Law
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Recent Submissions
Item The Law and the Practice of Using a Cheque as a Means of Payment in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2021-09-01) Haftom Kesete; Fekadu PetrosA cheque should always be payable on demand without any precondition. The viability of using a cheque as a means of payment depends on the clarity of laws, consistency of court decisions, and the practice of banks. Despite this fact, the researcher, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, argues that cheques have been allowed to be used as an instrument of guarantee by court decisions including the federal cassation bench of Ethiopia as well as the malpractices of banks and the society at large. This gap in the law and anomalies of the practice can be filled by a canon of interpretation of laws and enacting a directive through the NBE. However, this approach alone doesn’t warrant cheques to be served as a substitution of cash and the researcher recommends for a legislative measure to be takenItem Legal Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Cross-Border Railway Businesss: A Case Study of the Ethio-Djibouti Railway(Addis Ababa University, 2025-09-01) Wubshet Kasaye; Martha BeleteThis research comprehensively analyzes the legal challenges and opportunities of the Ethio-Djibouti Railway, a cross-border railway Business system between Ethiopia and Djibouti. The research deploys a qualitative research methodology, utilizing both primary sources (bilateral agreement, article of association, and shareholders agreement) and secondary sources. The analysis is further informed by the researcher‘s position as an insider and employee of the Company. The study examines international model legal frameworks for effective and seamless cross-border railway operation (CIM and CIV), trade agreements (TFA), along side regional and sub-regional instruments in Africa (AfCFTA, COMESA, IGAD). The study further examines the legal and institutional framework of the Ethio-Djibouti Railway. The finding of the study includes legal, operational and infrastructural challenges as well as opportunities it faces since its creation, stemming from misaligned national regulations and lack of political willingness resulting in inefficiencies, increment of cost and putting its reliability in jeopardy. In order to reduce such effects there needs to be a revision of the bilateral agreement and implementation of internationally recognized best practices, to create a harmonized legal, technical and operational environmentItem The Geopolitical Dynamics of the Horn of Africa: Security Implications for Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-12-01) Nahom Berhanu; Yonas TarikuThis study examines the contemporary geopolitical dynamics of the Horn of Africa (HoA) and their security implications for Ethiopia post 2018. First chapter deals with critical elements such as statement of the problem, research questions and research design. In this chapter it was identified that the Horn remains one of the most volatile regions in the world, marked by overlapping internal and inter-state conflicts, fragile political transitions, and intense involvement of external powers. In the second chapter review of relevant literature of contemporary Horn book chapters, peer reviewed journals, articles and so on were provided. Third chapter dealt with Regional Security Complex (RSC) theory as a framework with which the thesis was guided by. The Horn as a complex in regards to Middle East Complex and sub complex was discussed including what Ethiopia’s place in the whole Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Horn of Africa security arena. The following chapter outlined methodological approach. Primary data collected from five key informants was presented and discussed in the fourth chapter. And the final chapter presented findings that revealed that the region’s security landscape is shaped by the competing interests of traditional powers, particularly the United States and China, as well as the growing involvement of Middle Eastern states such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. The research identifies that Ethiopia’s internal instability and evolving foreign policy since 2018 have further complicated its regional posture. The study concludes that sustainable peace and stability in the Horn depend on strengthening collective regional institutions, especially IGAD, and ensuring that Ethiopia’s foreign policy prioritizes internal cohesion, cooperative regional engagement, and resilience against external manipulationItem Evaluation of the Impact of Advance Deposit in Tax Appeals: The Case of Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2025-08-01) Hikma Tessema; Taddese LenchoThe requirement of advance payment, also widely known as the principles of pay now argue later, is the core of appeal under Ethiopia's tax appeal system. The Federal Tax administration proclamation, proclamation number 983/2016 under article 56 and 57 clearly state that a tax payer who wish to contest the decision of a review department is bound to pay 50% and 75% of the contested tax in advance and in case of customs the taxpayer is bound to pay 100% upfront. Although the rationale for such requirement primarily is for revenue protection and deterrence of frivolous appeals, its strict application raises questions concerning taxpayers' right to access justice and potential financial hardship specifically on small and medium taxpayers. To this end this research explores the legal and economic impact of this requirement, advance payment, using a qualitative research design combining both empirical inquiry and doctrinal legal analysis. Literature of Ethiopian tax legislations are extensively reviewed coupled with comparative study of international practice. A semi structured interview and questionnaire were also administered to a total of 60 taxpayers from category A, B, C taxpayers and tax officials at ministry of finance and ministry of revenue, judges of the Federal Tax Appeal Commission (FTAC) and tax lawyers and auditors. The result shows that due to its huge financial burden the advance payment requirement imposed on them taxpayers are hindered from appealing contested tax assessments thereby affecting the constitutionally guaranteed right to access justice. Many taxpayers responded that due to the deposit requirement a substantial number of meritorious grievances are often left unchallenged. Comparative analysis from other jurisdictions practice reveals that alternative mechanisms such as bank guaranty, property mortgage and pledge, case by case judicial waiver and reduced amount of advance payment are putted in place to mitigate the effect of the requirement Finally, the study reveals that the current rigid advance payment requirement disproportionately favors government revenue protection over tax payers right to access justice and finally recommends legal and policy reform such as bank guaranty, property mortgage and pledge, case by case judicial waiver and reduced amount of advance payment to ease the impact of the advance payment requirementItem Assessing Regulatory Challenges for Intra-Africa Capital Market Trading: The Case of Ethiopia(2025-05-01) Tewodros Tena; Martha BeleteThis study assesses the legal and regulatory challenges that limit Ethiopia’s participation in intra-Africa cross-border capital market trading, which is the fundamental element for regional economic integration. Ethiopia has established key institutions to fully operationalize its capital market, including the Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA), the Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX), the Ethiopian Central Securities Depository, and other service providers. This development is marked as a substantial achievement in designing and implementing an effective capital market. Following the enactment of the Ethiopian Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021, other enabling directives were legislated. However, these legal frameworks lack sufficient specific provisions or other separate laws for regulating cross-border securities trading that include foreign securities registration, listing requirements, and compliance mechanisms. As learned from the experience of the best practices of Kenya, Nigeria, and Morocco, which benefited from robust regulations, regional integrations, like the African Exchanges Linkage Project (AELP), and the Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), this study emphasizes the need for harmonized legal standards and international cooperation. Additionally, it identifies the economic benefits of cross-border capital market trading in the context of Ethiopia as an emerging market, such as improving market liquidity, expanding investor base, reduction of reliance on domestic financing, while addressing risks like fraud and money laundering. Finally, the paper recommends the enactment of laws that address detailed issues for hosting and participating in cross-border capital market trading, joining regional integrations, integrating with PAPSS, revising Ethiopia’s tax laws, and expanding bilateral agreements to create a competitive and strong Ethiopian capital marketItem Federalism and Jurisdiction of Customary Court in Oromia: The Case of Bacho Woreda(Addis Ababa University, 2025-11-01) Bedo Muleta; Ketema WakjiraThis study investigates federalism and the competency of customary courts in Oromia using Bacho Woreda as a case study. This study places the relationship between formal state laws and customary law within the context of Ethiopia’s federalism which gives regional states independent legal systems of their own. The study investigates the way customary courts coexist and engage with formal courts of law utilizing qualitative methods. The study looks at their role in the resolution of disputes and the governance of the community. A study of the issues recorded and the related adjudicating practices in Bacho Woreda indicates that customary courts substantially enhance harmony and cultural values. There are tensions between the laws of the State and custom, and many types of social relations are delimited by custom, and custom acts as a pressure group. The study shows that it is important to make effective policies which bring the federal agendas and local governance structures in a systematic way to not only increase access to justice but to empower the community which is more systematic so that it respects the local ethos and is in agreement with the constitutional framework of the country at largeItem The Impact of VAT on Insurers’ Subrogation Rights and Recovery Mechanisms in Ethiopia: A Comparative Legal Analysis under the 2024 VAT Proclamation(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07-01) Abreham Kalay; Misganaw GashawSubrogation allows the insurance company to recover money paid for settlements of claims from liable third party for that loos and maintain financial stability and long-term solvency. The importance of surrogation towards maintaining the efficiency of risk poling process, controlling claims cost and affordability of premium price in the development of insurance markets like Ethiopia has essential. There are controversies after that the Ethiopian VAT Proclamation, No. 1341/2024 has made a new clause under Art 40(6) that totally incorporate surrogation recoveries in scope of taxable supply without clear legal rules that protect the representative capacity of insurers and addressing legal remedy nature of subrogation recoveries. This research has examined these controversies and analyzes the legal and practical implication of VAT on insurer’s subrogation right. This research finds out the current legal framework of VAT creates ambiguity, administrative inconsistencies as well as practical challenges. Therefore, any legal reform should be made with clear legal framework, inclusive stakeholder engagement and effective strategies to protect a right balance between revenue collection and log-term development of insurance industryItem “The African Charter on Democracy, Election and Governance (ACDEG); Its Enforcement in Member Countries: Case of Ethiopia”(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Lidya Girma; Mohammed HabibThis research examines the implementation of the “African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG) in Ethiopia”, focusing on the progress and obstacles encountered since its ratification. Through a qualitative assessment of current practice of democracy, legal and policy frameworks, key informant interviews, electoral processes, and civil society engagement, the study analyzes Ethiopia's adherence to the principles outlined in the Charter, including, political participation, and human rights protections. The research reveals, despite Ethiopia's constitutional framework aligning with ACDEG, issues such as conflicting domestic laws, political instability, and ethnic conflicts hinder its implementation, showing a gap between Ethiopia's commitments under ACDEG and its actual practices. In light of these findings, the research indicates the need for legal reforms, enhanced enforcement mechanisms, and a more collaborative governance approachItem The Role of Women and Women Victims in the Transitional Justice Policy of Ethiopia: A Comparative Study(Addis Ababa University, 2025-07-01) Ayda Birhanie; Demelash ShiferawThis study analyzes the role of women and women victims in Ethiopia’s Transitional Justice (TJ) Policy, highlighting the ongoing exclusion of women from decision-making despite their disproportionate suffering during conflict. The research examines the gap between Ethiopia’s commitments to gender inclusion and the actual participation of women, particularly as decisionmakers. Employing a qualitative and comparative approach, the study assesses the 2024 Ethiopian Transitional Justice Policy compared to policies of Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Colombia. While the current Ethiopian policy, developed through broad consultations and consideration of global experiences, is a significant guideline with improved gender provisions, it lacks concrete mechanisms such as quotas, gender committees to ensure women’s participation and lacks clear compensation provision. In contrast, other countries institutionalize gender inclusion through detailed legal frameworks. The study recommends that forthcoming laws, formulated based on this policy, be comprehensive, practical, and provide guaranteed, meaningful participation of women, ensuring mechanisms for inclusion are clearly defined and actionableItem Product Standards under the AfCFTA Protocol on Trade inGoodsand Ethiopia’s Journey towards Regional Economic Integration(Addis Ababa University, 2025-08-01) Bezawit Mesfin; Martha BeleteEven though Ethiopia advances policy goals that capitalize on industrialization and enhancing export sector economy, the country’s market faces significant hurdles that relate to compliance with international standards and product quality requirements affecting its advancement on such sectors. As a signatory to the AfCFTA agreement, Ethiopia faces crucial obligations of harmonizing its standards and complying with the requirements of the TBT Annex of the AfCFTA Protocol on trade in goods. This study tries to assess Ethiopia's journey towards compliance with several specific obligations found in the AfCFTA TBT Annex that are related to the product standards obligations. The study analyzes the essential features of the Ethiopian product standard regulation regime, in light of the specific obligations under the AfCFTA TBT Annex. An analysis of the overall National Quality infrastructure of the country mainly consisting of the Institute of Ethiopian Standards, the Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise, the Ethiopian Metrology Institute, and the Ethiopian Accreditation Service has been made and several challenges like inadequate standards implementation regime, inefficient conformity assessment procedures, poor coordination, inadequate funding, and staff retention problems have been flagged. The study proposes that putting in place robust policy framework, focus on implementation and follow up of standards, rigorous capacity building and awareness initiatives and building strong strategi calliance with important stakeholders is necessary for Ethiopia to comply with our AfCFTA Agreement obligations and benefit out of itItem The Constitutional Right of Persons under Police Custody in Ethiopia: The Law and Practice(Addis Ababa University, 2025-01-01) Sara Mustafa; Getachew AssefaThis study examines the constitutional framework that protects the rights of individuals in police custody in Ethiopia. It investigates the legal safeguards available to persons in police custody by reviewing pertinent constitutional provisions, legislative enactments, and judicial interpretations. Using comparative legal perspectives and international human rights standards, this paper assesses Ethiopia's protection of the rights of people in police custody, including the right to legal representation, a fair trial, freedom from arbitrary detention, and the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment. The paper further examines the problems and limitations that exist in the practical application and enforcement of these rights, taking into account elements such as institutional capacity, legal knowledge, and sociopolitical dynamics. By highlighting these problems, this study hopes to assist policymakers, legal practitioners, and human rights advocates with insights on how to improve the protection of constitutional rights for individuals in police custody in EthiopiaItem Execution of the Decision of the Federal Tax Appeal Commission in Ethiopia: Legal and Practical Issues(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05-01) Fasika Tamrat; Taddese lenchoThis Research explores the legal and practical issues associated with executing decisions made by the Ethiopian Federal Tax Appeal Commission (FTAC). The study aims to provide insights into the legal and practical issues in ensuring timely compliance with the Commission’s Decision. Drawing upon existing literature, legal frameworks, and institutional practices, the paper examines the regulatory landscape governing executions and enforcement procedures in Ethiopia. The researcher beyond consulting laws and other primary and secondary sources interviewed key informants from FTAC judges, Legal Attorneys of Taxpayers, and officials from the Ministry of Revenue and Customs Commission. The study has identified legal gaps and Practical challenges concerning the Execution of the Decision of FTAC, Key factors influencing the Execution of FTAC decisions, including legal requirements, administrative processes, practical challenges, handling reluctances, and effective enforcement mechanisms are analyzed. Based on its findings, the study provides recommendations for addressing the legal and practical issues surrounding the execution of decisions of the Federal Tax Appeal Commission (FTACItem Regulating the Foreign Exchange Market in Ethiopia: The Challenges and Next Reform Areas(Addis Ababa University, 2023-05-01) Gutu Hika; Solomon AbayMany important aspects of foreign exchange market organization are affected by regulations. Thus regulations are an integral part of the organization or infrastructure of foreign exchange markets. They typically place limits on the use and allocation of foreign and domestic currencies, operations by intermediaries, the types and characteristics of contracts, and trading locations. They can significantly alter exchange rate dynamics by circumscribing how individuals and institutions interact in the market. Regulation of the foreign exchange market plays a significant role in macroeconomic development. It secures the stability of financial operations so long as properly formulated and adaptable to the changing circumstances of today’s economic integration. Foreign exchange market regulation becomes an economic policy concern for both developing and developed countries. Of its contribution to economic development in the general and financial market in particular government pays considerable attention to the area. This work studies the regulation of the foreign exchange market in Ethiopia. In doing so, it assesses the existing regulatory framework governing the foreign exchange market. It examines whether existing regulatory laws cause challenges to the market and points out the necessary next reform areas if needed. The study was conducted based on legislative analysis. The finding of the study shows that there are different challenges out there that hinder the regulation of the foreign exchange market. It also shows that further regulation of required for the inadequacy of the existing regulation in covering some areas. Finally, this work provides some recommendations which the writer considers appropriateItem Assessing Regulatory Challenges for Intra-Africa Capital Market Trading: The Case of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05-01) Tewodros Tena; Martha BeleteThis study assesses the legal and regulatory challenges that limit Ethiopia’s participation in intra-Africa cross-border capital market trading, which is the fundamental element for regional economic integration. Ethiopia has established key institutions to fully operationalize its capital market, including the Ethiopian Capital Market Authority (ECMA), the Ethiopian Securities Exchange (ESX), the Ethiopian Central Securities Depository, and other service providers. This development is marked as a substantial achievement in designing and implementing an effective capital market. Following the enactment of the Ethiopian Capital Market Proclamation No. 1248/2021, other enabling directives were legislated. However, these legal frameworks lack sufficient specific provisions or other separate laws for regulating cross-border securities trading that include foreign securities registration, listing requirements, and compliance mechanisms. As learned from the experience of the best practices of Kenya, Nigeria, and Morocco, which benefited from robust regulations, regional integrations, like the African Exchanges Linkage Project (AELP), and the Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), this study emphasizes the need for harmonized legal standards and international cooperation. Additionally, it identifies the economic benefits of cross-border capital market trading in the context of Ethiopia as an emerging market, such as improving market liquidity, expanding investor base, reduction of reliance on domestic financing, while addressing risks like fraud and money laundering. Finally, the paper recommends the enactment of laws that address detailed issues for hosting and participating in cross-border capital market trading, joining regional integrations, integrating with PAPSS, revising Ethiopia’s tax laws, and expanding bilateral agreements to create a competitive and strong Ethiopian capital marketItem The Use of Arbitration as a Mechanism of Dispute Settlement in the Ethiopian Insurance Industry(Addis Ababa University, 2026-01-01) Hawi Fekadu; Zekarias KeneaaDisputes, particularly in the claim-intensive insurance industry, are unavoidable. Unresolved conflicts create a burden for all stakeholders affecting the whole industry if not the economy in general.Arbitration has been used for long as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism in Ethiopia and in recent years its use has increased to resolve commercial disputes, particularly the insurance industry uses arbitration by including in its policies. However, the theoretical advantages of arbitration are hardly obtained in real world and the enforcement of arbitration clauses in insurance policies is questionable.This paper aims to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of Arbitration in the Ethiopian insurance industry as a dispute resolution mechanism by employing a mixed method approach and identify challenges that hinder the effective use of arbitration in the insurance industry finally reaching a conclusion and suggesting possible recommendationItem Legtimacy of the Memorendum of Understanding Between Ethiopia and Somaliland; Special Emphasis on the Legality of Ethiopia's Recognition of the State of Somaliland(Addis Ababa University, 2024-06-01) Teweldebrhan Mamo; Mohamed HabibDuring the colonial era Somaliland has been under the rule of Britain. In June 1960 British colonizers left Somaliland and the latter proclaimed its independence. After the withdrawal of the colonial forces the state of Somaliland gained recognition of more than 35 countries including USA. But this sovereignty lasted only for five days until Somaliland consensually form a union with Italian Somalia to form the republic of Somalia. The union comes to an end in 1991 after the collapse of an oppressive regime of said bare who ruled the country for over 20 years. With the collapse of the said bare regime the republic of Somalia also collapsed of which the current state of Somaliland emerged through a unilateral declaration of independence. Although from that time on, Somaliland continued as a de facto state, no country dared to recognize it as an independent state and the state of Somalia even claims that Somaliland is still part of Somalia. Against this background, the government of Ethiopia signed a memorandum of understanding in 2024 with the state of Somaliland by which Ethiopia committed to recognize Somaliland and the latter committed to allow its coastline to Ethiopia. Immediately after the conclusion of this memorandum of understanding, the government of the state of Somalia issued a press release stating that the MOU violates the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Federal Republic of Somalia. The republic of Somalia believes that the unilateral declaration of independence by Somaliland is illegal and Somaliland is still an integral part of the republic. This research has addressed if Ethiopia’s recognition of the state of Somaliland is indeed in line with the principle of international law such as respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states, uti possidetis and nonintervention in the internal affairs of state and I argue that it isItem Examining IDPs Right to Education: The Case of Conflict-Induced IDPs in Adama, Oromia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-09-01) Mustefa Defo; Girmachew AlemuThis thesis examines the protection of the right to education for IDPs resettled in Adama city following the 2017conflict in the Somali region of Ethiopia. Addressing the gap in literature, it focuses on the practical implementation of educational rights within this specific context. Using qualitative methods, such as doctrinal analysis and a case study, the research assesses how well the resettlement processes have delivered accessible, quality, and affordable education to IDPs. The thesis also evaluates government policies' effectiveness in safeguarding these rights. Findings highlight significant challenges including inadequate infrastructure, resource shortages, and lack of psychosocial support for trauma-affected students. Despite some progress, substantial gaps remain in ensuring the realization of IDPs’ right to education. The thesis concludes with recommendations to enhance policy frameworks, improve resource allocation, and boost coordination among stakeholders. This research contributes to the understanding of IDP protection in EthiopiaItem Legal Framework for Bank Acquisition of Immovable Assets Following Failed Second Auction: Valuation Standards and Regulatory Gaps in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2025-06-01) Lemlem Birhanu; Zekarias KeneaaThis research analyzes the legal framework governing the valuation and acquisition of immovable assets by Ethiopian banks, in particular focusing on circumstances where a second auction for distressed assets has failed. The study critically assess existing laws, regulations, and directives that dictate the processes of asset valuation, bid pricing, and eventual transfer of ownership to banks when conventional auction mechanisms prove unsuccessful. This research aims to identify potential gaps, inconsistencies, or ambiguities within the current legal provisions that may hinder efficient resolution of non-performing loans and the effective recovery of bank capital. Through doctrinal methodology analysis of these legal instruments, the research look to identify systemic challenges presented by the current framework and to propose recommendations for policy reforms that could streamline the asset recovery process, improve financial stability, and foster a more efficient secondary market for non-performing assets market in Ethiopia, characterized by increased transparency, liquidity, and investor confidenceItem Incentives to Compliant Taxpayers Under Ethiopian Tax Laws: Legal and Practical Analysis(Addis Ababa University, 2025-05-01) Serkalem Assefa; Achalewu AshagireThis paper critically examines whether the tax laws currently in place in Ethiopia incentivize compliant taxpayers, analyzing both their legal framework and practical implementation. Although tax compliance is vital for increasing domestic revenue and promoting national development, incentivizing compliance through granting positive rewards is a relatively underexplored area in Ethiopia. The current legal regime in Ethiopia including the Federal Income tax, Federal Tax Administration Proclamations, Customs proclamation, and Excise Tax Proclamation demonstrated to be inadequate to effectively incentivize compliant taxpayers. These regulations don’t provide a framework that addresses incentives for compliant taxpayers to promote voluntary compliance. Through doctrinal legal analysis and practical evaluation supported by questioner and interview with stakeholders, the research identifies the absence of detailed provisions and a coherent enforcement mechanism undermines the effectiveness of compliant taxpayers’ incentive scheme. To address these gaps, the author recommends that Ethiopia shall re assess its tax law legal framework to ensure that tax compliance is not only enforced but also rewarded in a meaning full manner with a view to promote voluntary tax compliance which will reduce the cost of tax administrationItem Legal and Policy Framework on Gender Based Violence Among Women in IDP Camps in Ethiopia: Comparative Analysis(Addis Ababa University, 2024-11-01) Abysia Aboneh; Wondemagegn TadesseThis research investigates Gender-Based Violence (GBV) against women in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in Ethiopia, with a comparative analysis of legal frameworks and human rights principles. Ethiopia, with over 4.5 million IDPs, faces significant challenges in protecting displaced women from GBV due to weak legal implementation and inadequate services. Despite ratifying key international conventions, the country lacks specific policies to address the unique needs of IDP women. This study employs a qualitative methodology, including a comprehensive literature review of laws, conventions, reports, and scholarly articles, focusing on Ethiopia's context while also comparing it with the Central African Republic (CAR) and Nigeria. The research reveals that IDP women in Ethiopia are particularly vulnerable to GBV due to systemic issues such as the breakdown of community structures, limited access to services, and inadequate legal protections. The study examines the effectiveness of Ethiopia's existing legal frameworks, including its adherence to international human rights standards, and highlights the persistent gaps and barriers faced by women in IDP camps. By comparing Ethiopia's experience with that of CAR and Nigeria, the research identifies common challenges and successful strategies in addressing GBV. This comparative analysis provides insights into how different legal and sociopolitical contexts impact GBV protections and offers recommendations for improving Ethiopia's approach to safeguarding IDP women. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive, gender-sensitive policies and enhanced coordination among stakeholders to address GBV effectively. The study commends to inform policy improvements, raise awareness about the rights of IDP women, and contribute to the development of more effective legal and protective measures against GBV in displacement settings