Browsing by Author "Teshome, Daniel"
Item Determinants of Student Dropout in Government Primary Schools in Addis Ababa city Administration in Akaki-Kality Subcity(Addis ababa univeresty, 2012-07) Teshome, Daniel; Chalchisa, Desalegne(PhD)This study examined determinants of dropout in six government primary second cycle schools situated in Akaki Kality subcity of Addis Ababa City Administration. It employed descriptive survey research method. Data were collected from teachers, dropout returnees, principals and parent-teacher association leaders from schools using questionnaire and interview. The school principals and parent teacher association leaders were the subjects of interview questions. One hundred thirty dropout returnees, one hundred fifty four teachers and five school principals and five parent teacher association leaders participated in this study. Dropout returnees, school principals and parent teacher association leaders were selected using available sampling technique whereas teachers are selected using stratified and systematic random sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using percentage, mean and t-test whereas qualitative data were analyzed with themes and categories. The study indicated the eight major out- of-school related factors for student dropout. These were: low level of parents’ monthly income, low level of parental education, divorced parents, involvement in domestic work, unable to afford expenses to school supplies, involvement in generating income for the family, parents negative attitudes in formal education, and deceased parents are among major factors that contribute to high rate of dropout in the study area in respective order. Where as students’ negative interest towards education found to be a high contributing factor to dropout from the school. Independent samples t-test revealed statistically significant differences across students and teachers on determinant factors of dropout. The mean in the t-test indicated teachers’ ratings reasons for dropout was significantly higher than those of students. The qualitative analysis indicated that economic condition of the family, students’ high involvement in domestic activities and involvement in income generating activities were the major factors that determine dropout in these schools. Based on the findings, recommendations were forwarded.Item Determinants of Student Dropout in Government Primary Schools in Addis Ababa city Administration in Akaki-Kality Subcity(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Teshome, Daniel; Chalchisa, Desalegne (PhD)This study examined determinants of dropout in six government primary second cycle schools situated in Akaki Kality subcity of Addis Ababa City Administration. It employed descriptive survey research method. Data were collected from teachers, dropout returnees, principals and parent-teacher association leaders from schools using questionnaire and interview. The school principals and parent teacher association leaders were the subjects of interview questions. One hundred thirty dropout returnees, one hundred fifty four teachers and five school principals and five parent teacher association leaders participated in this study. Dropout returnees, school principals and parent teacher association leaders were selected using available sampling technique whereas teachers are selected using stratified and systematic random sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using percentage, mean and t-test whereas qualitative data were analyzed with themes and categories. The study indicated the eight major outof- school related factors for student dropout. These were: low level of parents’ monthly income, low level of parental education, divorced parents, involvement in domestic work, unable to afford expenses to school supplies, involvement in generating income for the family, parents negative attitudes in formal education, and deceased parents are among major factors that contribute to high rate of dropout in the study area in respective order. Where as students’ negative interest towards education found to be a high contributing factor to dropout from the school. Independent samples t-test revealed statistically significant differences across students and teachers on determinant factors of dropout. The mean in the t-test indicated teachers’ ratings reasons for dropout was significantly higher than those of students. The qualitative analysis indicated that economic condition of the family, students’ high involvement in domestic activities and involvement in income generating activities were the major factors that determine dropout in these schools. Based on the findings, recommendations were forwardedItem The Effect Of Alcoholic Beverage Advertising On Youngster’s Attitude Towards Drinking(Addis Ababa University, 2018-05-13) Teshome, Daniel; Workneh, Mesfin (PhD)The objective of this research was to studying the effect of televised alcoholic beverage advertising and youngster’s attitude towards drinking. A questionnaire, including five-point scale items, was designed based on previous research and distributed to three hundred eighty four (174 males and 210 females) youngsters in the range of 17-26 years of age and who lives in Addis Ababa. The participants were selected using stratified random sampling method. The findings of this study revealed that watching TV alcohol advertisements is related with alcohol use. Gender of the adolescents was also related with alcohol use. Male participants, compared to females, scored high on Entertaining Presentation, informative and credibility scale items; hence they were more likely to use alcohol as compared to their female counterparts. The result also revealed that Entertaining Presentation of alcoholic beverage ads, informative of teenagers with characters of TV alcoholic beverage ads and Credibility of alcoholic beverage message derive youngsters attitude towards drinking. Moreover, Entertaining Presentation of alcoholic beverage TV ads, informative of alcoholic beverage ads to youngsters about alcohol use were found to be significant predictors of attitude towards drinking. In addition, the result from qualitative data also showed that TV alcohol commercials encouraged youngsters to use alcohol by showing, music, dance, humor and youthful lifestyle on TV alcohol ads. Moreover, youngsters perceived drinking alcohol use as healthy lifestyle due to the fact those advertisers sent only positive outcomes of alcohol. Based on the findings of the study it has been recommended that there should be counter-advertising or Brewery-Sponsored counter-advertising which teach youngsters about the hazard of alcohol drinking and abuse. Besides this study strongly suggest that the media houses and the broadcast agency should reduce youngster’s exposure of alcoholic ads by setting strict time-slots which alcoholic beverages advertisements are being aired on television. And Policy makers must prohibit alcoholic beverage televised ads, from being air during sporting events and programs that are popular among youngstersItem Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program (EFETP) Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology(Addis Abeba Universty, 2014-05) Teshome, Daniel; Aragaw, Merawi (PhD)1.1 Outbreak of Measles in Kucha district, Gamo Gofa zone, Ethiopia, August, 2013 Abstract Text: Background: Measles is a highly infectious vaccine preventable childhood disease that infects over 20 million people each year. On 14th August, 2013; five suspected cases of measles were reported in Kucha district, Gamo Gofa zone, Ethiopia. We conducted an investigation to confirm the diagnosis, assess factors associated with the outbreak and recommend control measure. Method: We conducted 1:2 unmatched case-control study, we defined a case as any resident of Kucha district with fever, rash, and either cough, conjunctivitis or coryza, between August 14 to 20th September, 2013.Five blood specimen collected from suspected cases for testing Measles IgM. We reviewed patient’s medical records of in the health facilities and active search for additional cases in affected communities. Questionnaires were administered to caregivers of cases and controls to obtain information on Sciodemography and risk factors. Immunization status was assessed using immunization card and/or care givers recall. Results: We found 148 cases with (AR=8/10,000) with two death (CFR=1.2%). A total of 30 cases and 60 controls recruited Females constitute 53.3% and 51.7% of cases and controls respectively. The median age was 6.5 years (range 8 month to 18 years) and controls 7.5(1-18 years), and 39 (26.4%) under five and 97(65.5%) were 5-14 years old. Measles vaccine coverage 92%. Prior vaccination status (OR=0.21, 95% CI: 0.08-0.54), Knowledge of measles transmission (OR= 0.13, 95%CI: 0.02-0.35). Living in a room with more than six people (OR=4.2, 95%CI: 1.53-11.95). All five samples tested positive for measles IgM. Conclusion: Low measles immunization, poor knowledge of transmission of measles, and overcrowded living condition and accumulation of susptible groups above 5 years age may be responsible for this epidemic. We recommend supplemental measles vaccination, strengthening of routine immunization and Public advocacy on immunization campaigns, Vaccination campaigns should target children above age of five years. Keywords: Measles outbreak, Ethiopia, Gamogofa, case control, KuchaItem Evaluation of Possible Teratogenic Effects of Leaves of Moringa Stenopetala in Rat Embryos and Fetuses.(Addis Abeba University, 2019-06) Teshome, Daniel; Dr. Seyoum, Girma(Associate professor of Anatomy)Introduction: - Moringa stenopetala (Baker f.) is a medicinally important plant, belonging to family Moringaceae. This plant has been recently getting great popularity in Ethiopia due to its multiple uses. The leaves of Moringa stenopetala are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments such as malaria, hypertension, and diabetes. The use of Moringa stenopetala is known to be beneficial in different systems of the body. However, there have been no studies conducted to investigate its effects on the developing embryo and fetuses. Objective: - This study was conducted to evaluate the possible teratogenic effects of leaves of Moringa stenopetala in wistar rat. Methods: - The leaves of moringa stenopetala were collected in Arbaminch, Southern Ethiopia. The leaves were dried and crushed to powder using mortar and pestle. The dried leaves were extracted by maceration using 80% methanol. The 80% methanolic extract of Moringa leaf at doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg were orally administered to pregnant Wistar rats from day 6 through day 12 of gestation. Embryos and fetuses were recovered on gestational day12 or day-20, respectively, and were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed for developmental anomalies. Histopathological examination was carried out on the placenta from both the treatment and control groups. Result: -Results of the present study showed that Moringa exposure during pregnancy might have teratogenic effects in rat embryos and fetuses at a dose of 1000mg/kg. In the day-20 experiment, significant prenatal growth retardation such as reduced fetal weight and crown-rump length (CRL) were observed in near term fetuses of 1000mg/kg (highest dose) Moringa treated animals. This growth retardation was in excess of those in the pair-fed control and ad libitum group (p<0.05). Fetal weight and CRL in the highest dose treated animals were 2.41±0.108 and 2.81±0.167, respectively. Fetal weight and CRL in the pair-fed control group were 3.11±0.078 and 3.08±0.122, respectively. Growth retardations such as delay in development of otic, optic and olfactory system were also observed in day-12 embryos of 1000mg/kg Moringa treated rats. However, in this study, the offspring's of moringa treated pregnant rats did not show gross external malformations (neural tube defect missing tail, anencephaly, and polydactyly) at all doses. Sections of the placenta in a high dose treated group whose mother received 1000mg/kg of Moringa stenopetala extract showed multiple lesions such as decidual hypoplasia, atrophy and decidual necrosis in 25% of the placentas. The placenta weight at a high dose treatment and pairfed control group were 0.459±0.031 and 0.527±0.049, respectively. Conclusion: -The findings of present study have shown that administration of crude extract of Moringa stenopetala at a higher dose was not safe in pregnant Wistar albino rats. Its toxic and teratogenic effects were evidenced by the significant delay in embryonic and fetal development, decrease in maternal weight gain during gestational periods and increase in fetal resorptions and fetal death. Moreover, consumption of Moringa stenopetala leaf extract at a high dose had adverse effect on the histology of the placenta as evidenced by intervillous thrombosis, decidual necrosis, and decidual hypoplasia. Therefore, excessive intake of Moringa stenopetala leaf may be unsafe.