Staphylococcus: Epidemiology and Its Drug Resistance in Cattle, Food Chains and Humans in Central Ethiopia
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Date
2014-06
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Addis Ababauniversity
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence, determine associated risk factors and
isolate Staphylococci species and determine its resistance to various antimicrobial agents in
cattle, food, equipments and humans in central Ethiopia. In order to isolate and identify
Staphylococci species from abattoir and dairy cows a cross- sectional study was conducted
from October 2013 to May 2014. The results showed that the prevalence of Staphylococci
species were 47.1% (140/297) udder milk, 58% (29/50) tank milk of the selected dairy farms,
34.4% (17/50) cow bucket swab, 38% (19/50) farm tank swab, 38% (19/50) hand and 70%
(12/17) nasal swab of milkers, 38.5%(139/361) carcass swab, 37.8% (14/37) knife swab,
48.6% (18/37) slaughter line swab, 37.8% (14/37) hand and 46.7% (7/15) nasal swab of
butchers with over all prevalence of 42.8%(428/1001). In addition, the prevalence of
Staphylococci were 48.6% (88/181), 47.7% (92/193), 40.7% (103/253), 40.2% (78/194) and
37.2% (67/180) in Assela, Addis Ababa, Bishoftu, Holeta and Adama respectively. The S.
aureus was the most frequently isolated species among different samples accounting for 172
(17.2%) followed by S. hyicus 82 (8.2%); S. intermedius 74 (7.4%) and CNS 96 (9.6%). Risk
factors analysis revealed that prevalence of Staphylococcus significantly differed with source
of sample (P < 0.05) and type of sample (P < 0.05) in central Ethiopia. Prevalence of
Staphylococcus were significantly higher (p<0.02) in farm (45.9%) than in abattoir (39.4%).
Similarly risk factors analysis for Staphylococcus from udder milk revealed that prevalence
significantly differed (P<0.05) with the family size, breed, .income level, herd size and
lactation stage. In the antimicrobial resistance trials, out of 428 Staphylococcus species
isolates 244 (50.9%) were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests. 97.5% (238/244) strains
revealed antimicrobial resistance properties to at least one of the antibiotics tested. A large
proportion of the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G (10units) (90.2%), Cloxacillin (5μg)
(70.9%), and Erythromycin (15μg) (70.9%), Nalidixic Acid (30μg) (59.8%), Cefoxitin (30μg)
(53.7%), Vancomycin (30μg) (52.9%) and Nitrifurantoin (50μg) (47.5%). Only a small
proportion of the isolates from total sample were resistant to Ciprofloxacin (5μg) (1.6%) and
Gentamycin (10μg) (2%). This study revealed that, although the prevalence of
Staphylococcus species have no statistically significant difference among geographic region
of the area sampled, antimicrobial resistance to the isolates have statistically significant
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difference between them except for Penicillin G, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Gentamycin
and Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. In addition, there was no statistically significant
difference (p>0.05) between source and type of samples in determining resistance
pattern to each antimicrobial except for Amoxacillin, Vancomycin, Streptomycin and
tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was also observed in 89.3% (218/244) of the total tested
isolates. The indiscriminate use of those antimicrobial agents might account, at least
in part, for such a high resistance. Milk, meat, equipment and hand and nasal of human
contain resistant Staphylococcus species posing a potential risk to consumers. Hence,
antimicrobial susceptibility should be conducted before treating cattle. As a result, reduction
in transfer of resistant Staphylococci strains between humans and animals could possibly be
made. The indifferent distribution of the prevalence of Staphylococci over different
geographical area is indicators for lack of proper personal, environmental hygiene and
sanitation; and absence of difference in animal husbandry practice in all study area. Hence,
implement strict hygienic control measures both in abattoir and dairy farm is important in
order to guarantee the quality of cattle derivative food products.
Key words: Staphylococcus, epidemiology, dairy farm and abattoir, antimicrobial resistance,
Ethiopia
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Keywords
Staphylococcu, epidemiology, dairy farm and abattoir, antimicrobial resistanceEthiopia