Browsing by Author "Mekete Bekele"

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    Determinants of Livestock and Feed Water Productivity in the Mixed Crop–Livestock Production System of Debre Berhan Milkshed, Central Highlands of Ethiopia
    (2018-05) Mekete Bekele; Ashenafi Mengistu
    The study was conducted in the mixed crop-livestock system of Debre Berhan milkshed in central highlands of Ethiopia to assess and determine agricultural water productivity related to livestock production and explore their determinants. The need to meet the growing demand for livestock products and services coupled with multiple uses of water is expected to intensify pressure on finite freshwater. Knowing the level of freshwater consumption for livestock production is relevant to devise strategies for efficient water use and allocation in the system. A multistage sampling procedure was followed to select 159 farmers from different wealth status (50 in the poor, 58 in the medium and 51 in the better-off) grouped mainly based on land and livestock ownership. Livestock products and services, and feed dry matter obtained at farm level over the year were used as numerators to estimate livestock water productivity (LWP) and feed water productivity (FWP), respectively. The volume of water evapotranspired for feed production was used as a common denominator for both LWP and FWP. Cultivated and grazing lands (GL) were major sources of feed where water use of livestock was fundamentally linked. The annual food-feed crops grown that constituted staple human food and major livestock feed were barley, wheat, faba bean and field pea. The livestock density on grazing land was almost twice that of cultivated cropland which showed the importance of crop byproducts for livestock feeding. The contribution of crop residues to total feed supply sourced on-farm and purchased combined was 55%. However, the annual feed dry matter (DM), metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein (DCP) supplies and requirements of livestock did not match at present. The livestock feed insufficiency unanimously affects farmers irrespective of wealth status, though wealthier suffered more. Overall, about 51, 19 and 38% of annual feed deficit in DM, ME and DCP were observed, respectively. On average 0.60 kg m-3 (ranging from 0.59 to 0.61 kg m-3) of FWP was obtained. However, FWP of crop residues (CR) and GL were contrastingly different across wealth groups, where better-off gained more on CR and vice versa on GL. Moreover, much of the water depleted was on GL, irrespective of wealth status. The inflow and outflow dynamics of cattle and equines over the year was not frequent and in large numbers either, rather the conceivable outputs obtained from cattle were milk, traction services and manure, and that of equines was transportation. In case of sheep the dynamics were recurrent; correspondingly the most plausible beneficial output was due to offtake. Generally low offtake rates and high death rates contributed to reduced annual benefit from livestock and impacted the LWP. Livestock water productivity was significantly different across wealth groups. On average 0.23 USD m-3 (ranging from 0.16 to 0.23 USD m-3 following wealth gradient) of LWP was attained. Access to credit and training positively influenced both FWP and LWP, while other factors explain FWP and LWP differently. Evaluation of native grasses and legumes, and improved forages for biomass productivity, nutritive value and water use; improving feeding value of CR with treatment and supplementation; maintenance of healthy productive animals; strengthen enabling institutions that support farmers such as cooperatives, credit, extension and training services and application of soil and water conservation; and proper grazing management are expected to improve water use for livestock production.
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    Enforcement of Land Use Plan in Nfas Silk Lafto and Kolfe Keranio Sub Cities: The Law and Practice
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-07) Cheru Debiso; Mekete Bekele
    Land is important for various uses for the development of cities. On the other hand, the utilization of land is highly abused. Hence, the land use should be led by effective plan. To apply effective plan and to avoid abuse of land use plan enforcement, it needs to have strong legal and institutional frameworks, strong regulating mechanisms, active public participation and technical skilled experts. Therefore, the research has undertaken the law and practice of enforcement of LUP in Nfas Silk Lafto and Kolfe Keranio Sub cities. The research has found that there are abuses of land use plan enforcement (the LUP enforcement‟s law and practices are incompatible). Therefore, it recommends that this incompatibility of law and practice should be solved by applying strong legal and institutional framework to enforce proper land use plan.
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    Enforcement of Solid Waste Management Laws in Addis Ababa: The Law and the Practice
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Andargachew Wedaje; Mekete Bekele
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    Ensuring Sustainable Forestry Management in Ethiopia from the Millenium Development Goals Perspectives
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-12) Teshome Besufekad; Mekete Bekele
    The issue of climate change and environmental degradation due to global warming and other factors are the current issues of the world since they are causing serious problems to the world. In order to address those global problems, in September 2000, the United Nation comes up with the Millennium Declaration with eight goals to be achieved in 2015. In the meantime, all member states of the world including Ethiopia agreed on the whole content of the declaration. Among the MDGs, Goal Seven i.e. ensuring environmental sustainability is studied from the perspectives of forestry management in Ethiopia. In contextualizing the MDGs, sustainable forestry management is sectorial component part of the whole environment. Thus sustainable forest management includes the extent of forests, biological diversity, vitality, productivity, protective and socio economic functions of forests, and legal, policy and institutional framework so that the need of future generation is not compromised for the present demand. In this respect, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia and the Forest Conservation and Utilization Policies are instrumental policy documents. On the other hand, the former strategic document PASDEP and the current strategic framework GTP focus on detailed targets to address the need for sustainable forestry management with the strategies to achieve MDGs. In addition Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy strategy is also very important. In relation to this sector, the FDRE Constitution, the FDRE Criminal Code, sectorial and crosssectorial legislations like Forest Development, Conservation and Utilization Proclamation (Proclamation No. 542/2007), Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Proclamation No. 299/2002) and Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proclamation No 300/2002) are mentioned. While EPA, MOA, IBC, EWCA and some NGOs working on environment are quite important. In relation to the actual undertakings the adaption plans of regions, rehabilitation practices, PFM and the development of CDM and REDD+ initiatives in some regional states have their own role in enhancing sustainable forestry management though the sector is not free from some serious challenges. Therefore it is very much necessary to have better enforcement upon promulgating regional laws with supporting regulations. Moreover, it is also recommendable to support NGOs and to reorganize MOA considering forestry management as a separate directorate so that the intended goal is met.
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    Environmental Pollution of the Leather Industry: A Case of Modjo City Administration
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-06) Mehret Milkeso; Mekete Bekele
    The main objective of the study is to examine the environmental pollution of the leather industry through environmental protection laws in order to control environment and mitigate pollution. The methodology employed here is doctrinal based on interview with the government officials’ environment, forest and climate change authority, technologist expertise and ordinary crews as well as, community members. A leather manufacturing industry is quite indispensable and one of the key toolkits for mitigating unskilled man power, to advance socioeconomic development through generating hard currency and adding value to export and import. Though, hazardous waste substances extraction and toxic waste effluents released from the tanning and leather industry results a tremendous socioeconomic crisis on the society living in the industry vicinity and impacted the environment, human health and biodiversity. Due to toxic chemicals extraction from the leather industries peoples living in the Modjo city and surroundings areas are claiming for damage caused by the industries. It is because of poor sewerage waste and failure of hazardous solid waste control and enforcement of environmental protection legislation. Hence, the author has tried to elaborate adverse impact of environmental pollution into soil productivity and water quality in light of environmental protection and control legislations.
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    Environmental Pollution of the Leather Industry: A Case of Modjo City Administration
    (Addis Ababa, 2021-06) Mehret Milkeso; Mekete Bekele
    The main objective of the study is to examine the environmental pollution of the leather industry through environmental protection laws in order to control environment and mitigate pollution. The methodology employed here is doctrinal based on interview with the government officials’ environment, forest and climate change authority, technologist expertise and ordinary crews as well as, community members. A leather manufacturing industry is quite indispensable and one of the key toolkits for mitigating unskilled man power, to advance socioeconomic development through generating hard currency and adding value to export and import. Though, hazardous waste substances extraction and toxic waste effluents released from the tanning and leather industry results a tremendous socioeconomic crisis on the society living in the industry vicinity and impacted the environment, human health and biodiversity. Due to toxic chemicals extraction from the leather industries peoples living in the Modjo city and surroundings areas are claiming for damage caused by the industries. It is because of poor sewerage waste and failure of hazardous solid waste control and enforcement of environmental protection legislation. Hence, the author has tried to elaborate adverse impact of environmental pollution into soil productivity and water quality in light of environmental protection and control legislations.
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    Land Possession Disputes in Addis Ababa: The Case of Meskel Square and Jan Meda
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Seifu Meaza; Mekete Bekele
    It is supposed that land possession is one form of owning property. It is accomplished by taking possession with the intent to become the lawful possessor. In reality, rights of land possession may be proved merely by possession or presenting documentary evidence to settle an existing dispute. Hence, the main objective of this study is to examine the rights to land possession regarding Meskel Square and Jan Meda. In order to attain the objective of the study, the research used a doctrinal legal research methodology, which incorporated a thorough review of land related laws, case law, legal reasoning and interview. It analytically scrutinized the rights to land possession and the claim of EOTC over the Meskel Square and Jan Meda land dispute by studying various provisions of the relevant laws to unreservedly understand the rights to land possession existing over the disputed land. The study found that, EOTC has rights to land possession for a long period of time without interference over Meskel Square and Jan Meda; aside the existing land laws, the mayor of Addis Ababa City`sdecision-making regarding the disputed land possession is in error laws fully; which has resulted in increased land disputes among various religious institutions. As a result, these various religious institutions have suffered to get proper government response to overcome the problem. At the end, the study recommends that, instead of confusing the people at large, the information about Meskel Square and Jan Meda must be made available and accessible to all Ethiopian society; and disputing land possession rights over the place must get permanent official and legal oversight to disinvite various groups in to the dispute.
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    The Legal Basis of Reparation Claim for Climate Change Damage Under International Law: The Perspective of Vulnerable Developing Countries
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-12) Yitages Mengstie; Mekete Bekele
    There is unequivocal scientific consensus that the global climate is changing and that man-made GHG emissions have caused the warming observed since the 1950s. The principal cause for high level accumulation of GHGs in the atmosphere is that of burning of fossil fuels which are connected with the economic activities of industrialized world. This human-induced climate change is producing or will produce significant adverse effects on economies, people and environment of the international community. The impacts of climate change are experienced unevenly. Even if poor countries are least responsible for causing the problem, scientific predictions of impacts of climate change have demonstrated that they will suffer the most severe consequences of climate change. The legal regimes put in place are inadequate to tackle the global climate change problem. UNFCCC is a framework agreement and hence contain no specific binding commitments. Even if the Kyoto protocol to the convention imposed concrete obligation on developed states to reduce their GHG emissions by specific amount, these standards do not meet those recommended by climate scientists. Moreover, the worst emitters of GHG are either outside the protocol such as USA or have no binding reduction obligation such as China. In light of this regulatory failure, victims of climate change are warning that they are thinking ways to bring the worst emitters of GHGs to justice. The question that could arises is whether there is a legal basis under international legal framework that oblige the industrialized nations to compensate particularly vulnerable developing countries for inevitable damage and loss associated with climate change. The analysis in this thesis has shown that the climate change regime offer no opportunity for particularly vulnerable countries to oblige the worst GHG emitters to pay compensation for climate change damage. A better opportunity may indeed lie in appealing to primary rule of general international law and to the rules of state responsibility. The most important rule identified is that of the well-established rule of customary international law called the no-harm rule. The no-harm rule requires states to prevent damage and to minimize the risk of damage to other states. The writer argue that despite remaining gaps and legal as well as factual problems, claims by particularly vulnerable developing countries against specified developed countries, alleging violation of the no-harm rule and seeking compensation would have a firm basis in international law. However, the writer is also of the opinion that to claim the discharge of the legal duty under the no-harm rule, instituting adjudication proceedings for several individual cases should not be the choice. The first choice must be that both the developed countries and the vulnerable developing countries should act in collaborative manner to establish a comprehensive and practical compensation scheme. Key terms: climate change, climate change damage, reparation, particularly vulnerable developing countries, no-harm rule, state responsibility
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    REDD+ as a Flexibility Mechanism to deal with the Climate Change Problem: Analysis of Legal and Institutional Frameworks in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Mesud Gebeyehu; Mekete Bekele
    REDD+ is an effort to create a financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands thorough conservation and sustainable management of forests as well as enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Ethiopia is focusing on utilizing the emerging international framework and financial support for REDD+ to assist in addressing the problems of climate change. The importance of community participation and consultation is enshrined in the FDRE Constitution, the CRGE Strategy, the REDD+ Strategy, the EPE as well as the EIA, forest and land proclamations. However, these laws do not necessarily reflect the extent to which they are translated into practice. Clarifying status of individual, community and state rights and duties over forests in the legal framework of the country is the first step to determine the rights over carbon and related benefits. Ethiopia is at the second phase of the REDD+ implementation, many of the existing laws governing forestry are in the process of revision through the involvement of the REDD+ Secretariat which could be a good progress for the REDD+ implementation for the third phase from which Ethiopia expects huge investment which can support both early demonstration activities and future investment flows. The main problem in relation to REDD+ implementation remained fragmented forest governance. Therefore, addressing this problem requires intervention. The REDD+ institutional set up shall also be strengthened by establishing a strong working ties between vertical and horizontal stakeholders. It is also important to utilize the advice and research outputs of Universities and Research Organizations. The inputs from Civil Society and prominent individuals over policy construction shall also be considered.
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    The Role of Environmental Protection Authority in Guaranteeing and Protecting Environmental Rights in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-03) Dereje Damte ; Mekete Bekele
    The concept of environmental Protection and environmental ri g ht s are the recent developments in the world . It is after the 1972 Stockholm conference on human environment that the world became aware of the necessi ty of env ir onmental protection and the relationship between environment and human rights . Since then s ig nificant number of instruments are deve loped and adopted in different times in the world to make the environment safe for the health and wellbeing of mankind . Similarly in E thiopia since the formation of modern state or government , there were provisions under the laws protecting the environment. Especially beginning with the regime of Emperor Menelik II, and onwards until the coming in to power of the EPRDF led government in the year 1991 , there are provisions under the laws that one way or the other protect the environment. However, they are criticized as inadequate, dispersed, lacked comprehensiveness and focused on the economic advantages of the natural resources than focusing on the health and wellbeing of the society. Taking the weakness of the previous regimes and the global development of the environmental protection efforts into considerations, the [PROF led government enacted the FDRE Constitution in the year 1995 which g uarantee and recognize environmental rights of the people both in substantive as well as procedural manner. That means, it recognize the right to clean and healthy environment as substantive right as well as the right of the people to participate in environmental decision making together w ith access to information and access to justice as a procedural environmental rights . These constitutionally guaranteed rights of the people are n.lrther elaborated by th e EPE, the CSE and by the environmental leg islati ons such as [lAP, [PCP and SWMP . However , the mere constitutional guarantee of the rights does not mean that the right s of the people are respected . There has to be the mechanism and in stitu tion for the implementation and the monitoring of the same. As a result , the EPA is established a t the federal level to monitor the implementation of environmental laws in Ethiopia . In so doing the authority has to play number of roles which among others are playing the role of leadership in establishing strategies and priorities, in formulating practicable environmental standards, in assigning environmental inspectors, in in stalling so und technologies and the likes. When we see the practical application of the roles of E PA in monitoring the implementation of environmental laws, the writer can say the authority is not effective in performing its role of monitoring the implementation of en viro nmen tal laws that would protect the environmental right s of the people. That is due to external as we ll as internal sources of problems which need measures to be taken on the part or the government on the one hand a nd on the part of the auth ori ty on the other.
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    Structural Plan of Addis Ababa City: The Law and Practice in Relation to Urban Green Space
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012) Roman Yemanebirhan; Mekete Bekele
    Urban green spaces play a vital role in achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, and resilient. However, urban forestry and green spaces often receive limited attention in urban planning and admnistrstion. The primary objective of the study is to analyze the planning, policy, laws, and implementation strategies for urban green spaces in Addis Ababa, as well as the obstacles faced in the implementation process. The research incorporales both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were gathered through key informant interviews and field observations. Secondary data were obtained from Google Maps, satellite imagery, and a review of relevant literature, laws, policies, and Addis Ababa's structural plan. Existing policies and proclamations must be reinforced with Legislative regulations and comprehensive implementation frameworks to establish a foundation for actionable plans. Although stakeholders are engaged in similar green space development initiatives, they often operate within separate organizational structures. The city 's structural plan incorporates several principles for green space development, yet challenges persist in execution. Key informants have identified weak communication, rapid population growth, urbanization, and inadequate planning as significant obstacles to implementing green space projects. However, opportunities exist, including political commitment advancements in technology and the potential of existing green spaces, which can be further leveraged.
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    Urban Environmental Pollution by the Construction Industries: the Case of Dukam City Administration
    (Addis Ababa Unversity, 2021-06) Jemal Usman; Mekete Bekele
    Construction industry is a fundamental economic sector which permeates the other sectors as it transforms various resources into physical economy and social infrastructure necessary for socio-economic development. The expansions of Construction Industries are more likely to cause environmental pollution to urban center. This Thesis examined enforcement of environmental legal frameworks that relevant to control urban environmental pollution that emanated from construction industries in Dukam city administration at Oromia Regional State. The study found that the FDRE constitution and other environmental legislations guaranteed all persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment is also examined by this thesis whether they are implemented in practice or not. On the other hand, the local residents who live around and close to a place where construction activities underway are discontented with vehicles sound disturbance, noise, dust emission, unpleasant smell and other pollutants that have been released from the sites. Moreover, this thesis examines that urban environmental pollution by construction industry is accelerated due to absence of meaningful public consultation, lack of integrated environmental laws, lack of specific standards and weak enforcement of mitigation mechanisms to manage expected construction waste at early stage. This study also found out that there is no environmentally sound technology that converts construction and demolition wastes into economic benefit in order to create job opportunities for unemployment citizens. Municipal administration has a legal duty to manage construction and demolition waste either by itself or get into agreement with construction enterprises that generated construction and demolition wastes to refill solid waste disposal site. Dukam city EFCCA should work out seriously on the enforcement of EIA by giving due attention for vital importance of multi professionals, genuine public participation and strong cooperation of concerned government sectors in order to control pollution released by construction industries to urban environment.
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    Urban Environmental Pollution by the Construction Industries: The Case of Dukam City Administration
    (Addis Ababa, 2021-06) Jemal Usman; Mekete Bekele
    Construction industry is a fundamental economic sector which permeates the other sectors as it transforms various resources into physical economy and social infrastructure necessary for socio-economic development. The expansions of Construction Industries are more likely to cause environmental pollution to urban center. This Thesis examined enforcement of environmental legal frameworks that relevant to control urban environmental pollution that emanated from construction industries in Dukam city administration at Oromia Regional State. The study found that the FDRE constitution and other environmental legislations guaranteed all persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment is also examined by this thesis whether they are implemented in practice or not. On the other hand, the local residents who live around and close to a place where construction activities underway are discontented with vehicles sound disturbance, noise, dust emission, unpleasant smell and other pollutants that have been released from the sites. Moreover, this thesis examines that urban environmental pollution by construction industry is accelerated due to absence of meaningful public consultation, lack of integrated environmental laws, lack of specific standards and weak enforcement of mitigation mechanisms to manage expected construction waste at early stage. This study also found out that there is no environmentally sound technology that converts construction and demolition wastes intoeconomic benefit in order to create job opportunities for unemployment citizens. Municipal administration has a legal duty to manage construction and demolition waste either by itself or get into agreement with construction enterprises that generated construction and demolition wastes to refill solid waste disposal site. Dukam city EFCCA should work out seriously on the enforcement of EIA by giving due attention for vital importance of multi professionals, genuine public participation and strong cooperation of concerned government sectors in order to control pollution released by construction industries to urban environment.