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Item Critical Assessment of the Role and the Response of the African Union and Sub- regional Intergovernmental Organizations in Combating Climate Change(Addis Ababa University, 2013-03) Fetene, Atikilt; Mengis, Mulugeta (PhD)Africa is the continent which contributes least to global emissians of greenhouse gases-yet is the most vulnerable to its effects of reducing agricultural production, food security, increased flooding and drought, widespread diseases, availability of water, and conflict over scarce land and water resources. The fact that Africa is regarded as one of the most vulnerable continents in terms of climate change means that Africa needs to take some initiatives to combat the adverse impacts af climate change. The continent's particular vulnerability will be exacerbated unless urgent action is taken. This thesis is conducted to identify the actual and potential impacts of climate change in Africa, international climate change negatiations and how and to what extent these international negotiatians have been protecting the interests of Africa. Specifically, the thesis aims. to identify the rales and responses of the African Unian and sub-regional intergovernmental organizations in combating climate change. To gather the needed data, exploratory method'of research is used to explore international climate change regimes, climate change regimes of the African Union and sub-regional intergovernmental organizations, decisions and declarations of the African Union, programs and projects implemented by the African Union, sub- regional intergovernmentol organizations and individual African states. The results showed that the African Union, as a pan African institution, responds to avert the catastrophes of climate change by enacting its own climate change regimes, acceding to the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, developing its common position to climate change. The African Union also responds to climate change in partnership with various multilateral and bilateral organizations. On the other hand, sub- regional intergovernmental organizations also playa key role in combating climate change. However, the responses of the African Union and sub-regionol intergovernmental organizations is mainly hampered by member states' conflicting needs and interests, lack of clear relationship between the African Union and sub- regional intergovernmental organizations, regional power house and the existence of various policy gaps at the national and sub- regional levels. So, sub- regional intergovernmental organizatians and individual African states should harmonize interests and needs with that of the African Union. African governments should integrate climate change issues into economic planning and management at both national levels and should enhance coordination among them. Measures should also be taken to link the continent's common position and the prevailing regional, subregional and national policies, strategies, practices and programs. African states should also combat corruption; enhance accountability and transparency to use the climate financing funds for the purposes they are meant for. In addition, African governments have to establish and sustain credible institutions ta address climate change issues on the continent. Key words: climote chonge, internotionol climate chonge negotiations, African Union, subregional intergovernmental organizationsItem Recognition of Government in the Regional Organizations: The Case of African Union(Addis Ababa University, 2013-03) Girma, Markos; Hammad, Salah S (PhD)The OAU charter served as a road map for the efforts of liberating African States from colonialism, apartheid and racism. This regional organization is not only deterred by liberating member states, but also promoting democracy and democratic institutions in Africa. To enhance the democratization agenda of the organization, OAU adopted a declaration on the frame work in response to unconstitutional change of government. In accordance to this declaration a government comes to power unconstitutionally would not be recognized. Further, such government would face sanction. The OAU objective of prevailing constitutionalism became stronger while OAU transformed into AU. AU in its respective legal instruments developed more strict rules and procedure that enabled the organization to deter unconstitutional change of government and fostering recognized democratically elected governments in the organization. Furthermore, AU develops a mechanism of collectively condemning a government comes to power unconstitutionally as well as collectively recognizing a government comes to power respecting the legal instruments of the organization and its own constitution. As a result this study provided due attention to the response of OAU and its successor AU to the recognition of government. The study analyzes these organizations policies with regard to recognition of governments as well as the application of these policies. In considering these issues, the paper examines the response of AU to the coup d’état of Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania and to the NTC of Libya. In doing so the study was conducted based on analyzing the organization’s legal instruments, assessing literatures and case analysis. In each cases AU was condemned and denied recognition governments come to power unconstitutionally. Although AU member states strived to prevail constitutional order in the continent through denying recognition a government comes to power unconstitutionally, there are member states which are vitiating this collective response of the organization for the prevalence of rule of law and constitutional order. However, as the findings show that AU did not take any measure on these countries which are against the organization’s collective act. The organization also lacks coordination in restoring constitutional order in member states where by unconstitutional change of government happened. Furthermore, some of specific sanctions are not directly targeted the perpetrators of unconstitutional government. This might resulted in adverse effect on the innocent civilians. Finally, this paper suggests some recommendations which the writer thinks to be appropriate and enhance the enforcement of one of the organization’s objective of prevailing recognized democratic government in the continent.Item Review of Acts of International Political Organs: The African Union Approach(Addis Ababa University, 2012-11) Belay, Dawit; Hailemariam, Yacob (PhD)Following the judgment of Reparation for Injuries Suffered case, which acknowledged IOs as bearers of right and obligations in the international plane, the debate about IOs turned to their accountability in control of their acts. Since ICJ asserted, in the case, IOs degree of personality only, the conception that their sphere of activity is strictly limited to the provision of their founding instruments has prevailed. This restriction at times has been relaxed by the implied powers theory. Even here, IOs acts can, to the most, go to those justified by objectives and purposes they pursue. Acts of IOs, thus are required to be within their mandate. Control to legality and validity of IO acts has traditionally managed by the insertion of the doctrinal limitations such as compétence d’ attribution, domaine reserve, ultra virus etc. however, lately, institutional mechanism are being included within structures of IOs. These institutions take either political or judicial form. Whichever is preferred, the institution reviews acts of other internal bodies within the organization. Seen from this point of view, the present situation of IOs is not uniform. In some IOs, institutional control is neglected deliberately. In some others the political means is chosen in remaining some others, judicial review is established. This study looks at the review system of the African Union. Specifically control system of the union against acts of the political organs is investigated. It is evident that starting from the eve of the transformation to AU onwards, the continental organization has reorganized itself to reach the goals it aims to achieve. The study thus discusses the review of the system and argues that from the perspective of the revitalized objectives of the union and present state of international law, a number of important elements are dropped from being incorporated though the existence of the system by itself is very radical to the (O)AU.Item Unconstitutional Change of Government in Africa and AU’s Response: The Case of Egypt(Addis Ababa University, 2018-01) Tolera, Solomon; Assefa, Getachew (Associate Professor)Unconstitutional change of government under AU norms refers not exclusively to Coup D’état-the sudden overthrow of a government, but it also encompasses the subversion of a democracy as expressed by the will of the people through election, refusal to relinquish power after losing election, and manipulating the supreme lawthe constitution, in order to extend the incumbency of serving government. Coup d’état is by far the most challenge to the continuity of regimes and has been a source of political instability in Africa. Though the 1990s and 2000s witnessed a decrease in the number of military Coup d’état, the coup d’état phenomenon still looms over African continent. The 2013 Coup d’état in Egypt by Field Marshal Adel Fatah Al-sisi, now a President, against elected President Mohamed Morsi, is a living proof. To combat unconstitutional change of government including coup d’état, the African union (AU) and its predecessor, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) has begun to articulate a Policy on unconstitutional change of government in 1997. Since then AU has adopted a robust of legal instruments on unconstitutional change of government. However, in practice, the OAU/AU/ response to the phenomenon lack consistency and uniformity. Thus, this thesis aims at briefly examining the existing OAU/AU legal regime on unconstitutional change of government. It will then investigate OAU/AU’s response to unconstitutional change of government delving into the consistency of the response. In considering these issues, the thesis examines the response of the African Union to the 2013 Coup D’état in Egypt, in which AU Reinstated Egypt’s membership on June 17, 2014, though constitutional order was/is not restored formally. The thesis concludes by arguing that AU’s response to unconstitutional change of government is paradox to its legal norms. Key words : African Union, Unconstitutional Change of Government, Norm, Coup D’état, Egypt.