Browsing by Author "Tsegaye Henok"

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    Identifications of Intestinal Parasites, Salmonella and Shigella Species and Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Fruit Juice Makers in Selected Sub Cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-11) Tsegaye Henok; Desta Kassu ; Alemayehu Haile
    Background: Unpasteurized fruit juices known to cause food poisoning from harmful germssuch as Salmonella, Shigella and gastrointestinal parasites. Fruits are susceptible to differentmicrobes if didn’t prepared practice good hygiene in overall process. Due to that Food bornediseases are the main public health concerns in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective: To identify Intestinal Parasites, Salmonella and Shigella species from consumed localfruit juices sample and juice makers and assessing their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice offruit juice makers. Methods: A Cross-Sectional study was conducted at selected sub cities of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. Knowledge, Attitude, Practice assessment questionnaire was taken to evaluate the factors to microbial quality and safety of local fruit juices. Different varieties of fruit juices andstool samples from juice makers was collected and examined for microbiological tests fromFebruary 2021 to June 2021.Juice samples were pre-enriched in Buffer Phosphate Waterfollowed by selecting enrichment for isolation, culture, biochemical tests, Becton Dickinsonphoenix analyzers, serotyping were used for confirmation of those pathogens. Antimicrobialsusceptibility tests were also carried out using 10 antibiotic discs on each isolate by using KirbyBauerdiscdiffusio method.ThedatawasenteredintoEpi infversion3.5.4 andanalyzedusingSPSS version23. A p value≤ 0.05 at95% CIwasconsideredasstatisticallysignificant. Results: A Total of 100 fruit juice sample, 100 fruit juice makers fecal samples, 120 KAPassessments were enrolled in the study. The majority study participants were female 108(90%).About 27 (27%) and 17(17%) of juice makers and fruit juice samples were positive for differentintestinal parasites with the most abundant parasite of A. lumbricoides 7(7%) and E.histolytica5(5%) from juice samples and juice makers respectively. Stool and juice cultures revealed 6%and 5% of Salmonella isolates. While Shigella species was not isolated from both sample types.The participants level of knowledge and attitude score were 95.8% and 63.1% and the practice level score were 39.5%. S.Dublin were the only serotype found in both fruit juices and stoolspecimen. All isolates of Salmonella were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol,Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim, Nalidixic acid, Ceftriaxone and only Gentamycin andTetracycline shows the highest intermediate. But resistant to Erythromycin, Ampicillin,Amoxicillin Clavunilic acid. Conclusion: The results clearly illustrated the fresh juices preparations didn’t meet public healthstandards. They know their work but poor practice indicated. Such foods are responsible tocauses food borne diseases specially carrier to many kinds of intestinal parasites andenteropathogenic bacterias. Therefore, policy makers and implementers must adopt strictmeasures and supervision to the vendors about food safety and hygienic practices to update theguidelines and standards for fruit products preparations. Certain antibiotics for Salmonella fromfecal and non-fecal source gives exceptional result for further study since multiple drugresistance of many antibiotics still differentiated that affect drug viability to Salmonella species.
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    The Impact of Foreign aid on Public Spending in Ethiopia: A Vector Autoregressive Approach
    (A.A.U, 2010-06) Tsegaye Henok; Hasan Syed
    Foreign aid is an important source of finance to a majority of developing countries since it supports the budgetary process and therefore enhances the development of these countries. In this paper, a welfare utility maximization function is used to determine how government spending and domestic revenue respond to aid flows. It employs a co-integrated vector autoregressive model to account for potential endogeneity and non stationary problems. The empirical evidence supports the hypotheses that in Ethiopia, during 1966-2008, foreign aid has a positive effect on total government expenditure. But disaggregating the data into government development expenditure and recurrent expenditure, total aid has positive effect on recurrent expenditure where as program aid has negative effect on development expenditure. In totality foreign aid is fungible in Ethiopia. Disaggregating the data in to recurrent and development headings also shows aid is more fungible under the recurrent expenditure heading than the development expenditure heading. The study also provides evidence that policy change increases development expenditure, and aid flow reduces domestic resource mobilization. Provided that foreign aid influences government expenditure and its fungibility the government has to design effective economic policy and improve institutional quality.