Browsing by Author "Yasmin Jibril"

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    Cross sectional study and isolation of M. gallisepticum in commercial and backyard chickens in East Shewa, Ethiopia
    (2007-06) Yasmin Jibril; yilkal Asfaw
    Cross sectional study and isolation of M. gallisepticum was conducted from November 2006 to April 2007 in commercial and backyard chickens in East Shewa, Ethiopia. A total of 514 sera were collected for sero-prevalence study, of which 187 were from commercial chickens and 327 from backyard chickens. All sera were tested using an indirect ELISA to detect antibodies to M. gallisepticum infection. This preliminary study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of M. gallisepticum infection, to assess epidemiological risk factors and to isolate M. gallisepticum. The overall sero-prevalence of M. gallisepticum infection was 49.4% (254/514). Out of this, 64.5% (211/327) in backyard chickens and 23% (43/187) in commercial chickens and this was statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Variation in prevalence was observed among commercial farms being high in farm-B (46.8%) and low in farm-C (4.25%) and this was statistically significant (p<0.05). Significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence was also observed among five Woredas selected for sampling backyard chickens being high in Lume (72.7%) and low in Ada'a (47.5%). Age was significantly associated (p<0.05) with M. gallisepticum infection. Increasing prevalence with an increasing age was recorded. In layer flocks, statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in prevalence was observed being 0% in chicks at 1 to 8 weeks and 67.3% in layers at 18 to 76 weeks. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was seen between broiler growers at 3 to 6 weeks and finishers at 6 to 10 weeks with prevalence of 6.6% and 9.5%, respectively. It was also revealed that significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence was seen between layers (41.7%) and broilers (7.8%). Significant association (p<0.05) was also observed between sex and MG infection in commercial chickens with higher prevalence in females (32.4%) than males (10.1%) but no significant (p>0.05) sex difference in prevalence among backyard chickens was observed. Post mortem examination was conducted and gross post mortem lesions on lung, trachea, and air sacs were collected and processed for isolation. M. gallisepticum was isolated from clinically sick commercial chickens and apparently healthy backyard chickens. The current study revealed M. gallisepticum infection is prevalent in the study area. It was also concluded that further study should be conducted to assess economic impact of the disease in the area and to investigate the status of the disease in other areas of the country.
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    Epidemiology And Economic Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease in Domestic Ruminants in Western Amhara Regional State, Northwestern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021) Betelihem Yirdaw; Yasmin Jibril
    Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects cloven-hoofed animals and causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the western Amhara region of Ethiopia during the period from November 2020 to May 2021 with the aim of estimating the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of FMD, to identifying circulating serotypes and determines the economic impact of the diseases on domestic ruminants. A total of 389 sera samples and 14 epithelial tissue samples were collected from ruminants. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to determine economic loss associated with FMD. All the serum samples were subjected to a 3ABC enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay to detect antibodies against non-structural proteins of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). In this study, the overall seroprevalence of FMDV in the domestic ruminants were 4.63% (18/389); (95%; CI: 2.93% - to 7.24%). The seroprevalence of cattle, sheep and goats were 6.38% (12/389), 3.67% (4/389) and 2.17% (2/389) respectively. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed the occurrence of FMD was higher in Adet than in Banja (OR= 11.48, p=0.02). The occurrence in the semi-intensive production system was significantly greater than the occurrence in the extensive production system (OR=14.2 and p= 0.001). FMDV was detected using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerize chain reaction (RT-PCR) from a total of 14 active tissue samples taken and serotyping was done using antigen detection sandwich ELISA. FMDV was found in all tissue samples, and serotypes O, A, SAT1, and SAT2 were identified. Questionnaire survey data revealed total economic loss was 5553.21ETB (132.21$USA) per herd and 1124.13ETB (26.76$USA) per individual animal. It was determined that the disease's impact is extremely severe, resulting in massive economic losses. Therefore, it was recommended that further investigations on the epidemiology and economic consequences should be studied to design appropriate control options.
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    Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease of Cattle in Selected Districts of Arsi and Bale Zone, Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2022) Mohammed Aliye; Yasmin Jibril
    Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects clovenhoofed animals and causes significant economic losses in Ethiopia. To develop effective control and preventive measures, it is necessary to know the status of FMD through continuous surveillance, outbreak investigation, risk factor assessment and analysis of economic impact. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2021 to June, 2022 with the aim of estimate the seroprevalence, identify associated risk factors, identifying circulating serotypes, and analyzing the economic impact of the diseases on cattle in selected districts of the Arsi and Bale zones, Oromia, Ethiopia. A multistage cluster sampling technique for the seroprevalence study was used, and a total of 779 sera samples and 11 epithelial tissue samples were also collected for serotyping. To estimate the economic loss associated with FMD and assess various factors that affect the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease, a questionnaire survey was conducted. To detect antibodies against non-structural proteins of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), the 3ABC ELISA was employed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence of FMD in cattle was 48.65 % (379/779) (95% CI: 45%- 52%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that districts, breed, age, herd size, and animal composition were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p< 0.05). The odds of FMD seropositivity were higher in cattle kept with small ruminants (OR = 1.737, 95% CI: 1.195-2.538, p = 0.0039) than in cattle alone. It also revealed that the odds of seropositivity were 1.756 higher in adults compared with young cattle (OR = 1.756, 95% CI: 1.677-3.528, p=0.0000). Of the eleven (11) tissue samples subjected for serotyping by the antigen detection ELISA, nine (9) samples were found positive and three types of FMDV serotypes were identified. The identified serotypes were: serotype A (77.77%), SAT 1 (11.11%), and SAT 2 (11.11%). During the study period, the total economic loss was estimated to be 374025ETB (7333.82USD). It was found that the disease's impact was extremely severe, resulting in massive economic losses. Therefore, further investigation and characterization of the circulating virus serotype and economic consequences should be studied to design appropriate control options.
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    Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants, Isolation and Molecular Detection of the Virus in Selected Districts of Awi and Metekel Zones, North West Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2022) Yalew Abiyu; Yasmin Jibril
    Ethiopia possesses huge population of sheep and goats despite the country benefited little from it due to different factors including Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), highly contagious and economically important trans-boundary disease of small ruminants associated with high morbidity and mortality. Cross-sectional study involving questionnaire survey, retrospective outbreak data, seroprevalence, isolation and molecular data analysis were conducted from February 2020 to May 2021 in selected districts of Awi and Metekel zones with the objective of revealing epidemiological status, isolation and molecular detection of PPRV circulating in the area using c-ELISA and real time PCR. Of the total 714 sera samples tested, 467 (65.4%) were found positive for PPRV antibody. Significantly higher prevalence of 70.7% (236/334, P=0.007, CI=65.4-75.4) in Metekel than Awi zone (60.8%) was observed. Seroprevalence of 66.8% (243/364) in sheep and 64% (224/350) in goats with no statistical significant difference (P> 0.05) was also revealed. In this study, significantly higher seroprevalence was recorded in old animals (75.2%, OR=3.5) than adult (72.7%, OR=2.8) compared to young (52.1%) (CI=2.3-6.2, P=0.000). A prevalence of 64.9% and 54.4% was observed in female and male animals respectively (P=0.000, ꭓ2=13.18). From 42 samples examined with the PCR, 38.1%; 15 (5.7%) goat and 1 (2.4%) sheep were detected positive. The virus was also successfully isolated from VDS cell cultured samples. The questionnaire survey revealed that 89.7% (n=78) of farmers know the disease though most of them are not familiar with prevention and control measures. About 64.1% of them also indicated that PPR outbreakoccurs each year. The retrospective data (2016-2021) showed a total of 632 PPR outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality rate in Benishangul Gumuz the outbreaks being common in dry season. As evidenced from the questionnaire survey, retrospective, serology and molecular detection in addition to the field observation result of this study, PPR is found to be endemic in the study area. The higher PPRV circulation, the usual free animal movement and communal grazing system in the area indicates possibility of further spread within and to other areas. Therefore, it should have get priority attention from control and eradication campaign of the country. Creating awareness to farmers, restricting animal movement and targeted vaccination is necessary to prevent spread of the disease. Further study on sequencing and characterizing the circulating virus to a lineage level is also recommended.
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    Investigation on Rabies Knowledge, Practices and Determinants of Dog Vaccination and Prevalence of Gastro Intestinal Helminthes among Household With Dogs in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia
    (2020-06) Nemera Dinka; Yasmin Jibril
    A cross sectional study was carried out between November, 2019 to April, 2020 in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia, with the aims of investigation on rabies knowledge, practices and determinants of dog vaccination and prevalence of gastro intestinal helminthes among household with dogs. On the study regarding questionnaire interview, a total of 230 households were enrolled and data collected using structured questionnaire and feacal samples was taken from those dogs reared by household interviewed at the same time. Males recruited for this study made up 47.39% (109/230) of all respondents with 121 (52.61%) females interviewed. The mean ages were 43.5 and with an age range of 18-79 years for all respondents. 87(37.83%) of all study participants had attained secondary education. Majority (38.26%) were privately employed. Factors significantly associated with a respondent having a vaccinated dog on included having higher education, when was their dog vaccinated (<6 months and 6-12 months), Rabies modes of transmission, right treatment when exposed to rabies (antibiotics and tetanus without anti-rabies and human post exposure vaccine) and practices Practice on suspected rabid dog (report to veterinary practitioner). In other hand the study aims at investigating the prevalence of the gastro intestinal helminthes of dogs. Out of 230 dogs sampled, 25.2% (n=58) were positive for Ancyclostoma spp., 20.4% (n=47), 10% (n=23), 7.8% (n=18) and 18.3% (n=42) were positive for Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp., Trichuris spp. and Toxocara spp. respectively. Study pointed out that 80 dogs were free of the above described parasites (65.22%). Concurrent infections with one species of helminthes were more common (53.48%) than infection with two (8.26%), three (2.17%) and four (1.30%) helminthes parasites species and there was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) of Ancyclostoma spp. Dipylidium caninum, Taenia spp., Trichuris spp. and Toxocara spp. between sex, age, breed and body condition groups.