SALMONELLA ISOLATES AND DRUG RESISTANCE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN POULTRY RELATED SAMPLES IN SELECTED SITES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH ETHIOPIA
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Date
2015-06
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Abstract
A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence, distribution and associated risk
factors of Salmonella and its drug resistance pattern as well as the risk factors associated
with drug resistance to different antibiotics was conducted from November 2014 to June
2015 in poultry farms and abattoir of selected six areas of central and south Ethiopia.
200 samples from Addis Ababa, 184 samples from Bishoftu, 205 samples from Modjo,
199 samples from Adama, 170 samples from Hawassa and 100 samples from Bonga with
total 1059 samples from different sources consisting of poultry (feces, swab), feed, water,
personnel (hand swab), environment (litter, pooled feces) and carcass swab were
randomly collected following the standard techniques and procedures. The isolation of
Salmonella was conducted using standard bacteriological methods and the drug
sensitivity testing was done by using disk diffusion methods. From these wide spectrum of
samples, 27% from Bonga (P=0.000), 15.1% from Modjo, 11.5% from Addis Ababa,
10.6% from Hawassa, 7.5% from Adama and 6.5% from Bishoftu had Salmonella
organisms. Out of the total sample collected, 126 (11.9%) are positive for Salmonella,
indicating its ubiquitous distribution. Its distribution is associated with location, specific
area and individual farms within broad area, sample source and breed indicating, which
are important risk factors. Of the 126 isolates, 123 (97.8%) were developed resistance to
all types of the 10 tested antibiotics although Gentamcycin and Ciprofloxacin
demonstrated relatively a better efficacy. Alarmingly, multidrug resistance (86.5%) is
very common. In this regard, 7 isolates to 2 drugs, 9 isolates to 3 drugs, 7 isolates to 4
drugs, 16 isolates to 5 drugs, 10 isolates to 6 drugs, 16 isolates to 7 drugs and 44 isolates
to 8 drugs have developed resistance. Each specific drug in this study has its own specific
risk factor for resistance development. In general, location, production type, flock size
and housing system were important risk factors for drug resistance development.
Significant wide distribution and multi drug resistance for routinely prescribed
antimicrobial drugs both in veterinary and public health sectors poses considerable
health hazards to poultry production industry as well as the consumers unless prudent
antimicrobial usage, improvement of standards of hygiene and development and
enforcement of suitable legislation are urgently instituted. Serotyping and molecular
characterization of Salmonella is of significance.
Description
MSc Thesis
Keywords
Drug resistance, Epidemiology, Poultry, Prevalence, Salmonella