba
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-12) Enyew, Mehari; Alemayehu, Yonas
    Vernacular architecture is dwelling and other buildings of people and structures made by empirical builders without the intervention of professional architects. In other words it can be defined as the architectural languages of the people. It is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials, reflecting local traditions and the highest form of sustainable building using the most available material. The main objective of this research was to document the spatial elements and heritages of the Argobba people found at the locality of Shonke Amba at settlement, compound and house level. The study basically aimed at documenting the formation of the settlement i.e., space used, methods of construction and existing house typologies. The origin of the name ‘Argobba’ has two assumptions. First the elders of Shonke Amba say that, Argobba means Areb gebba (Arabs have entered). The second is Har gubba which means silk that is seen on mountain. Argobba are people found in south eastern Wello and north- eastern of Shewa the current Amhara regional estate in Ethiopia. They are Muslim, self-sufficient agriculturists, traditional cloth weavers and merchants. Their home land stretches between north Oromia to south Wello on the ranges of mountain or escarpments. To achieve the objective, an integrated approach, which included anthropological, sociological, behavioral and architectural, research method, was used. The case study was conducted on 24 selected houses (local called dereb bet). The selection was conducted based on the type of dwellings and their compounds. A review from literature, questionnaire, interviews, maps, GPS and photographs were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using tables, maps, GIS, perception maps. The analysis result shows that the settlement is divided into three sub settlements (genda’s). The compound form is a polygon with an area size ranging from 21 – 236 m2. The major elements of the compound are the house, weret (animal domain) and Kara (the front yard). The house is classified into four types. Two row (local name self or jemb is a space created between two rows of column) three rows, four rows, and five rows house type. The roads within the settlement are organic grid system with road names and hierarchy. The entire house at Shonke Amba is very close to the narrow access road. The reasons behind this are 1) to utilize the maximum space for settlement at the Amba. 2) to mislead the location during aggression and 3) to protect themselves from invaders. The house and the Amba based settlement are the identities of Argobba people because the settlement has preserved the culture and religion of Argobba for the last 834 years. Currently this amazing heritage site has been demolished for the need for wooden columns, (local name bala) main wooden beam, (local name feres) and secondary wooden beam (local name gadim), to reconstruct the house around the farm area. The study recommends that all bodies concerned should take immediate action to preserve the site for tourist attraction by creating awareness among the Argobba people about the heritage and the social benefit. In addition to these improving basic needs such as developing clean v water source, providing clean communal toilets, having accommodation space for tourists, improving the road infrastructure for easy access should be considered. Moreover, the water proof flat roof and the load resistant wooden beam made of Olive tree or common name African wild Olive (local name woira) need further research which might contribute a lot for the future sustainable housing development