Anatomy

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Browsing Anatomy by Author "Afework, Mekbeb (PhD)"

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    Assessment of Reliability of Greulich and Pyle (Gp) Method for Determination of Age of Children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, East Gojjam Zone
    (Addis Abeba University, 2016-03) Tsehay, Binalfew; Afework, Mekbeb (PhD)
    Introduction: The significance of chronological age has gained salience in response to the development of laws and policies that rely on age as a marker or boundary. Skeletal age, or bone age, is the most common measure for biological maturation of the growing human. Greulich & Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW2) are the most prevalently employed skeletal age techniques today. However, the applicability of the Greulich & Pyle standards to populations which differ from their reference population is often questioned. Objectives: To assess reliability of Greulich and Pyle (GP) method for determination of age of children at Debre Markos referral hospital, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Subjects and methods: Hospital based cross sectional study design was applied to children coming to Debre Markos referral hospital from May to October 2015 GC who are fulfilling inclusion criteria of the study. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and medcalc version 15 software. Significance was set at α= 0.05. Results: A total of 108 radiographs were analyzed. Mean skeletal age values are generally less than the corresponding chronological age. 64% of males and 63% of females sample CA were under estimated. The mean under-estimation was 11.8 months in the female sample and 8.7 months in the male sample. Although significant correlations were found to exist between SA and CA (p = .000), there was a significant difference between CA and SA (male, p = 0.0196; female, p = 0.0029). These differences occurred at 14, 19, 20, 21 and 22 years of age in females and 21 and 22 years of age in males.GP became inapplicable for the sample at 16 years for females and 16.5 years for males and later. Delay in skeletal maturation was observed in both sexes but the females in the sample are maturing earlier than the males. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest against the applicability of GP atlas and may not be directly applicable to an East Gojjam zone population. Recommendation: Large scale researches should be planned and nationwide guideline and atlas which can easily be used throughout the country should be developed. Key words: chronological age, bone age, Greulich & Pyle
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    Evaluation of the Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Aqueous Leaves Extracts of Artemisia Afra on Brain, Heart and Suprarenal Gland in Swiss Albino Mice
    (Addis Abeba University, 2015-08) Mekonen, Ketema; Afework, Mekbeb (PhD)
    Having primary health care is a human right which is fulfilled by western country because of expansion of health infrastructure, and increased quantity and quality of health professionals. But many developing countries including Ethiopia are yet far from achieving this. In Ethiopia, the majority of population relay on traditional medicine as a source of health care. The most common sources of traditional medicine are plants. A.afra is one of these plants that are used to treat different aliments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of A.afra on brain, heart and suprarenal glands. The study was conducted at Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy & Department of Physiology from Jan, 2014 to July, 2015. The plant was collected from Bale National park in Oromia Regional State. The plant was air dried and aqueous extract was prepared. In this research a total of 54 male and female mice of 8-12 weeks of age weighing 25-30g were used. The extract was given by oral rout in both acute and subacute study. The doses for acute toxicity study were 200mg/kg, 700mg/kg, 1200mg/kg, 2200mg/kg, 3200mg/kg, 4200mg/kg and 5000mg/kg of body weight, while for subacute toxcicy study a doses of 600mg/kg(low dose) and 1800mg/kg(high dose) of body weight were used. LD50 was grounded to be greater or above 5000mg/kg which indicates that the plant is relatively safe. There were no observed signs of toxicity at the lower three doses, although mild toxicity sign was observed at the higher dose level in dose dependent manner. In the subacute study, two treatment groups 600mg/kg and 1800mg/kg and one control group containing both sexes were used. Weights of mice were measured weekly and individual mice were observed for possible toxicity sign. At the end of 28 days, the animals were scarified and organs were harvested and processed for microscopic examination. No toxicity signs were observed in all treatment groups. There were also no significant weight changes between the treated and control group. On microscopic examination of the brain, heart and suprarenal glands no sign of cellular injury was observed. From this study it can be concluded that A.afra is relatively safe in mice. Key words: Traditional medicine, A.afra, Toxicity study, LD50, Histopathology