Study on Mange Mites of Small Ruminants in Oromia Zone of Amhara Regional Stat: In Vitro and in Vivo Acaricidal Efficacy of Selected Medicinal Plants against Sarcoptes scabiei var. Caprae
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Date
2010-04-20
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
Study on prevalence of mange mites of small ruminants in Oromia zone of Amhara regional State and in vitro and in vivo acaricidal efficacy of seven medicinal plants against Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae was carried out from October 2009 to May 2010. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of mange mites in small ruminants and the in vitro and in vivo acaricidal efficacy of seven medicinal plants against Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae of goats. The present study was performed. using questionnaire survey, clinical and laboratory examination for mange mites, in vitro and in vivo application of plant extracts with positive and negative controls.
Of the total 1280 sheep and 1264 goats examined for mange mites 97(7.6%) of sheep and 174(13.8%) of goats were found to be infested with one or more spp of mange mites. Among the mange mite spp identified in sheep, Sarcoptes (3.5%), Demodex (2. I %) and Psoroptes (1.6%), were the major ones. The major mange mite spp identified in goats were Sarcoptes (10.3 %), Demodex (2 .8%) and Psoroptes (0 .6%). In the current study there was no statistically significant (P>0.05) difference in the prevalence of all mite spp among altitudes. Sarcoptes (P=0.03; OR=2.1) and Demodex (OR= 3.25; p=0.004) were significantly higher in youngs than the adult sheep, but significant variation (OR= 0.163; p=0.07) was never observed in the prevalence of Psoroptes spp between young and adult animals. In goats, there was higher prevalence of
Sarcopte~ and Ps<?-r_optes spp infestation in adults than in kids but without statistically (p>0.05) significant difference. Demodectic mange was significantly (OR=2.2; P=0.02) higher in youngs (4 .1%) than the adults (2.3%). In sheep •showed •a statistically significantly higher (P<O.OI)
overall prevalence of mange mites in animals with poor conditioned (41.1%) than those in good condition (4.7%) was recorded. In goats, statistically significant (P<O.O I) difference was recorded in the prevalence ofsarcoptic mange and demodectic mange between animals with poor and good body condition. Sarcoptic mange infestation was recorded as severe degree but demodectic and Psoroptic manges occurred as moderate or mild degree of infestation. For in Vitro efficacy evaluation of medicinal plants of the present study the essential oils and fixed oils of seven medicinal plant extracts diluted at different concentrations (essential oils from 2.5% to 0.15625% and fixed oils from 160 mg/ml to 5mg/ml) were added to petridishes containing adult stage of Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae. Efficacy of each plant was determined by comparing the mortality of mites treated with plant extracts with those mites in non treated (distilled water and solvent of the extract) and treated (diazinon and ivermectin) control plates. After 3 hrs of contact, all concentrations of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus and Cymbopogon cilractus showed a good in vitro acaricidal efficacy as compared with the non treated controls (p<0.05). However Nicotiana tobacum fixed oil had significant (P<0.05) effect at a concentration of 160mg/ml and 80mg/m!. Significant (p<0.05) effect was never observed at 40 f!1~/ml and lower concentrations
compared to the positive contro!' Jatropha curcas fixed oil showed no acaricidal efficacy
(P>0.05) except at 160mg/ml concentration as compared to the reference drugs. Melia
azadarachta and Ximenia caffra fixed oils showed comparable acaricidal efficacy in causing mortality of mites at concentrations of higher than 10mg/ml and 20 mg/ml respectively as
compared to the reference drugs. Pyrethrull1 cinerariifolillll1 fixed oil showed lower acaricidal
efficacy (P<0.05) in all the concentrations of the extract as compared to the reference drugs. For in vivo efficacy evaluation two groups of (six animals each) Sarcoptes scabiei var. caprae
infested goats were topically treated two times at 14 days interval with the essential oil of
Eucalyptus globulus and Cymbopogon cilractus at a concentration of 0.625% in 2% Tween 80
and compared with non treated and treated (diazinone and ivermectin) controls of six goats in
each group. The treatment of goats with the essential oils cured all infested goats. Statistically
significant (p>0.05) difference was never observed in mite count, mean recovery response and
degree of skin lesion quality between goats treated with plant extracts and those goats in the
control groups after a total of 56 experimental days.
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Keywords
In vitro test / In vivo test / Mange mites! Medicinal plants! Oromia zone!Prevalence! Small ruminant.