ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF VIRUSES AND AEROBIC BACTERIA FROM RESPIRATORY TRACTS OF BORANA CAMELS AND OUTBREAK IN-VESTIGATION, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
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2014-06
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Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2013 to March 2014 to isolate and identify bacteria and virus from respiratory tracts of apparently healthy and ill ca-mels, evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates and assess risk factors for respiratory infections (Camelus dromedarius) in Borana zone of Oromia Re-gional State, Ethiopia. A total of 371 camels (175 from camels at field and 196 from ca-mels at Akaki abattoir were sampled. All of the field samples were nasal swabs; 35 of them were from camels with respiratory problems for isolation of virus. The abattoir samples include 196 nasal swabs, 196 tracheal swabs and 196 lung swabs for bacteriolog-ical isolation and identification. One hundred camel owners were also interviewed to identify risk factors of camel respiratory disease. 80% of field samples and 79.1% of ab-attoir samples yielded at least one type of bacteria. Of different respiratory organs sam-pled at abattoir, 90.3% of nasal, 78.1% of tracheal and 68.9% of lung swabs gave bacteria on culture. As the result, total of 274 isolates from 140 field samples and 817 isolates from 155 nasal swabs at abattoir were obtained. The Most frequently isolated pathogens from field samples were Pasteurella maltocida (22.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (21.7%), E.coli (20.6%), Streptococcus pyogenes (14.3% ) and Mannhemia hemolytica (12.6%). Whereas, the abattoir samples result indicated that Streptococcus pyogens (24.0%), Sta-phylococcus aureus (21.4%) and Bacillus spp, (20.4%) from nasal swabs, Streptococcus pyogens (12.2%), and Pasteurellaa maltocida (11.2%) from tracheal swabs, and Pasteu-rellaa maltocida (15.3%), Mannhemia hemolytica(11.2%) and Streptococcus pyogens (15.3%) from lung swabs were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Isolation fre-quency of the bacteria was significantly associated with lung lesion (p<0.05) that is in-dicative for their taking part in causing lung lesion in camel. The antibiotic susceptibility result of Staphylococccus spp, Srteptococcus spp, Pasteurella maltocida and and Mann-hemia hemolytica indicated that the Gram positive cocci were resistant to most common-ly used antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, cloxacillin, ampcillin but were rela-tively susceptible to nalidixic acid and vancomycin. Pasteurella maltocida was highly resistant to streptomycin and cloxacillin at rate of 100%, but susceptible to chloramphe-nicol (71.4%) and trimatoprim-salphomethaxazole (87.5%). Similarly, Mannhemia hemo-
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lytica was found resistant to streptomycin (83.3%) and cloxacillin (75%) but relatively susceptible to trimatoprim-salphomethaxazole (58.3%). Out of 35 nasal swabs from clini-cally sick camels 13 (42.9%) samples exhibited morphologic alterations (CPE) on VERO cell monolayer. Five of these CPE positive samples were checked for the presence of Pa-rainfluenza 3 virus and were all positive by PCR. The isolation of the bacteria from both health and clinically sick camels could be the indicative for the residence of the microflo-ra in upper respiratory tract and involve in causing diseases under some difficult condi-tions such as viral infection. The isolation of PIV3 from camels with respiratory sign is suggestive for the distribution of the virus in the studied area and the involvement of it in causing respiratory disease outbreak in Borana. The pastoralist interview result showed that respiratory diseases in camels were common, there have been interaction of camels with wild and domestic animals, which might expose them to share similar pathogens, and antibiotic administration has been practiced by the pastoralists themselves that is im-portant in evolving of antibiotic resistant strain of different bacteria.
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Bacteria and Virus, Borena zone, Dromedary camels, Respiratory tract