Epidemiological Survey of Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia in South OMO and Gamo Goffa Zones, Southern Ethiopia
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Date
2005-06
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Abstract
Cross-sectional study was conducted in South Omo and Gamo Goffa zones of Southern Nations Nationalities and People Regional State from September 2004 to February 2005 to determine seroprevalence and associated risk factors, isolate the causative agent, evaluate test agreement, and validate community perception. A multistage sampling was used in pastoral and mixed production systems. A total of 1033 goats’ and 80 sheep’s sera were collected for serological study. Additionally nasal swabs, lung tissue and thoracic fluid were collected from sick goats and all samples were submitted to National Veterinary Institute for isolation. Participatory disease search in pastoral area and questionnaire survey in mixed farming area were conducted. Proportional piling and matrix scoring were used to characterize major diseases of goats including their causes and signs. Based on the CFT results seroprevalence was vary among selected woreda. In Hammer and Benna tsemay woreda it was almost equal 15.5%, whereas in Boreda (32%) and Arbaminch (23%) was observed. The overall mean seroprevalence in study area was16.5%. There was no significant difference observed in seroprevalence among age groups, even though seroprevalence increases as the age increases. Pastoral and mixed farming area showed 15.5 and 18.4% seroprevalence, respectively. However, seroprevalence obtained using cELISA showed significant difference between production systems, age category and flock size category by univariate analysis (p<0.05). The overall mean seroprevalence was 57.3%. Based on cELISA the mean seroprevalence at flock level was 90.3 %( n=58) in mixed and 100% (n=15) in pastoral production systems. Compliment fixation test result, using Mycoplasma capricolum sub sp. Capripneumoniae and Mycoplasma mycoides sub sp. mycoides Small colony antigens, showed substantial agreement with Kappa value of 0.62 and 0.78, in goats and sheep, respectively. The test agreement between CFT and competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay was negative with Kappa value -0.014 in goats and -0.005 in sheep. Using multivariate analysis production systems were not statistically associated (P>0.05) with seroprevalence except flock size and age category greater than 4years (P<0.05). Mycoplasma capricolum sub sp. capripneumoniae was isolated from specimen submitted to the laboratory. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (Sompo) was ranked as the first disease of goats in pastoral area. Local perception of disease causes, disease signs, and seasonal calendar were described. Matrix
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scoring between groups (n = 12) and individuals (n = 44) revealed that disease signs and disease causes showed weak, moderate and good agreement by Kendall’s coefficient concordance (W=0.21-0.99). Questionnaire survey in mixed farming area revealed that Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia was ranked first and introduction of sick goat into the flock considered as main source of infection. In this study participatory disease search, questionnaire survey, bacteriological, serological and postmortem findings substantiated each other and it is possible to conclude that Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia is a major disease of goats in the area. Participatory disease search shows indigenous knowledge used to generate more information with minimum cost, local materials and within short period of time. High seroprevalence result in sheep indicates that this species is a potential carrier of the causative agent. Therefore, appropriate control measures have to be implemented to mitigate the problem in the area. At a time of control measure attention must be given for sheep as itcould be a source of infection. Detailed study need to be conducted as to the role of risk factors for prevailing of the disease. Diagnostic kits need to be evaluated further based on this study finding.
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Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (Sompo), Mycoplasma capricolum subsp, Seroprevalence, Participatory disease search