Browsing by Author "Tolera, Assefa(Ph.D"
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Item Change and Continuity in Marriage Practices in Bacho Woreda, South West Showa, Oromiya National Regional State(AAU, 2012-11) Zenebe, Ashenafi; Tolera, Assefa(Ph.DMarriage is an institution that helps for the continuation of generations, however, through time its form, process and practice changes. Therefore, this study is mainly conducted on marriage practices with much emphasis on the peasant communities of Becho Oromo of Becho Wereda. The main objective of the study is to investigate the change and continuity in marriage practice. To achieve the objective, data is collected through, informal interview, key informant interview and observation. The study reveals, the changes observed in marriage practices today are categorized broadly into three. a) Changes observed as a result of the modification of (he already existing elements of marriage. b) Changes observed in the adoption of some new elements of marriage. c) Changes observed due to some traditional elements of marriage are on the way to extinction. Changes which are the result of modification of some elements of marriage practice include change in bride wealth in which in the past, cattle were given for the bride's family. Nevertheless, nowadays, money is given. In the past, elders were sent to the bride's family three times. However, today only two times. In the pre- and Derg regime, the parents select a wife for their boys. Indeed, these times, priority is given for the boys to select their futu.re wives The feasts prepared for the wedding day ceremony, marriage between unequals, the amount of bridewealth given and age at marriage are all these modified in the study area. The changes observed as a result of the .incorporation of new elements in the already existed marriage practice is the result of interaction with neighboring areas. In this way that bridesmaid is introduced to the study community from the near town, Tullubollo. Abduction and early marriage are the forms of marriage that are on the way to extinction mainly due to education and an awareness created by the gender office. However, Kadhaa and Fuudha Gursuma are still widely practiced in the study community.Item The Migration of Gojjam Peasants To East Wollega; Causes and Impcats(AAU, 2010) Assaye, Gubaye; Tolera, Assefa(Ph.DThe spontaneous rural-rural migration is one of the least investi gated subj ects in Eth iopi a. The aim of the thesis is to add some information on the existing studies so far. Furthermore, the maj or theme of the thesis is focusing on identifYing the factors and outcomes of spontaneous migration both in the area of origin and destination Dega Damot and Gidda Ayana woredas respectively. There is a general consensus from the previous studies that spontaneous migration and settlement is usually the outcomes of drought or famine, scarcity of arable land, high population pressure, degradation and fragmentation of land, lack of oxen and other social related problems. The spontaneous out migration of Dega Damot peasants has a similar attributes to its counterparts of the highland parts of northern Ethiopia except drought. Migration experience of Dega Damol peasants to the lowland part of Gidda Ayana started in 1990. The migrants of Dega Damol Woreda fl ocked one followed by another to the aforementioned Woreda since 1990 due to two main reasons. The first one is the establishment of State Farms in Anger Gutin .Even though State Farms particularly those initi ated by Foreign aids had been practiced in Anger Gutin since 1972, it was the Derue State Fa rm that was implemented after 1984/5 famine became very intensive and able to create employment opportunity fo r the people of different ethnic background. This created the exposure for peasants of Go}j am in part icul ar and Amhara in general. Secondly, the resettlement attempt of Dega Damol peasants to the lowland part of Gidda Ayana in 1990 also created exposure for spontaneous migrants. The peasants voluntarily initiated th is resettlement program by having permission from the concerned bodies at both end s. In the same year the resettlement program was started, which in turn paved the way for the wave of the then mi gration. After that, out migration was initiated by the interplay of push and pull factors. As the findin g reveals, the decision of out migration of Dega Damot peasants is the cumulative effect of individuals, families and community in general. As Castle and Miller (2003:29) put it as the Micro, Meso and Macro-structure are intertwined in the migratory process; there is no clear di viding line between them. That means no single cause is sufficient to explain why people dec ided to leave their ori gin and settle in another area. The migration of the peasants of Amhara region in general and Gojj am in particular to Eastern Wollega has both positive and negative results. The positive effects of migration at destination includes intensification of production which in turn created economic relations (Sharecropping, hiring labour and exchange of goods and services); the emergence of social integration through; Jddir, mahber, Tul matbat and marriage. The negative outcomes of it at destination encompass deforestation and inter-ethnic conflict main ly due to economic reason. But at the area of origin migration is characteri zed by only positi ve outcomes since it gives breathing by easing pressure on land space for the people who stayed behind in addition to remittance. Due to the existence of high population pressure in Dega Damol Woreda, still migration does not create shortage of labour.Item Oromo Development Conception and Practice An Ethnographic Study of the Tulama Oromo(AAU, 2004-06) Dir[], Alemayehu; Tolera, Assefa(Ph.D