Medical Microbiology

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Browsing Medical Microbiology by Subject "Antimicrobial"

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    Aerobic Bacteria in Post-Surgical Wound Infection and Pattern of Their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Hawassa Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2001-05) Dessalegn, Lopiso; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Shemeles, Techalew
    Background: Post-operative wound infections have been found to pose a major problem in the field of surgery for a long time. Advances in control of infections have not completely eradicated this problem because of development of drug resistance. This condition is serious in developing countries where irrational prescription of antimicrobial agents is common. Objective: To determine the distribution of common aerobic bacteria in post-surgical wound infected patients and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in a total of 194 patients with post surgical wound infections at Hawassa Teaching and Referral Hospital, from November 2010 to March 2011. Physicians collected data on socio-demography and clinical profiles using designed formats. Moreover, pus swabs were collected, processed and cultured using the standard bacteriological methods. Isolated organisms were tested for pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility using the standard disk diffusion method. The data were entered in to a computer and analyzed using SPSS Version-16 software. Results: The prevalence of aerobic bacteria was 71.1%, and majority of the isolates (59.3 %) were Gram-negative organisms. The most frequently isolated aerobic bacteria was S. aureus (37.3%), followed by E .coli (25.4%) and Klebsiella species (13.6%). All bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 86.4 % were resistant to more than one antibiotic (multiple drug resistance). Conclusion: Single and multiple drug resistance to the commonly used antibiotics in the study area was found to be very high leaving clinicians with a very few choices of drugs for the treatment of post surgical wound infected patients. Therefore, it is critical that use of antimicrobial agents with in hospitals, public healthcare providers as well as private ones should be reviewed and further studies to find out the overall resistance patterns and their possible causes and associated factors in the region at large need to be carried out. Key words: Aerobic bacteria, post-surgical wound, antimicrobial, susceptibility
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    Isolation of Salmonella Species among Apparently Healthy Food handlers of Addis Ababa University Students’ Cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Getnet, Fentabil; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Kebede, Nigatu(PhD)
    Background: Food is an important vehicle for spread infectious agents causing disease resulting appreciable morbidity and mortality. Food handlers play an important role in ensuring food safety. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia the proportion of certified food handlers and their carrier status is not well studied. Salmonellosis is one of such diseases that can be transmitted from chronic asymptomatic salmonella carriers especially the food handlers. Objective: To isolate the Salmonella species among food handlers of Addis Ababa university students’ cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate Salmonella among food handlers of AAU students’ cafeteria, from December 2010 to February 2011. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data & predisposing factors. Stool samples collected from 233 food handlers were put in selenite cystine broth for Salmonella enrichment, and then cultured on macConkey & XLD for primary culture and purification. The isolate were identified by biochemical tests and drug susceptibility tests were done. All components of data were entered using EPI-INFO 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16 computer software. Fisher’s exact test was applied and p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Eight Salmonella species were isolated among 233 foodhandlers giving an isolation rate of 3.4%, all were females. Of these; two S.typhi, one S.paratyphi A and five unidentified Salmonella species were isolated. Among the risk factors associated with salmonellosis, hand washing habit after toilet with or without soap had a statistically significant association with isolation of Salmonellae, p = 0.003 (OD= 0.07, 95% CI= 0.008–0.58). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile showed all except one were resistant to Ampicillin and all isolates were resistant at least to one of antimicrobials tested. Conclusion: A 3.4% isolation rate of Salmonella species was obtained and all isolates were resistant at least to one of antimicrobials tested. Accordingly, foodhandlers could be a source of salmonellosis unless carriers treated after periodic screening and other preventive measures taken. Antimicrobial resistance profile also reflects it would be a serious problem in near future. Key words: Antimicrobial, Cross sectional study, Foodhandler, Isolate, Salmonella
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    Prevalence and Antimicrobial Profile of Listeria Monocytogenes in Retail Meat and Dairy Products in Addis Ababa and Its Surrounding Towns, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa university, 2007-03) Abera, Firehiwot; Monga, DP (Professer)
    Listeriosis is a disease of humans and animals, which is mostly caused by Listeria monocytogenes, as the result of food and environmental contamination as well as zoontic infections. In the world, this disease is becoming an emerging bacterial disease, with low incidence but high case fatality rate. The objective of this study was to isolate L. monocytogenes from retail meat and diary products (raw milk, cottage cheese, cream cake) and to detect their antimicrobial profile. Two hundred and forty food samples were purchased from food vendors, shops and supermarkets, using cross-sectional study design, from July to December 2006. L. monocytogenes isolation were performed according to the standard procedures using Listeria enrichment broth, Modified Fraser broth, Polymyxin Acriflavine Lithium Chloride Ceftazidime Aesculine Mannitol (PALCAM) and Oxford Agar (OXA) media as well as confirmatory broths like rhamnose, xylose, mannitol; blood agar and Christe Atkins Munch Peterson (CAMP) test. The antimicrobial profile of L. monocytogenes was also assessed by using the standard disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer, Muller Hinton agar) and it was tested against 14 antimicrobial drugs. Out of 240 food samples tested, 66(27.5%) were positive for Listeria species. The prevalence rate of L. monocytogenes was found to be 13 (5.4%). The antimicrobial profile of L. monocytogenes was also assesed and it was found that L. monocytogenes was sensitive to most drugs except clindamycin which showed the highest resistance rate (100%) and also to certain extent, to chloramphenicol (53.9%), tetracycline (31.8%) penicillin (23.1%), and rifampicin (15.4%).