Browsing by Author "Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)"

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    Assessing Practice of Journalism Principles on Crime Reporting in Case of Addis Police TV Program
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-05) Dawit Eshetu; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    Crime related TV programs are highly influential. In our country there are programs which focused on crime and law enforcement issues. While focusing on the sensational and most violent crimes, it may seem the programs ignore the more common types of crime that are more likely to affect the viewers. This study focuses on examining to what extent media law and journalistic principles are practiced in Addis TV police program. The data collection method of the research delivered in qualitative approach. To analyze the contents of the program, coding sheet was developed by the researcher from the review of literature. This helped the tone, themes, sources of information, and frames of programs used. The researcher used purposive sampling for qualitative content analysis. This study concentrates on analyzing Addis Police TV programs which were broadcasted in 2010 E.C. To be specific, out of a total of 96 the first programs of each months, totally 12 productions were randomly selected. This time is selected because it was the time that the public rally and demonstration reached its peak. The study found that the program is partial. The study found that the program played an extremely important role as a propaganda machine of the government. Contrary with the reality Addis police TV program frequently told to its audience the law enforcement in the nation is at normal circumstance rather exposing acts of bad governance by the rulers. The study unveil that the program played PR role. Crime issues are presented subjectively; it is not objectively designed in journalistic manner. The program played a role not only inform the public, but also change the public’s attitudes and behaviors to build the image of police commission like what the PR did.
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    Assessment of Media Development in Tigray
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Zemchal, Danial; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    The research, “Assessment of Media Development in Tigray”, focused on measuring media development based on the UNESCO‟s MDI. The pillars of the assessment are regulation and practice of freedom of expression, transparency of media ownership, media as a platform of democratic discourse, professional capacity building as well as capacity of media infrastructure. It also examined the relationship among the media development measures through binary logistic regression statistical measure, SPSS. A combination of quantitative questionnaire survey and qualitative; in-depth personal interview and FGD are employed. From the total 552 total population of media and media support professionals in Tigray 232 participated in the questionnaire survey and 26 in the in-depth interview. Likewise, Tigray, Kunama and Irob ethnic communities participated in three FGDs. Stratified sampling was employed for quantitative questionnaire survey while purposive sampling used for in-depth interview and FGDs. Based on the findings, freedom of expression is guaranteed in Ethiopian constitution and media related proclamations. But there is no official media policy at national and regional level. Moreover, the access to information proclamation is less critical to come-up with accountability measures for denial and delay of access to information. Above and beyond, 60% of respondents stated that the heavy tax levied on media and media technologies challenged the development of media. Further, government monopoly of the printing press, high cost of paper, less protection for confidential sources are also drawbacks of the media. Besides, 68% responded economic dependence of the media on government funding sources halted the diversity of media and media content. The private media are too weak in their institutional arrangements and are challenged by lack of information as well as economic and political pressures. Likewise, the media in Tigray are less accessible to rural societies and ethnic co-cultures. Limitations in professional capacity of media practioners, although 64% of journalists and 77% of media managers in Tigray graduated in fields other than journalism; unavailability of evening and extension journalism classes, less contextualized journalism regular class courses, less consultancy engagements of journalism scholars in the media and limitations in media technology equipments are also the challenges of media development in Tigray. Finally, based on the finding regarding the relationship among the indicators, the degree of presence of censorship has negative relationship with content diversity. The presence of censorship and self-censorship resulted in decrease in diversity of media content in Tigray. Placement of advertisement by the state is in favor of the state media that resulted significant double increase (OR=2.195) in the media economic dependence in government revenue sources. And lastly, the influence of political interest of the governing party has negative (OR=0.786) relationship with the variety of political spectrum reflected by media. Thus, among other factors, political interest of the governing party in Tigray influenced diversity of content that resulted in less media attention on different views in the political spectrum.
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    Comparative Analysis of Press Freedom Practice Before and After the “Reform” : Case Study on Addis Zemen Newspaper
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Ewunetie, Dawit; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    The main purpose of the current study is to assess how press freedom has been exercised before and after Abiy Ahmed was appointment as Prime Minister of Ethiopia. It also aims at examining particularly how state owned media practice it freedom of reporting and writing without government intervention. One state owned media (Addis Zemen) newspaper was selected as a case study. Based on purposive sampling technique, one of the reasons is it‟s the only daily newspaper owned by the state. Qualitative content (textual analyses) was employed to collect and analyze the news stories. In depth individual interviews were applied to collect data from two editors, one editor in chief and three reporters from the newspaper as well as veteran journalist and scholar from the field. Two year sampling period was taken (one year before and one year after coming of Abiy) for news analysis. This period was selected because much repressive or restriction were happening on press before the coming of Abiy and after “reform” as the political and economy structure changed, the government promises to give more emphasis on building democracy system that enables to give press freedom. From this period a total of 14 stories which published at political column of the newspaper were purposely selected and analyzed. Diversity perspectives, tone, balancing source, critique and government propagandas are the major theme of the discussion. The finding of this study discovered that the selected state owned print media Addis Zemen newspaper news reporting after “reform” was the same as after reform. Both before and after the reform the newspaper faced lack of information accessibility, lack of diversity viewpoints, lack of critique, serves for government propaganda, lack of investigative issues, censorship and intervention of government. The result of study also indicated thatthe press freedomin state owned media before and after the reformdidn't show visible change.The government should have commitment to freedom of expression and the press thereby giving attention to the implementation of the press law.
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    A Framing Analysis of People with Disability in Ethiopian Newspapers
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Dangul, Gezahegne; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    The main objective of the present study was to analyze how Addis Zemen and Reporter newspapers framed and covered issues of people with disabilities. The study aimed at identifying and analyzing the dominant frames and themes used while reporting on issues of disability in the government and private owned newspapers. The content analyzed newspapers cover a period of one year from September 11, 2017 to September 10, 2018. In one-year period of the study, it was found only 44 stories in two selected newspapers. Out of these, 33 articles are published in Addis Zemen and 11 articles are printout in the Reporter newspapers. An interview was also conducted with two editors and one reporter of the newspapers. The major findings of the content analysis indicated that Addis Zemen and Reporter newspapers‘ coverage of issues of disability was characterized by a dominant use of the neglect and the educative themes and the attribution responsibility frame. Eight articles have the educative theme in the Addis Zemen newspaper where five articles have the neglect theme in the Reporter newspaper. Nine articles have the attribution responsibility frame in the Addis Zemen while the Reporter has 5 articles. Addis Zemen has 18 featured articles, while 8 articles constitute news. The Reporter has 5 articles constituting news, while 4 are features .Addis Zemen has 3 front page, and 5 back page articles; the remaining 25 are inside page articles; 26 of these articles are large sized and 7 are medium sized. The Reporter published 9 large sized and 2 medium sized articles. The Addis Zemen has 12 articles on multiple disability, 8 on visual impairment, 6 on physical disability, 3 on hearing difficulty, and 2 articles on mental illness and leprosy. The Reporter newspaper has 6 articles on multiple disability, 2 on physical disability, and 1 article on visual impairment, speaking difficulty and depression.21 articles have used government organizations‘ officials as their sources in the Addis Zemen and Reporter publications. In 16 articles find people with disability as sources of information, while in 11 articles NGOs and in another 11 articles experts are used as sources of information. The findings implied that issues of disability were not considered prominent in both of the newspapers. The findings also implied that the newspapers do not give attention to the achievement of people with disabilities.
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    Framing Analysis on Conflict between Federal Government and Tigray People Liberation Front (From November 4/2020-January 11/2021): The Case of ENA and Reuters
    (AAU, 2021-11) Bahiru, Betelhem; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    The purpose of this study is to examine how ENA (local news agency) and Reuters (international ones) frame the conflict between the federal government and TPLF were reported in the sampled period of November 2020 to January 2021. The aforementioned period is purposely chosen because that, the period from November 4, 2020, to January 11, 2021, was the time where the conflict started till the catchment of the higher officials of the TPLF. The sampled media were selected purposely since they repeatedly reported that specific conflict issue. The sample news agencies are from national and international and the English version of the news agencies was selected to avoid vagueness while translating the Amharic version (in case of ENA). In addition, the two media framed and cover the situation in different ways. To meet the main objectives of the study, three research questions were prepared. These are; to what extent did the two media (news, news analysis, and feature) focus on reporting the conflict of the two groups in a selected time, how did the two media frame stories of conflict report on the sampled period, who was used as a source to cover the conflict issues in the stated time frame. The study used quantitative content analysis and textual analysis to answer the research questions. The result of the study revealed that the conflict reporting in the selected media, specifically, ENA and Reuters were inclined to use one source and exclude the voiceless. The study recommends that the two sampled media should provide information to the public by respecting the ethical values of the profession.
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    Framing of the 2016 Amhara Uprising by Local and International Media: EBC and VOA Radio in Focus
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Shenkute, Getenet; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    This study examines how the local and international media framed the Amhara Uprising that was a popular anti-government movement from 8 July to 30 September 2016. The study on Amhara Uprising examines that how this social movement/protest was presented in the pro-government news media i.e. Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC) national service and Voice of America (VOA) Amharic by employing frame and the protest paradigm model under the umbrella of critical theory as a dominant theoretical frameworks. This frame textual analysis comprised all news, news stories, news analysis and radio programs in the selected periods of the Amhara Uprising on the two news media outlets. The study peruses a purely a qualitative method approach has been employed both to examine the dominant themes/frames narrative structure and editorial pressures and political influences on journalists working in the selected media outlets to use a balanced frame or perspective during the Amhara Uprising. A semi-structured and open-ended in-depth interview was conducted with five respondents or journalists from the two radio stations to understand whether they practiced the very fundamental journalistic professionalism or they had faced some external pressure from political actors and editors when they produced and covered news stories during this social movement. The study selected two media outlets employed different narratives to frame Amhara Uprising. In this regard, the pro-government EBC radio predominantly used the “anti-peace and development forces” frame while VOA Amahric employed an overarching “Ethnic Tension” frame dominantly as a casual analysis for Amhara Uprising. EBC radio with its anti-peace and development forces frame, demonized, marginalized, delegitimized and downplayed the protesters as threat of the social status quo by using the set of routine that always the main stream media employ the conventional protest reporting known as protest paradigm model. However, VOA radio portrayed the protest as the result of political, economical and social marginalization on Ethnic Amhara people were accommodated in the last 27 years. VOA emphasized on the ethnic tension frame and victimization frame that was characterized by high focus of injuries, causalities and civilians or security forces death. The study of editorial and political pressure on journalists has shown that the respondents were highly influenced by poetical actors and editorial policies to follow a journalistic merit.
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    Investigating Population Growth Issues Coverage in the Ethiopian Media: In the case of Addis Zemen and Addis Admas newspapers
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Alemahu, Addis; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    The aim of this study was to investigate the news coverage of rapid population growth issues/stories in Addis Zemen and Addis Admas Newspapers. In light of the study objectives, the researcher bases on four research questions. Agenda setting and framing were employed as theoretical frameworks of the study. To make a description on the quantity and quality of Rapid Population growth news coverage of the two selected media outlets, a total of 730 from Addis Zemen and 102 from Addis Admas publishes were collected, spanning from 2009 E.C to 2010 E.C. 5,639 news/stories were dealing with various issues in both newspapers. From the total number of 5,639 news stories, 4536 were collected from the daily news of Addis Zemen newspaper and the remaining 1,103 news stories from the weekly news of Addis Admas newspaper. The news editions were selected by using census method to avoid zero chance. Content analysis was made on news editions to gather data with reference to the amount and quality of population growth issues coverage. In addition, in-depth interviews were made with senior editors, reporters and experts from family planning centers and central statics agency to gather qualitative data used to back the results found via the quantitative content analysis method. The study discovered that rapid population growth stories were not given priority in their news agenda of both media outlets. The prevalence of population growth stories in comparison with others stories were found to be insignificant or minor. Both newspapers were found to give more coverage to domestic population growth stories than to those foreign ones. Government officials and Experts/scholars were the dominant source of the news stories of the Addis Zemen and Addis Admas newspaper respectively. The natures of stories were informative. The impact news frame was found to be dominant being applied in most of the population growth stories of the media studied. The economic frame was the second dominant news frame used. But, a difference was observed between the two media in making use of the economic frame. Relevant recommendations have been made for the findings.
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    Survey of Job Satisfaction Level of Public Relation Practitioners in Ethiopia: The Case of Some Federal Governmental Organizations in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Kuma, Berhanu; Alemayehu, Mulatu (PhD)
    Job satisfaction is the attitude and feelings people have about their work. This study aims to investigate job satisfaction level of PR practitioners in Ethiopia: the case of some FDRE Governmental organizations. The job satisfaction level survey is comprised of ten factors or dimensions: Payment, Promotion, Leadership and Supervision, Fringe Benefits, Contingent Rewards, Rules and procedures, Coworkers, Work environment, Internal Communication and General Job satisfaction. The research design in this study is a descriptive survey. Mixed (qualitative and quantitative) methods of study are also used. Non-probability sampling has been used to assess job satisfaction level. Thus, questionnaire is administered to obtain data from 90 PR practitioners from six Federal Governmental Organizations: FDRE Ministry of Health, FDRE Ministry of Finance, FDRE Electric Utility, FDRE Human Rights Commission, FDRE Ministry of Agriculture and FDRE Ministry of Innovation and Technology. The study utilizes questionnaire encompasses 40 questions in Likert scale and a few open ended question as well as in-depth interviews were employed with six PR directors for the research instrument. The collected data were statistically and qualitatively analyzed. The empirical findings from the study indicate that PRs practitioners working at different federal governmental organization, where the research was conducted, and most respondents were not satisfied and the level of their job satisfaction was also low. The study finding pointed out that the level of job satisfaction of PR practitioners in relation to payment, promotion, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, rules and procedures and internal communication satisfaction was low. Most PRs practitioners’ dissatisfaction factor was extrinsic rewards which are external to the job and come from an outside source, mainly from management. Therefore, to increase PR practitioners’ job satisfaction government should give attention for factors that affect job satisfaction. An organization to be successful, they need to satisfy their PR practitioners’ employees since highly satisfied workers exert maximum effort to their organizations success. It is also necessary to improve employees’ performance through job satisfaction.