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Item The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement; Policy and Legislative Implications for Ethiopia(AAU, 2017-06) Taffese, Ruhama; Zeleke, Dereje (PhD)This paper assesses the policy and legislative implications of The Paris Agreement for Ethiopia.in examining this issue, it discusses the global as well as the national climate challenge posed currently and the international legal steps taken as a response to this challenge. Climate change has become an undisputed fact and it is threatening the globe, and this is why states have tried to come up with international law solutions for the past half a century. The most resent of these is the 2015 Paris climate agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. This paper explains the basic structure of and commitments under The Paris Agreement. The paper argues that there has been a big step taken by Ethiopia towards the implementation of its policy commitments under The Paris Agreement, although the practicability of these policy instruments is not yet proved positive. This paper also argues that there has been no binding legal instrument, in Ethiopia, with regards to climate change in general and The Paris Agreement in particular and therefore recommends the issuance of such laws before 2020.the paper also concludes that the existing environmental policy of Ethiopia seems to be neither exhaustive nor specific of climate change issues under The Paris Agreement and recommends that its revision under progress becomes considerate of this.Item The 2018 Transition of Ethiopia towards Constitutionalism: Challenges and Opportunities(AAU, 2020-02) Dereje , Mihiret; Abera Degefa (PhD)This thesis aims at addressing questions such as what is political transition, what is constitutionalism and what is the nexus between transition and constitutionalism. It answers whether there is political transition in Ethiopia in 2018 and addresses the challenges and opportunities of the 2018 transition towards constitutionalism. Apart from theoretical explications, the discussion is backed up by examination of the practical scenario of the country. Moreover, in addition to a discussion on the theoretical aspect of transition and constitutionalism, the thesis examines how transitions should be governed for successful democratization. After discussing all the above issues, the author argues that, in 2018 a reform type political transition has taken place in Ethiopia. The reform brought both opportunities and challenges towards ensuring constitutionalism. The author recommends the government should go forward in the positive beginnings and take legal action against the unwanted outcomes of the transition to ensure constitutionalism.Item Accelerated Accession of Least Developed Countries to WTO under the 2002 and 2012 Guidelines(AAU, 2017-05) Tariku, Betelhem; Fikremarkos Merso (PhD)Item Access to Health Care Services for Persons with Physical and Sensory Disabilities in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ababa’s Yeka Sub-City(AAU, 2021-08) Woreta, Tsega; Vander, ChristopheAddis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, the seat of the AU and a variety of regional and international organizations is a city where persons with disabilities continue to face everyday challenges especially lack of access to primary health care services. This thesis intends to scrutinize the issue of accessibility right to health care services in Ethiopia with a special reference to Addis Ababa’s Yeka Sub-City. Yeka sub-city has been chosenas a research area purposively considering the landscape, data availability and its being forestry and mountainous with long outer boundary line with rural woredas all of which are not suitable for PWDs. Compared to other Sub-Cities,Yeka Sub-City consists of low status residents who are not able to help persons with disabilities to access required services.PWDs, health professionals and some persons in the society have been selected applying purposive sampling to give the required data and information. PWDs consist of physical, visual, hearing and speech impairments. Health professionals consist of doctors, health officers, nurses and health assistants. Persons in the society include directors, officers and association leaders. A total of 60 participants of which, 34 male and 26 female has participated in the interviews and two focus group discussions. In the course of the research, international and regional human rights instruments, together with national legal frameworks, policies and strategies, which are relevant to the research issues as well as practical situations and implementations in health care centers have been observed and studied deeply. The research has also employed review of literatures, interview discussions, focus group discussionsand observations as data collection tools.In the research, it is realized and understood that the problem of accessibility to health care services to PWDs is more prevailing in Ethiopiadue to the negative impacts of barriers.Lack of monitoring mechanisms, ineffective enforcement mechanisms and failure to institutionalize disability issues aboutPWDs’ benefits and human rightscauses violations of their rights. The researcher analyzed the thesis using qualitative method and descriptive analysis and structured it organizing the required data and information.Additionally, the problem of accessibility to health care services for PWDs is attributed to the low level of information transmission in the community and lack of disaggregated legal frameworks, policies and strategies in accordance with each disability types. The health care service provision problem for PWDs is very high and complex in Addis Ababa and it is possible to imagine how it is even worse in rural areas of the country. Therefore, the country particularly the city administration, needs determined action to develop horizontal accessibility laws (laws which govern non-state or private actors on human rights), disaggregating disability types and develop convenient legal frameworks; design policies, strategies and guidelines; train and educate health professionals about human rights of PWDs, and create awareness integrating community based organizations. All these should be backed by adequate budget and effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to realize the access to health care services for persons with disabilities as perthe standards of international and regional human rights instruments, and national legal frameworks.Item Access to Justice in Ethiopia: Language Barrier in Criminal Proceedings at the Federal Level(Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Legesse, Yemserach; Kedir, AbduletifEthiopia is a multilingual country with federal form of state structure. The 1995 FDRE Constitution gave equal recognition for all Ethiopian languages but chose Amharic to become the working language of the Federal Government. In order to accommodate the needs of non-Amharic speakers in the provision of public services, the Constitution as well as other laws require the use of interpreters in criminal proceedings at the federal level. These legislations state that non-Amharic speakers should be assisted with “qualified” interpreter so as to meaningfully participate in their criminal cases. The objective of this research is to explore government strategies towards language barrier in criminal proceedings, before and during trial, and assess major challenges that non-Amharic speakers encounter at the federal level. The finding of this research revealed that non-Amharic speakers are not being effectively served up to the legal standards. In fact, they are encountering multifaceted challenges that endanger their fundamental human rights. This is mainly due to the absence or limited number of interpreters as well as the use of unprofessional interpreters in criminal proceedings at the federal level.Item Access to Legal Aid for Women in Ethiopia: The Case of Hawassa University Legal Aid Center and Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association(AAU, 2012) Zenebe, Yodit; Hailu, Emezat(phD)Due to their vulnerability women face various problems and experience discrimination, domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment. In Ethiopia although women experience violence they are not in a position to access justice due to poverty, sociocultural factors and discrimination. Therefore, to curb this problem legal aid programs are essential in making indigent women enjoy their right to equality before the law. The main purpose of this study is therefore to examine the role of legal aid in promoting the rights of women, identify the major factors/challenges that hinder women from accessing legal aid taking Hawassa university legal aid center and Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association as case studies. Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative approach. It relies on analyzing both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data sources are gathered using semi- structured interview questions, with focus group discussion and personal observations. The study has employed purposive sampling procedure for contacting the interviewees. The secondary data sources are gathered predominantly from literature out puts, journals and other publications. The finding of the study shows that legal aid service is inaccessible for the majority indigent women. Lack of awareness about the availability of legal aid, economic problems , culture and family pressures, lack of legal rights awareness, language in which service is provided and women’s perception towards legal aid are among the barriers that deny women access to legal aid. Regardless of the above facts legal aid has great role in promoting the rights of women, women who are victims of violence are able to claim for compensation, secure their property and inheritance rights and further make them aware of their legal rights. The study recommends that it is important to have Awareness raising campaign about the availability and importance of legal aid service and disseminate legal rights education to increase women awareness about their rights and obligations under the law. Legal aid service providers shall also make legal aid centers physically accessible to the majority in need. This study also reveals the importance of having professionally competent service providers and the diversified use of non lawyers in order to reduce the shortage of man power.Item Accommodating Exogenous Communities at Local Level: The Case of Gura-Ferda Woreda of SNNPRS and Pawe Woreda of BGNRS(AAU, 2017-06) Chekol, Melese; Ayitenew, Zemelak (PhD)Ethiopia has adopted what is often referred to as ethnic federalism which aims to accommodate the ethnic diversity of the Ethiopian people principally, if not exclusively, through territorial mechanisms. It establishes nine ethnically demarcated regional states and provides the establishment of sub-regional territorial and political units for intra-regional ethnic minorities based on the same federal principle. Implied, or assumed to have been implied, in this federal arrangement is a notion of endogeneity in a sense only that only those ethnic communities that are viewed as endogenous to a specific territorial area are considered to be entitled for self-government either at regional or sub-regional level. This leaves out the millions who are considered to be exogenous without clear constitutional protection. A qualitative approach with purposive sampling techniques was employed during data collection. Interview, Focus group discussion and field observation was employed in this thesis. Among exogenous communities (not necessarily ethnic communities) in such constitutional quandary are those who moves to the areas now make parts such regions as Benishangul-Gumuz and SNNP as part of the villagization and resettlement of programs of the imperial and Derg eras. These communities are mostly found in clearly demarcated territorial areas which are equal or larger than a woreda in terms of territorial and population size. And, despite being of different ethnic background, the settlers have over the years developed a sense a community. Yet, they seem to have no constitutional protection and under the mercy of the endogenous communities of each region. Regardless of the position of the Constitution regarding such communities, this thesis undertook to investigate whether and how such communities are in practice accommodated in the regions they are found. To this effect it selected the Pawe woreda of Benishangul-Gumuz and Gura-Ferda woreda of SNNP. The so called exogenous communities are found in the majority in both of these woredas. However, they are treated differently. In Pawe woreda, where members of the exogenous community constitute over 99 percent of the population, they are allowed to have full control over the political and administrative institutions of the woreda. They are represented in the regional government and, compared to members of the exogenous communities living in other parts of Benishangul-Gumuz region, are least harassed by members of the endogenous communities. The situation is starkly different in Gura-Ferda. There, despite them being in majority, members of exogenous communities are excluded from the political institutions of the woredas. And they suffer from actual or threat of eviction.Item Accommodation of Diversity and Rights of Women in Ethiopian Federalism: The Case of Guraghe Zone, SNNPR(AAU, 2018-04) Kinfe, Sisay; Bayisa, Reggasa(PhD)Absence of women‟s participation/voice in customary local institutions, limited empowerment of women, shallow understanding of autonomy and multiculturalism, and legislative gaps are factors that hinder the protection of rights of women in the family arena within ethno-cultural communities in Guraghe Zone of the SNNPR. This research by examining institutional system for the protection of collective rights and rights of women showed the opportunities and challenges of resolution of conflict of culture and rights at local level. In doing this, the thesis filled the gaps seen in the literature regarding process of transformation of customary local institutions and its limitation as a mechanism of resolution of conflict of culture and rights in the family arena in Ethiopian federalism. The limited emphasis given to rights of women to participate in customary local institutions is the main factor that undermines enforcement of rights of women in the family arena both in the state and non-state institutions. In patriarchal society, such as Ethiopia, women were/are voiceless in the (re)construction of culture, such as customary laws. This is one of the challenges in the process of elimination of discrimination and harmful customary practices against women within ethno-cultural community as well as in the enforcement of right of exit. Making multicultural feminist standpoint and human rights norms the theoretical and methodological framework for this research; the researcher explored the institutional systems for the promotion and protection of rights of women at local level. These theories have the purpose of resolving conflict of culture and rights, i.e., conflict between collective and individual right, by making all, who are concerned and involved, to have voice in the resolution of those conflicts. Document analysis, interviews, focus group discussion and observation are the methods used to collect qualitative data. Interpretional and reflective method of data analysis has been used to analyze empirical data.Item The Accommodation of Ehnic Minorities in the Federal Ethiopia: The Case of Hadiya Nationality Zone(Addis Ababa University, 2018-10) Mekoro, Tigabu; Mesfin, Seyoum (PhD)This Thesis focuses on the accommodation of ethnic minorities in the Federal Ethiopia: The case of Hadiya Nationality Zone. Based on the empirical evidences, the study specifically examines the effectiveness of theory and practice of local political and administrative institutions in the accommodation of the dispersedly settled intra-minorities rights to the political representation, appointment and language, and its approaches for managing inter-ethnic conflicts between Hadiya and Danta-Dubamo ethnic groups. There by evaluate whether the absence of political accommodation of dispersedly settled intra-minorities in the local political and administrative institutions, amplify the inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts. In order to achieve these objectives, the study employed an in-depth-interview, key-informants interview, Focus Group Discussion for obtaining primary data sources; and it has also utilized different secondary sources including books, Articles, international journals of published and unpublished sources. The study found out that, there is clear policy and institutional gaps in the accommodation of political needs of dispersedly settled intra-minorities in this local administrative unit. This approach has resulted in the exclusion and marginalization of some part of society from their needs of adequate political representation and its decision-making, appointment and use of language rights. For this, there are several underlining causes that ranging from social, economic, and political to identity issues after the adoption of the federalism. To this end, the inclusive political system through accommodation of power-sharing, cultural autonomy and an integrated approach (both traditional and modern conflict resolution institutions) have been utilized to manage the inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts between them. Nonetheless, the modern conflict resolution institutions are solution, which was predominantly formal in its form, to manage this inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts has been ineffective than the traditional conflict resolution (TCR). But the TCR alone, given the context of federal arrangement in the study area, could effectively resolve the conflict and the dynamics of issues at the interface between them. It is, therefore, a contention of this thesis that a good combination of the TCR and modern conflict resolution institutions could efficiently resolve the inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts between intra-Zonal majority and minorities ethnic-groups.Item The Accommodation of Ethnic Diversity in SNNPRS: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Accommodation between the Ethnic Groups of D’irashe Woreda and other Ethnic Groups of Segen(Addis Ababa University, 2015-05) Kegnalew Hale, Tefera; Bayissa, Regassa (PhD)This thesis attempts to assess the ways of ethnic accommodation between the ethnic groups of D‟irashe Woreda and that of Segen Zone. Contemporarily, accommodation of ethnic minorities has become a hot issue in many parts of the world. Consistently, the thesis highlighted the recent global issues of ethnic, religious, linguistic and cultural minorities and the ways of accommodating their rights. Indeed; the corner stone used as a device of accommodation in Ethiopia is its federal political system. Of course, the research analyzed the reason why federalism is introduced in Ethiopia, its way of arrangment, and the mechanisms how it has been managed and accommodated its ethnic, linguistic religious and cultural minorities. Furthermore, it discussed the geographic and institutional arrangements, the exercise of political power and other instrument of ethnic accommodation in SNNPRS. Among the seven multi-ethnic Zones of SNNPRS, Segen Zone is the one which is recently established having eight ethnic groups that are arranged in to five Woredas. Generally, as a central team; the thesis assessed the ways of ethnic accommodation in comparative perspectives using different parameters such as: recognition, representation, self-determination, distribution of infrastructure, power sharing on the executive organ and participation of the people in the political, economic and social affairs. Finally, the study suggested possible devices of accommodating the minority ethnic groups existing in D‟irashe Woreda and Segen Zone.Item The Accommodation of Minority Rights in Oromia National Regional State: A Case Study of Girar Jarso Woreda(AAU, 2016-05) Shimelis, Kassaye; Yared, TegbaruThis thesis aspires to investigate as to how the rights of Amhara minorities in Girar larso Woreda within Oromia National Regional State, particularly in North Shewa Zone resonate with the constitutional framework that installed an ethno-regional federal set-up since 1991. In the processes of investigation, secondary and primary sources were used. Accordingly, the researcher employed to show facts even during the Hailessellassie and the Derg regime of the nation-building policy, Amharic language was a national language and the members of Amhara nation had settled (occupied) in the boarder of Amhara and Oromia of some corners, and urban centers of Oromia. When we come to see and compare the laws governing the Ethiopia as a federal, contrasting the FDRE Constitution, the ONRS Constitution has not a room for non-Oromo nations found in the region. Unlike Oromia Regional States, some Regional States of federal Ethiopia, embraced and gave recognition for some minority groups in their regional governments. This causes dissimilarity among the regional states within the Ethiopian federation. The Amhara minorities of seven rural Kebeles, found in Girar larso Woreda, in Northern Zone of Oromia, that full fill the terms set by the FDRE constitution; as they are an ethnic group, territorially defined, known with their own language and unique culture is the case. Nevertheless, they have not been the beneficiaries of sovereign power and have not been entitled to the right to self-rule in their area, and shared the power with its regional states. In effect, this thesis found out that, as this minority group cannot be judged and get served fully in their own language, Amharic, and almost all literates of the group cannot be employed to serve in their public sectors of Woreda, Zonal, and Regional States of Oromia for often they fail to speak the working language of the region, Afaan Oromo. Now this discourages their literates and caused them to migrate far from their birthplace to search job where Amharic language is used. The up growing child students in primary schools are also decreasing in their schooling enrollments participation. Some enrolled students in the school are also resulted in dropouts. Therefore, these need solutions in considering the problems with the pillar gateways of the federal system self-rule and shared-rule.Item The Activation of the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction on the Crime of Aggression: Opportunities and Challenges to the Realization of the International Criminal Justice(Addis Ababa University, 2019-01) Sinishaw, Frehiwot; Birmeta, Yonas (PhD)This paper examines the consequences (opportunities and challenges) of the recent activation of ICC’s jurisdiction on the Crime of Aggression (COA), after a long debate and reluctance to criminalize the act. It analyzes this activation’s merits in realizing international criminal justice, i.e. promoting reconciliation leading to peace and security, preventing human rights violations and suffering by deterring future crimes, redressing victims of aggression etc. In addition, it analyzes the possible challenges that will inevitably emerge hindering the attainment of these opportunities. The general challenges of the ICC like political influence, lack of State cooperation, a problem of selectivity, financial problems etc., as well as other specific challenges, will directly affect the prosecution of this crime. Hence, this paper gives, among many others, recommendation for developing a tight relationship between different stakeholders for discussing issues regarding this crime, so as to tackle the negatives in order to obtain the positivesItem Adequacy of the Prevailing Regulatory Framework Relating to Hate Speech on Social Media in Ethiopia(A.A.U, 2020-12) Weldeghebriel, Rahwa; Assefa, Mesenbet (PhD)Over the years, the abuse of social media, including the spread of different forms of hate speech, has fomented ethnic conflicts and violence’s in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government has passed a comprehensive law called Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation (HsDPSP) to combat hate speech both online and offline. This thesis seeks to assess the adequacy of the Proclamation to regulate hate speech circulated through social media in Ethiopia. This study has examined the legislation in light of international and regional human rights instruments, as well as pertinent domestic laws. The study reveals that while the government's measure to regulate hate speech is progressive, the hate speech legislation fails to strike a proper balance between freedom of expression and hate speech, both in content and procedure which may pose a risk of excessive regulation short of international standards.Item Adjudication of Sexual Crimes Vis-a-Vis the Due process Guarantees of the Accused in Ethiopia(2020-05) Fantable , Eyerusalem; Assefa, Mesenbet (PhD)This thesis examines the due process rights of the accused in the adjudication of sexual crime cases in the Ethiopian criminal justice system. It explores the legal and practical gaps of sexual crimes cases investigation and court proceeding in the judicial system. Using a human rights-based approach, which is anchored for international human rights principles and mechanisms, this thesis examines how these principles and mechanisms can remedy violations of the rights of accused in sexual crimes. The women and child justice sector professionals and institutions are the focus of this study. This thesis accordingly found out that there is a weak production of evidence and technologically in advanced investigation system .In addition lack of corroboration of evidence in sexual crime cases creates a heavy challenge on the accused to defend his/her case . This thesis concludes that a human rights based approach will be an efficient and effective strategy to pressure the government of Ethiopia to take the necessary legislative, administrative and judicial measures to ensure the rights of the accused. These measures will ensure the rights of the accused in the criminal justice process and enhances Ethiopia’s compliance with its international human rights obligations.Item Administrative Agencies Power in Ethiopia with Particular Reference to Administrative Rule Making: A Comparative Study(Addis Ababa University, 2015-05) Getachew Negussie, Mesfin; Abdo, Mohammed (PhD)In any democratic setting, the law making power certainly and indeed, rightly belongs to the legislature. Going through the literature however, one cannot but acknowledge the existence of the practice whereby the executive enjoy considerable law making power in addition to its usual executive power. It is incontrovertible that the practice is a negation of doctrine of separation of powers. But the practice seems inevitable given the exigency of modern governance. As such, certainly, the idea of delegation of law making powers to administrative bodies has come to stay. This is however depends on certain conditions, inter alia, that the power under which the later emanates is that of delegable, the power should properly delegated, and must be exercised within the scope by appropriate authority. Despite this universally accepted and in fact applied principles, legislatures at both federal and Oromia national regional government may not lay down any policy at all, declare its policy in vague and general terms, not set down any standard for the guidance of the executive, confer and arbitrary power to the executive to amend or modified the policy laid down in the parent act, with out reserving for itself any control mechanisms over subordinate legislation. In addition to the lack of a practical limitation on the part of the legislature that give rise to excessive delegation, as well as due to luck of any standards that limits the exercise of delegated power, the problem is more aggravated due to lack of post control of administrative rule making power in Ethiopia. Despite the existence of legal basis, other organs of the government like the court and the higher executive organs have no administrative rule making control mechanisms. Due to these, administrative rules making power have been left with out legal and practical limitation at both federal and state level. With this in mind, this work meant to make a humble attempt at showing the problem with practice and the legal gaps in administrative rule making power, procedure and control mechanisms and coming up with some points of recommendation for policy and law reform.Item Adopting a Human Rights-based Approach to Counteract Trafficking -in-Women: The Case of Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-11) Jibriel, Bahar; Dawit, Benyam (PhD)Trafficking in persons which is akin to contemporwy slavelY is highly prevalent across the world. It is affecting thousands o.{persons in all corners of the globe. While men and boys can be exposed to trafficking, the women and girls constitutes a significant majority ol victims of trafficking. Ethiopia is among source countries of many women and girls exposed to trafficking. Each year thousands of Ethiopian women and girls are trafficked across international border to mainly Middle East countries for labor and sexual exploitation purposes. Ethiopian women are subjected to multiple human rights abuses in destination coun tries. Thus, this thesis seeks to examine the sufjiciency and adequacy ol anti/rafficking measures adopted in Ethiopia to counteract trafficking in women. The study"identifies that th ere are two dominant approaches to countera ct trajJicking in persons including women trafficking. These ar e: criminal justice approach and human rights based approach antitrafficking response. It argues that criminal justice approach which views trqUicking as crime and immigration issues resolvable by prosecution of traffickers alone is lOSing currency. It fails mainly to address the root causes irafficking in persons in addition to lack o.l protection to VaT As a result, human righ ts based approach that considers trafficking in women as human rights issues deeming a human rights oriented interventions is gaining ground in antitrafficking discourses. The study, jilrther, argues that A Human Rights Ba sed Approach AntitralJicking Re sponse addresses not only Ihe process and consequences aftrafficking but also it seeks to dismantle Ihe structural root causes such as poverty, lack of education, unemployment and discrimination against women that feed trafficking in women. Accordingly, a human ri ghts based approach antitrafficking en compasses prosecution of trafficking cases, protection of VoT and prevention of Ira.lJicking in holistic manner. Thus, the purpose o.lthis thesis is to assess whether antitralJicking adopted in Ethiopia are in line with human rights based approach standards. The th esis reveals that while there are some positive initiatives and efforts, antiirafficking measures adopted in Ethiopia .!cdl short oj" Human Rights Based Approach antitrqlJicking standards. The lack ()llegislative, policy and instilutional ji"({/l1eworks coupled with deficienCies in prosecution, protection and prevention strategies prove this asserlion. Therej"ore , it is a high time to adopt A Human Rights Based Approach antilra/ficking re!>panse in the countlyto see the effective and meaningfid eradica tion o.lthe trafficking in women. Key terms: trqfjicking in persons, women, criminal justice approach, human rights, a human rights based approach, prosecution, protection, prevention, victims of traffic kingItem The Afar Customary Criminal Justice System: Towards its Better Accommodation(Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017-06) Ahmad, Osman; Abdo, Muradu (PhD)The state in Ethiopia is failed to enforce its laws effectively and it has also failed to recognize those customary practices officially and sufficiently, though there is a de facto accommodation of customary practices in most parts of the country such as the Afar region. This research has aimed at disclosing the problems of accommodating the customary criminal justice systems in Ethiopia, focusing on the ACCJS (mad'a) and recommending the possible solutions at the end. The research is a mixture of both doctrinal and none doctrinal and qualitative in nature. It has used both primary data collected through in-depth interviews using the purposive sampling method and also secondary data taken from varieties of books, journal articles, official documents, reports, etc. The research findings have disclosed that The ACCJS is a widely applicable traditional mode of justice and the community uses this system as a primary source for all legal disputes. The general publics' opinion of the Afar people towards their customary dispute resolution is highly supporting and favoring the preservation of the current practices. In addition to this, almost all of the informants support the side by side operation of the two systems, with collaboration of one with the other and the harmonization of the two systems to render better service to the general public in the region. Particularly, it is an ambition of the majority that the Afar customary criminal justice system is given official recognition by the formal justice sector employing the best modes of accommodation based on the country's context. At the same time, there are a number of conducive issues that can help the accommodation of mad'a by formal system such as the comprehensiveness, uniformity and regularity of mad'a and the de facto accommodation by the regional government, implicit tolerance by the federal state and some newly developed policies and draft laws at federal level, inclining to the authorization of the ADR system in criminal adjudications in the country, etc.Item AfCFTA: Its Challenges and Prospects for the Realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Ethiopia(Addis Ababa, 2021) Teferi, Yeabsra; Merso, Fikremarkos(Associate Profesere)The Agreement of AfCFTA, which was signed by Ethiopia on the 21st day of March, 2018 and ratified by the FDRE House of Peoples Representatives at its session held on the 21st day of March, 2019, has been recently launched in the country. Ethiopia has also adopted, in 2015, the UN’s Agenda 2030 on the sustainable development, which has 17 different goals. The implementation of AfCFTA agreement has prospects and challenges on the realization of sustainable development goals (SDGs) for the continent and for each State Party to the Agreement. In this regard, the prospects and challenges of membership of Ethiopia to AfCFTA on the realization of the SDGs of Agenda 2030 must be studied to use the potential benefits and minimize the possible challenges. Hence, the paper critically analyzes the prospects and challenges of membership of Ethiopia to AfCFTA agreement on the realization of selected SDGs of the UN’s Agenda 2030 (i.e., G2, 8 & 13).Item Affiliate Companies in Ethiopia: Analysis of Organization, Legal Frame Work and the Current Practice(Addis Ababa University, 2010-01) Waritu, Mehamed Aliye; Yohannes, Ato SeyoumThe formation and of operation of affiliate companies have become an enterperunreial reality in contemporary society. These companies have the freedom to determine the size and boundary of their organization , and in so doing they limit (and some time evade) their legal duties since they are characterized by their unity as commercial enterprise and their legal diversity (multiplicity) and legal segregation and insulation and member companies .Such a gap between organizational and legal structure in the realm of affiliate companies have been the subject of many academic discussion and there are also judicial and legislative development in the area, a tendency for special regulation in the interest of minority shareholders and creditors of the member company in the group particularly in the civil Law legal system. The paper endeavors to investigate the organizational structure of officiate company in Ethiopia and analyzed with the rules on joint holding, limitation on acquisition of bank shares, rules on liability of directors officers and managers and consolidation in bankruptcy. Apart from the absence of special regime and the insufficiency in the existing legal rules; courts, practitioners and regulators are not familiar with the legal consequences of opera ting affiliate company. So to curb problems presented to interests allied with affiliate company organizational structure such as creditors; judicial actions under the existing legal framework and legislative reform of the subject under consideration is recommended.Item African Continental Free Trade Area and Consideration for Environmental Protection(AAU, 2020-05) Gabru, Yared; Damtie, Mellese(PhD)Members of the African Union have adopted AfCFTA in 2018. The thesis analyses how and to what extent the agreement has integrated environmental matters. It argues that the members have followed a short-sighted path of economic growth which neglects environmental consideration in a continent which is suffering from severe ecological stress. To that end the study recommends the amendment of the agreement itself and the adoption of environmental cooperative agreement within its framework with the objective of making it greener.