Evaluation of Formation and Health Risks of Disinfection by-Products In Drinking Water Supply of Ggaba Waterworks, Kampala, Uganda
| dc.contributor.advisor | Zewge, Feleke (Professor) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Nshemereirwe, Annitah | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-09-15T07:28:24Z | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-11-18T09:52:22Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2021-09-15T07:28:24Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-11-18T09:52:22Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021-07-27 | |
| dc.description.abstract | In developing countries, the evaluation of DBPs has been neglected because most water utility companies focus on microbial elimination. As a result, this study aimed at evaluating THMs formation, their concentration, the effect of other water quality parameters and estimation of the associated potential health risks in drinking water. The study considered evaluation of THMs because they are the most common, and are used as indicators for total DBPs concentration. The USEPA 524.2 method was used to quantify THMs in water while utilizing the headspace purge and trap coupled with a GC-MS technique. The THMs identified were chloroform in the concentration ranging from 11.87-33.98 μg/L and 11.23-39.30 μg/L at the treatment plant and along the distribution system respectively. Bromodichloromethane was in the range from 0.78- 9.43 μg/L and 0.89-9.49 μg/L at the treatment plant and along the distribution system, respectively. The concentrations of THMs found in water were within NWSC, WHO and USEPA guidelines. Running a Pearson correlation, to find the relation between water parameters; TOC, UV254, bromide concentration, temperature had a positive and significant correlation, pH had a positive but non-significant correlation while the residual chlorine had a negative but significant correlation. Potential health risk was evaluated using the WHO index and the USEPA risk estimation model. WHO index was 0.4104 which was less than unity indicating no noncarcinogenic risk to human health in the study area. The human lifetime carcinogenic risk of THMs due to the oral ingestion, dermal and inhalation were 2.54 × 10-5, 9.08 × 10-6 and 8.29 ×10- 6 for females and 2.44 × 10-5, 1 × 10-5 and 7.96 ×10-6 for males, the values were within the USEPA acceptable low risk range of 1× 10-6 < CR< 5.1 × 10-5. Also, the hazard quotient was less than unity, indicating no adverse health effects due to exposure to THMs in Kampala western zone. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/12345678/27896 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | Addis Ababa University | en_US |
| dc.subject | Evaluation | en_US |
| dc.subject | Formation | en_US |
| dc.subject | Health Risks | en_US |
| dc.subject | Disinfection by-Products | en_US |
| dc.subject | Drinking Water Supply | en_US |
| dc.subject | Ggaba Waterworks | en_US |
| dc.subject | Kampala | en_US |
| dc.subject | Uganda | en_US |
| dc.title | Evaluation of Formation and Health Risks of Disinfection by-Products In Drinking Water Supply of Ggaba Waterworks, Kampala, Uganda | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |