Medical Microbiology

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Browsing Medical Microbiology by Author "Abebe Tamirat"

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    Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water at Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Gunte Abrham; Abebe Tamirat; Mihret Adane
    Background: Globally, 1.1 billion people rely on unsafe drinking water sources from lakes, rivers, and open wells. Many studies have confirmed that water related diseases not only remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide but also that the spectrum of disease is expanding and the incidence of many water related microbial diseases are increasing. Thus, water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection of the source, unhygienic practice of the community at the source and poor household handling practices. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water and to survey the possible sanitary risk factors at household level in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross- sectional study was carried out in Arba Minch town from November, 2010 to January, 2011. A total of 126 water samples were collected from main source, reservoir, pipe and household water in three rounds to determine bacteriological quality of drinking water. The bacteriological analysis was conducted at Arba Minch Regional Laboratory. Consequently, level of contaminations was determined on the bases of total coliforms and fecal coliforms existence. Results: Water analysis of the study area demonstrated that 100% and 55% of household water samples were contaminated with total and faecal coliform bacteria respectively. Similarly, 10% and 5% of water samples taken from pipes were again contaminated with total and faecal coliform bacteria respectively. But, 100% of water samples taken from both main source and reservoir were free from any indicator bacteria. Accordingly, 100% of water samples taken from both main source & reservoir and 95% of water samples taken from pipes meet WHO guidelines. But, 5% of pipes and 100% of household water samples were found above the limits of WHO standards set for drinking water quality. Conclusions: The majority of water samples in the study area were safe for drinking purpose from bacteriological point of view. But some water samples taken from pipes and almost all water samples taken from households were not recommended for drinking purpose. Therefore, training of local people to look after the water supply system, extension of hygiene and health education on sanitation could have a notable impact for the provision of safe water supply at community/household level.
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    Prevalence of Endometrial Tuberculosis among Patients Undergoing Endometrial Biopsy at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-04) Abdissa Sileshi; Abebe Tamirat; Mihiret Adane
    Background: Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is known to cause severe tubal disease leading to infertility and its incidence parallels closely with the overall prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in a community. Its magnitude is underreported because diagnosis is difficult and requires invasive techniques. Investigation with advanced microbiological techniques may allow for easier, fast and correct diagnosis and treatment that may help to prevent complications. Objective: The aim was to determine the prevalence of endometrial tuberculosis among women who underwent endometrial biopsy for evaluation of various conditions at a referral hospital and characterize the isolates. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on women for whom endometrial biopsy was done for the diagnosis and treatment purpose of different gynecologic problems at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Gynecology outpatient Department (OPD), up on informed consent. During the data collection period, December 2011 to August 2012, a total of 152 participants were included in the study. The leftover biopsy samples were processed for culture on Löwenstein-Jensen media and subjected to DNA extraction and direct PCR using IS1081 primer pair. The culture isolates were further analyzed using deletion typing for species identification and multiplex PCR for genus typing. Result: IS1081-PCR identified 7/152 (4.6%) biopsies as endometrial tuberculosis. Only four of the seven (4/152, or 2.6%) were positive by culture. The prevalence of endometrial Tuberculosis (TB) was thus 2.6% (4/152) but 4.6% (7/152) with IS1081-PCR. However, histological examination identified only 2/152 (1.3%) as suggestive of endometrial tuberculosis. Only one of these samples was positive with both IS1081-PCR and culture. All of the four isolates were M. tuberculosis. The agreement between the clinical diagnosis and IS1081-PCR and/or culture, was found to be 0.28. Taking culture as gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of IS1081-PCR and histology were 100% and 98%, and 25% and 50% respectively. Conclusion: We have shown that M. tuberculosis is relatively frequently encountered in endometrial biopsy but the true magnitude of endometrial TB requires thorough investigation and may be missed with histopathological examination alone. Key Words; Endometrial TB, Genital TB, Histopathology, IS1081-PCR, Mycobacterial culture, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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    Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B and C Viruses Among Healthy Adult Blood Donors in Wolita Zone, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-12) Demisse,Tigistu; Abebe Tamirat; Mihiret Adane
    Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a major global health problem. More than three-quarters of HBV infections occur in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. HCV causes an acute and necro inflamatory disease of liver. Blood serves as a vehicle for transmission of blood-borne pathogens including hepatitis viruses. Determination of the prevalence of HBV and HCV in a population in general, and blood-donors in particular will certainly help in reviewing the screening procedures and making health policy decisions. Objective: The study aims at investigating the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and associated risk factors among healthy adult blood donor in Wolaita Sodo Hospital, and Christian hospital, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections among blood donors at Wolaita Sodo Hospital, and Christian hospital, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. The blood samples were screened for HBV and HCV. All serum samples were tested for HBsAg and anti-HCV using rapid screening kit method according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The socio-demographic characteristics and associated risk factors of blood donors were assessed using structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 148 blood donors were tested .The mean age of study participants was 28.8 years ± 5.8.The overall prevalence of HBV and HCV were 10.1% (15/148) and 8.8% (13/148) respectively. The risk factors associated with significant association was observed in sharp injury and teeth extraction for HBsAg (p=0.036 (OR=4.06) and p=0.035 (OR=3.36)). Conclusion: Screening blood donors for both HBC and HCV is indispensable for safe blood transfusion. It is important to screen donated blood with highly sensitive and specific tests and to counsel donors who are positive to any of the above infections. It is absolutely necessary to avoid the further transmission of infection. Key words: Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Prevalence, Blood donors