Phytochemical Studies of Cyperus Esculentus Carissa Spinarum Melilotus Officinalis Rhus Glutinosa and Rhus Natalensis
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Date
2021-09-12
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
In this study, the essential oils obtained from the rhizomes of Cyperus esculentus L. and
the roots of Carissa spinarum Linn. together with medicinal smoke obtained from burnt
roots of Carissa spinarum were analyzed by GC-MS. The major components of the
essential oil of Cyperus esculentus were pinocarveol (11.42%), humulene epoxide II
(10.18%), caryophyllene oxide (9.38%) and β-pinene (8.95%). On the other hand, the
essential oil obtained from the roots of Carissa spinarum was predominantly 2-
hydroxyacetophenone (16, 82.97%). The dominant components of the n-hexane- and
MeOH-soluble fractions of the smoke derived from the roots of Carissa spinarum were
found to be 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 2-methoxyphenol and 2-hydroxyacetophenone. The
radical scavenging activities of the EtOAc extract of the rhizomes of Cyperus esculentus,
the MeOH-soluble fraction of the smoke derived from the roots of Carissa spinarum, the
MeOH extract of the seeds of Melilotus officinalis and the EtOAc extracts of the fresh
leaves of Rhus glutinosa and Rhus natalensis were also evaluated using the
diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The smoke derived from the roots of Carissa
spinarum and the MeOH-soluble fraction of the seeds of M. officinalis showed 88.48 ±
0.31% and 26.35 ± 0.54% DPPH inhibition at concentration of 50.00 μg/mL, respectively.
On the other hand, the EtOAc-soluble fractions of the rhizomes of Cyperus esculentus and
III
the leaves of R. glutinosa and R. natalensis reduced DPPH radical by 24.53 ± 0.36%, 94.89
± 0.10% and 94.94 ± 0.29% at 50.00 μg/mL, respectively. At the same concentration,
standard ascorbic acid (a known antioxidant) scavenged the DPPH radical by 96.29 ±
0.06%. The seed fatty acid composition of M. officinalis was determined in this study by
GC-MS analysis. Hence, the n-hexane extract of the seeds of M. officinalis unveiled twelve
compounds with a combined area percentage of 98.33%, the major constituents being
(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (20.22%, 366.08 ppm), 14-methylpentadecanoic acid
(19.52%, 353.45 ppm) and (9E)-octadecenoic acid (15.94%, 288.66 ppm). Four
sesquiterpenes, namely, caryophyllene oxide (113), cyperotundone (12), corymbolone
(114) and tricyclohumuladiol (115), were also isolated from the EtOAc extract of the
rhizomes of Cyperus esculentus. Furthermore, two compounds, namely, cis-coumaric acid-
2-O-β-glucopyranoside (cis-melilotoside, 116) and 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin, 65), were
isolated from the MeOH extract of the seeds of M. officinalis. Twelve compounds, namely,
pentacosanol (119), acacetin (120), kaempferol (38), rhusflavanone (121), rhusflavone
(122), avicularin (123), quercetin (1), myricetin (2), quercitrin (124), shikimic acid (125),
hyperoside (126), and myricetin-3-O-β-galactopyranoside (127) were obtained from R.
glutinosa leaves and three compounds, namely, quercetin (1), guaijaverin (131) and vitexin
(132) were isolated and characterized from the leaves R. natalensis. Spectroscopic
techniques such as NMR, UV-Vis, FTIR, HRESIMS and single X-ray crystallography
were used to characterize the isolated compounds.
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Keywords
Phytochemical Studies, Cyperus Esculentus Carissa, Spinarum Melilotus Officinalis, Rhus Glutinosa, Rhus Natalensis