Browsing by Author "Tesfaye Tola"

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    Ethiopia’s Peace Cooperation and Maritime Diplomacy with Maritime Neighboring Countries since 2018: Successes and Challenges
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-11-01) Tesfaye Tola; Hussein Jemma (PhD)
    This research aims at examining whether Ethiopia’s Peace Cooperation and Maritime Diplomacy with maritime neighboring countries mainly with Eritrea since 2018 satisfy Ethiopia's need to get the right to access the sea through Eritrea ports that serve both for commercial and military activities, and the reason why land-locked Ethiopia needs to build a navy and where Ethiopian navy will be based. The field data were collected through key informant interviews and Main findings of the study include, Ethiopia and Eritrea able to end the period of ‘no peace no war’ after the leaders of the two countries signed peace deal agreements in 2018. But, Ethiopia did not begin to use Eritrean ports both for economic and military activities. The reasons for the lack of official execution of the agreement signed to implement the boundary decision has not been executed due to internal conflict in Ethiopia, Ethiopia and Eritrea did not sign a package agreement that consists of port utilization protocols, and Eritrean ports are also lacking infrastructures. The study also found out that Ethiopia re-established its navy by Proclamation No. 1100/2019, to protect Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, to protect Ethiopian cargo ships, and to protect Ethiopian national interest in the Horn African maritime region. Yet, Ethiopia did not sign a single treaty with any maritime countries that help Ethiopia to get an operational naval base. Therefore, Ethiopia’s peace cooperation and maritime diplomacy made with Eritrea since 2018 did not satisfy Ethiopia's need to get access to the sea through Eritrea ports, which serve Ethiopia both for its economic and military objectives yet. Also, the base of the new Ethiopian navy is still unknown. This implies that Ethiopia needs to work hard to avoid all the challenges that impede its Peace Cooperation and Maritime diplomacy, and to make every possible effort to achieve the objective to get sea access through the maritime domain of Eritrea that would serve Ethiopia both for commercial and military purpose.
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    State Obligation for the Protections of the Rights of IDPs: In Case of Oromo People Displaced from Ethiopian Somali Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Tesfaye Tola; Dejene Girma
    Internally displaced person (IDPs) are a person or a group of people who displaced from their home or permanent residence and flee to another part of their country without crossing international border because of natural or manmade disasters. Since IDPs are a person or group of people who displaced from their property and home, they are vulnerable groups who need special protection and assistance. Because of this the relevant international law like GP and KC, imposes primary obligation on state to provide protection and assistance to their IDPs within their territory. The protection and assistances provided to IDPs have enforced through pillars of state obligation; obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill/provide based on the rights of IDPs, identified under Guiding Principle as worldwide legal standards. GP provide universal legal standard by imposing obligation on state or concerned authority, which includes obligation to respect and protect the rights of IDPs such as the right to be protected from arbitrary displacement, the right to life, dignity, morality, physical integrity, and liberty of IDPs by preventing any acts that violates the rights of IDPs. State has also obligation to fulfill/provide the rights of IDPs, which includes the right to provide immediate humanitarian assistance, durable solution, basic needs, and social service, as well as obligation to provide effective legal frameworks, and legal remedy both in case of civil and criminal matters. In case of Oromo IDPs displaced from Ethiopian Somali region, Ethiopia government did not fulfill its obligation to protect the right of IDPsto be protected from arbitrary displacement, the right to life, dignity, morality, physical and mental integrity of IDPs. Concerning obligation to fulfill/provide, Ethiopia fulfills its obligation to provide humanitarian assistance to Oromo IDPs displaced from Somali regions in 2017. But until now Ethiopia didn’tfully fulfill its obligation to provide durable solution, obligation to provide basic needs and social service and obligation to provide effective legal frameworks and legal remedy both incase of civil and criminal matters for the protection of the rights of its IDPs particularly in case of Oromo IDPs displaced from Ethiopian Somali region.