Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Bovine and Swine, and its Zoonotic Implication in Central Ethiopia
| dc.contributor.advisor | Prof. Gezahegne Mamo | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Prof. Gobena Ameni | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Dr. Takele Abayneh_ | |
| dc.contributor.author | Kassa Demissie | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-12-17T13:30:31Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-12-17T13:30:31Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Tuberculosis is a global priority disease of humans and animals. Bovine tuberculosis has been first reported in Ethiopia in the year 1967. Since then its prevalence has been rising. The nationwide prevalence of bovine tuberculosis has been estimated (5.8%) very recently in Ethiopia and the animal level prevalence ranges from 0.8%-54.6%; the highest prevalence was being reported in intensive dairy farms in and around cities while the lowest prevalence was being recorded in grazing animals in rural areas. However, there are emerging dairy cattle farms in Debre Berhan milkshed where the current epidemiological picture of bovine tuberculosis has not yet been elucidated. Similarly, there is little scientific information on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in swine in the country although swine production has been growing in central Ethiopia since two decades following the privatization policy. Besides affecting animals and reducing their productivity, animal tuberculosis is transmitted to and causes illness in humans. However, there is little information on the magnitude of human tuberculosis of animal origin in Ethiopia that requires additional studies. This study was initiated to investigate the epidemiology of tuberculosis in bovine and swine and its zoonotic implication in central Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 96 herds consisting of 625 heads of dairy cattle in Debre Berhan milkshed and 11 herds comprising of 329 heads of swine raised in selected sites in central Ethiopia. Skin testing was carried out by making use of single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin test for cattle and single intradermal comparative tuberculin test for swine. Moreover, mycobacterial culturing, gross and microscopic characterization of tuberculosis like lesions and molecular typing of mycobacteria were used. Face-to-face interview using semi-structured and open-ended questionnaire was also presented to 165 respondents (146 farm workers and 19 human health professionals) to assess their knowledge and practices on the zoonotic transmission of tuberculosis from farm animals to humans. The finding showed that the apparent individual animal level prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 17% (106/625; 95% CI: 14.2-20.2) at ≥4mm and 18.4% (115/625; 95% CI: 15.5-21.7) at >2mm cut-off values in 625 heads of dairy cattle tested. Whereas, the herd prevalence was 16.7% (16/96; 95% CI: 10.1-26) at ≥4mm and 22.9% (22/96; 95% CI: 15-33) at >2mm cut-off values in 96 dairy herds tested. Multivariable logistic regression analysis at ≥4mm cut-off value revealed that dairy cattle with poor body condition score (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.6-8.4; p = 0.002), in the large herd size (AOR= 29.5; 95% CI: 5.6-154.1; p = 0.000) and of exotic breed (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI: 1.3-10.7; p = 0.018) had 4, 30 and 4 times the odds of tuberculin positivity with statistical significance, respectively compared to their counterparts. The apparent individual animal level prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in swine was 3% (10/329; 95% CI: 2-6) at > 2mm cut-off value. In the total 9 clusters tested, the herd prevalence was 11% (1/9; 95% CI: 1-49) at >2mm cut-off value. In addition, the abattoir lesion prevalence of tuberculosis in swine was 4.1% (26/640; 95% CI: 2.8-6.0) on the basis of gross tuberculosis like lesions. The awareness level of farm owners/attendants towards the transmission of tuberculosis from farm animals to humans was generally low. Culturing of tuberculosis like tissue lesions from swine and human sputa from suspected active TB patients as well as molecular typing indicated M. tuberculosis as the principal finding. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated the endemic occurrence of animal tuberculosis in the study areas and low level of public awareness towards its zoonotic transmission. Poor body condition, large herd size and exotic breed were important predictors of bovine tuberculin positivity in dairy cattle. M. tuberculosis was the predominant species cycling in the study areas. The findings of the current study compliment research works done so far in Ethiopia and contribute its own share to the control options of bovine tuberculosis. The study forwarded recommendations for intervention and future research. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/1058 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Addis Ababa University | |
| dc.subject | Bovine tuberculosis | |
| dc.subject | Central Ethiopia | |
| dc.subject | Dairy Cattle | |
| dc.subject | Epidemiology | |
| dc.subject | Public awareness | |
| dc.subject | Swine | |
| dc.subject | Tuberculin | |
| dc.title | Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Bovine and Swine, and its Zoonotic Implication in Central Ethiopia | |
| dc.type | Thesis |