Browsing by Author "Tesfaye Sisay"
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Item Breast Cancer Subtypes, Associated Biomarkers, and the Involvement of Human Papilloma Virus in Ethiopian Population(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-22) Esmael Besufikad; Adey Feleke; Tesfaye Sisay; Rawleigh HoweBreast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world as well as in Ethiopia. Although research on breast cancer in Ethiopia has been conducted, none of them have evaluated breast cancer in multiple regions of the country, which is important considering Ethiopia’s enormous ethnic and genetic diversity. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the distribution of breast cancer subtypes and associated immune cell biomarkers, hormone receptors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and HPV genotypes in selected Ethiopian regions. A total of 227, 81, 58, and 120 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were collected for breast cancer subtyping, immune cell biomarkers analysis, MMP expression, and HPV genotyping, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed for breast cancer subtyping based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and Ki-67 proliferation markers, and for additional immune cell biomarker expression. RNA was extracted and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR was performed for MMP expression analysis. DNA was extracted from archived FFPE breast tissue specimens and target genes were amplified using PCR for HPV genotyping. SPSS Version 25 was used to enter and analyze data. For immune cell biomarkers and MMP results, GraphPad Prism version 8.0.0 was used for statistical analysis. A large percentage of breast cancers were found to have advanced clinical and pathologic features, such as substantial lymph node involvement, large tumor size, and high histological grade. The percentage of ER and PR-negative tumors were 48.3% and 53.2%, respectively. The IHC subtype distribution was 33.1% triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER-2-) breast cancer, 27.6% luminal B ((ER+, PR+, HER-2- and Ki-67 ≥ 20%) or (ER+, PR+, and HER-2+)), 25.2% luminal A (ER+, PR+, HER-2- and Ki-67< 20%), and 14.1% HER-2- enriched (ER-, PR-, HER-2+). In multiple logistic regression analysis, grade III and HER- 2 positivity were associated with larger tumor size, and tumor size was also higher in samples from Southwestern Ethiopia (Jimma) as compared to Northern Ethiopia (Mekele). The MMP-11 expression levels were significantly higher in breast cancer cases than in benign breast tumors (P=0.012). The non-luminal (triple-negative and HER-2-enriched) breast cancer subtype had a higher percentage of stromal CD20+, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages than the luminal (Luminal A and Luminal B) subtype. The stromal programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) +, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages, and PD-L1+ were also more commonly found in grade III breast cancer than in grade I and II breast cancer, respectively. Human papillomavirus was found in 20.6% of breast cancer patients and 29.6% of non-malignant breast tumors. Human papillomavirus infection was nearly 10-fold more common in ER-positive than ER-negative breast cancer. A considerably high prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer was reported in our study, demanding additional research that includes identifying genetic predisposition factors. A significant association was found between the breast cancer subtype and stromal CD20+, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages. The stromal PD-L1+, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages, and PD-L1+ were also associated with tumor grade. Our findings suggest an important impact of MMPs in breast cancer pathophysiology, particularly MMP-11. This study also showed no proof of a link between HPV infection and breast cancer; however, the finding that HPV was more prevalent in breast tumors that were ER-positive than ER-negative warrants further attention.Item Breast Cancer Subtypes, Associated Biomarkers, and the Involvement of Human Papilloma Virus in Ethiopian Population(Addis Ababa University, 2023-12-22) Esmael Besufikad; Adey Feleke; Tesfaye Sisay; Rawleigh Howe; Dinkisira BekeleBreast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world as well as in Ethiopia. Although research on breast cancer in Ethiopia has been conducted, none of them have evaluated breast cancer in multiple regions of the country, which is important considering Ethiopia’s enormous ethnic and genetic diversity. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the distribution of breast cancer subtypes and associated immune cell biomarkers, hormone receptors, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and HPV genotypes in selected Ethiopian regions. A total of 227, 81, 58, and 120 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were collected for breast cancer subtyping, immune cell biomarkers analysis, MMP expression, and HPV genotyping, respectively. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed for breast cancer subtyping based on estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and Ki-67 proliferation markers, and for additional immune cell biomarker expression. RNA was extracted and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR was performed for MMP expression analysis. DNA was extracted from archived FFPE breast tissue specimens and target genes were amplified using PCR for HPV genotyping. SPSS Version 25 was used to enter and analyze data. For immune cell biomarkers and MMP results, GraphPad Prism version 8.0.0 was used for statistical analysis. A large percentage of breast cancers were found to have advanced clinical and pathologic features, such as substantial lymph node involvement, large tumor size, and high histological grade. The percentage of ER and PR-negative tumors were 48.3% and 53.2%, respectively. The IHC subtype distribution was 33.1% triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER-2-) breast cancer, 27.6% luminal B ((ER+, PR+, HER-2- and Ki-67 ≥ 20%) or (ER+, PR+, and HER-2+)), 25.2% luminal A (ER+, PR+, HER-2- and Ki-67< 20%), and 14.1% HER-2-enriched (ER-, PR-, HER-2+). In multiple logistic regression analysis, grade III and HER-2 positivity were associated with larger tumor size, and tumor size was also higher in samples from Southwestern Ethiopia (Jimma) as compared to Northern Ethiopia (Mekele). The MMP-11 expression levels were significantly higher in breast cancer cases than in benign breast tumors (P=0.012). The non-luminal (triple-negative and HER-2-enriched) breast cancer subtype had a higher percentage of stromal CD20+, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages than the luminal (Luminal A and Luminal B) subtype. The stromal programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) +, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages, and PD-L1+ were also more commonly found in grade III breast cancer than in grade I and II breast cancer, respectively. Human papillomavirus was found in 20.6% of breast cancer patients and 29.6% of non-malignant breast tumors. Human papillomavirus infection was nearly 10-fold more common in ER-positive than ER-negative breast cancer. A considerably high prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer was reported in our study, demanding additional research that includes identifying genetic predisposition factors. A significant association was found between the breast cancer subtype and stromal CD20+, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages. The stromal PD-L1+, intratumoral CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages, and PD-L1+ were also associated with tumor grade. Our findings suggest an important impact of MMPs in breast cancer pathophysiology, particularly MMP-11. This study also showed no proof of a link between HPV infection and breast cancer; however, the finding that HPV was more prevalent in breast tumors that were ER-positive than ER-negative warrants further attention.Item Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates from Bloodstream Infections Among Patients Admitted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Daniel Beshah; Adey Desta; Tesfaye Sisay; Gurja BelayBloodstream infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alarmingly, Gram-negative bacteria that produce beta-lactamase and carbapenemase are causes for the rapid global spread of multi-drug resistance (MDR), which significantly jeopardizes the efficacy of existing antimicrobial treatments. This research aimed to analyze the microbial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, genomic diversity, and associated risk factors of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 on 1486 bloodstream infection suspected patients. In addition to biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, PCR and WGS were conducted for ESBL, AmpC, MBL and carbapenemase producing resistance genes. The prevalence of bloodstream infection was 417 (28.06%), and the most prevalent bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (11%). Culture positivity was associated with age below 6 years, ICU admission, length of admission > 5 days, temperature greater than 38 oC, instrument usage during medical care, chronic illness, and neonatal incubation. Multi-drug resistance was 95% where 56%, 32% and 7% of the isolates exhibited MDR, XDR, and PDR respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter sp. showed the greatest rates of XDR (37%) and PDR (77%), respectively. Among the 231 phenotypically characterized isolates, 195 (84%) drug-hydrolyzing enzyme producers, 54% and 26% were ESBL and carbapenemase-producer, respectively. Again, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the highest drug-hydrolyzing enzyme-producer bacteria. 176 out of the 195 (76%) were PCR-confirmed resistant bacteria, of which ESBLs, MBLs, carbapenemase, and AmpC-BLs accounted for 53%, 22%, 20%, and 10%, respectively and blaCTX-M, blaFOXM, blaOXA-23, and blaNDM were the highest hits in Klebsiella pneumoniae, (75%), and Escherichia coli (24%). Out of the 142 whole genome sequenced isolates, 1604 genes categorized into 168 resistance classed were identified. A total of 1055 virulence genes were identified belonging to 133 types. The majority of AMR genes and virulent genes were observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae (40%) and E. coli (71%), respectively. Sul2 was the most prevalent gene (%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 (5%), and aph (3'')-Ib (5%). fimH (6%), iutA (6%), and traT (5%) were the most prevalent virulent genes. The most common ESBL producer genes were blaCTX-M-15 (7%) and blaTEM-1B (6%) and the most common AmpC genes were blaCMY-2 (2%) and blaCMY-6 (1%). The highest carbapenemase genes were blaOXA-23 (3%), blaOXA-66 (3%), blaNDM-1 (2%), and blaOXA-1 (2%). In 82 (58%) of the sequenced strains, eight types of gene mutations were identified: parC (30%), gyrA (30%), ramR (1%), rpoB (1%), ompK37 (45%), acrR (43%), and ompK36 (43%) with a total of 220 antimicrobial gene mutations and 956-point mutations. However, 22 (2%) of the mutations were frameshift mutations and the rest 934 were point mutations. Among the 142 drug-resistant strains, 103 (73%) have plasmid mlst, and 108 (76%) have plasmid genes. Resistance to disinfectants like benzalkonium chloride 77(52%) and cetylpyridinium chloride 77(52%) had OqxA 41(29%), OqxB 41(29%), and qacE 49(35%) disinfectant-resistant genes. Like other AMR genes, NICU (B6) still has the leading prevalence of disinfectant resistance genes (22%) followed by C/W (9%) and pediatric hematology (D7) (8%). The study showed AMR has become a significant health hazard of bloodstream infection that most affects neonatal and ICU patients. The alarming result of this study was 7% PDR bacteria. The NICU by ESBL and SICU, General surgery, and caesarian section units by Carbapenemase producer strains were affected. A high burden of ESBL and Carbapenemase was seen in this study The predominant ESBL, MBLs, and Carbapenemase genes were blaCTX-M, blaNDM, and blaOXA-23 respectively. Nine novel drug-resistant bacteria strains were identified. Surgical and inserted medical instruments are the main drug-resistant bacteria transmission roots. Carbapenemase and MBL drug-resistant genes were associated with NICU, general surgery, SICU, and C/S unit which needs infection prevention standard implementation.Item Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates from Bloodstream Infections Among Patients Admitted at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Daniel Beshah; Adey Desta; Tesfaye Sisay; Gurja BelayBloodstream infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alarmingly, Gram-negative bacteria that produce beta-lactamase and carbapenemase are causes for the rapid global spread of multi-drug resistance (MDR), which significantly jeopardizes the efficacy of existing antimicrobial treatments. This research aimed to analyze the microbial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, genomic diversity, and associated risk factors of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections. A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019 on 1486 bloodstream infection suspected patients. In addition to biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests, PCR and WGS were conducted for ESBL, AmpC, MBL and carbapenemase producing resistance genes. The prevalence of bloodstream infection was 417 (28.06%), and the most prevalent bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6%) and Acinetobacter spp. (11%). Culture positivity was associated with age below 6 years, ICU admission, length of admission > 5 days, temperature greater than 38 oC, instrument usage during medical care, chronic illness, and neonatal incubation. Multi-drug resistance was 95% where 56%, 32% and 7% of the isolates exhibited MDR, XDR, and PDR respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter sp. showed the greatest rates of XDR (37%) and PDR (77%), respectively. Among the 231 phenotypically characterized isolates, 195 (84%) drug-hydrolyzing enzyme producers, 54% and 26% were ESBL and carbapenemase-producer, respectively. Again, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the highest drug-hydrolyzing enzyme-producer bacteria. 176 out of the 195 (76%) were PCR-confirmed resistant bacteria, of which ESBLs, MBLs, carbapenemase, and AmpC-BLs accounted for 53%, 22%, 20%, and 10%, respectively and blaCTX-M, blaFOXM, blaOXA-23, and blaNDM were the highest hits in Klebsiella pneumoniae, (75%), and Escherichia coli (24%). Out of the 142 whole genome sequenced isolates, 1604 genes categorized into 168 resistance classed were identified. A total of 1055 virulence genes were identified belonging to 133 types. The majority of AMR genes and virulent genes were observed in Klebsiella pneumoniae (40%) and E. coli (71%), respectively. Sul2 was the most prevalent gene (%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 (5%), and aph (3'')-Ib (5%). fimH (6%), iutA (6%), and traT (5%) were the most prevalent virulent genes. The most common ESBL producer genes were blaCTX-M-15 (7%) and blaTEM-1B (6%) and the most common AmpC genes were blaCMY-2 (2%) and blaCMY-6 (1%). The highest carbapenemase genes were blaOXA-23 (3%), blaOXA-66 (3%), blaNDM-1 (2%), and blaOXA-1 (2%). In 82 (58%) of the sequenced strains, eight types of gene mutations were identified: parC (30%), gyrA (30%), ramR (1%), rpoB (1%), ompK37 (45%), acrR (43%), and ompK36 (43%) with a total of 220 antimicrobial gene mutations and 956-point mutations. However, 22 (2%) of the mutations were frameshift mutations and the rest 934 were point mutations. Among the 142 drug-resistant strains, 103 (73%) have plasmid mlst, and 108 (76%) have plasmid genes. Resistance to disinfectants like benzalkonium chloride 77(52%) and cetylpyridinium chloride 77(52%) had OqxA 41(29%), OqxB 41(29%), and qacE 49(35%) disinfectant-resistant genes. Like other AMR genes, NICU (B6) still has the leading prevalence of disinfectant resistance genes (22%) followed by C/W (9%) and pediatric hematology (D7) (8%). The study showed AMR has become a significant health hazard of bloodstream infection that most affects neonatal and ICU patients. The alarming result of this study was 7% PDR bacteria. The NICU by ESBL and SICU, General surgery, and caesarian section units by Carbapenemase producer strains were affected. A high burden of ESBL and Carbapenemase was seen in this study The predominant ESBL, MBLs, and Carbapenemase genes were blaCTX-M, blaNDM, and blaOXA-23 respectively. Nine novel drug-resistant bacteria strains were identified. Surgical and inserted medical instruments are the main drug-resistant bacteria transmission roots. Carbapenemase and MBL drug-resistant genes were associated with NICU, general surgery, SICU, and C/S unit which needs infection prevention standard implementation.Item Factors Influencing Loan Repayment Performance of Micro and Small Enterprise Borrowers Financed by Micro-finance Institution; The Case of Oromia Credit and Saving S.C (OCSSCO).(Addis Ababa University, 2018-01) Tesfaye Sisay; Degefe DuressaMicrofinance institutions in Ethiopia are playing an important role in poverty reduction strategies initiated by the government of Ethiopia. These institutions have a mission of creating and facilitating credit and other financial schemes to enhance self-employment opportunities and poverty reduction. There have been challenges in the microfinance institutions’ regarding reducing the high rate of default by their clients specifically with micro and small enterprise borrowers. Thus, the study objective was to identify factors influencing the loan repayment performance of MSE’s financed by MFI, in the Case of Oromia Credit and Saving S.C (OCSSCO).To address the main objectives of the study, four zonal offices of Oromia credit and saving Share Company were selected for the study purpose. Accordingly, in order to achieve the objective 329 sample borrowers were selected from the total of MSE borrowers served by those selected MF zonal offices. The data were collected using a structured questionnaires, and interviews. The descriptive statistics analysis and probit regression model were employed to estimate the model and analyze the results of findings. The result shows that eight variables including constant: monitoring utilization of other members in a enterprises, loan disbursement timeliness, repayment schedule suitability, repayment trend on monthly basis, repayment trend in irregular basis supervision on monthly basis and training adequacy are found significantly influence loan repayment performance of borrowers. Thus, it is recommended that the lending institutes need to focus on monitoring loan utilization systems of borrowers and technical support needs of the target borrowers through delivering better awareness creation to organize the more viable borrowers, close supervision, and follow-ups and strengthening their internal and external weaknesses through better training.Item Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages from Various Sources in Addis Ababa Against Antimicrobial Resistant Diarrheagenic E. Coli Strains and Evaluate their Therapeutic Potentials(Addis Ababa University, 2023-10) Tamirat Salile; Tesfaye SisayEscherichia coli is a common fecal coliform, facultative aerobic, gram-negative bacterium. Pathogenic strains of such microbe have evolved to cause diarrhea, urinary tract infection and septicemias. The emergences of antibiotic-resistance urged to find an alternative strategy. The use of lytic bacteriophages against the control of pathogenic E. coli in the clinics and different environmental setups (waste and drink water management) become an alternative therapy to antibiotic therapy. Thus, this study aimed to isolate and characterize the lytic bacteriophage from various sources in Addis Ababa and tested against antimicrobial resistant diahrrgenic E. coli strains and evaluates their therapeutic potentials under invitro conditions. A total of 14 samples were processed against six different diahrrgenic E. coli strains. Conventional culture and plaque analysis agar overlay method was conducted to recover lytic bacteriophage isolates. The phage isolates were characterized to determine their lytic effect, growth characteristics, host range activity and stability under different temperature and pH conditions. Phage isolates were identified by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), molecular techniques (PCR), and whole genome sequencing. Totally, 17 phages were recovered from 84 tested plates. Totally, 17 phages were recovered from 84 tested plates. Of the 17 phage isolates, 11(65%) were Myoviridae-like phages, 6 (35%) phage isolates were Podoviridae and Siphoviridae by morphology and PCR identification. Bacteriophage genome sequencing revealed that each bacteriophage has a linear double-stranded DNA genome. The GC content of phage genomes ranged from 43 to 54%, while their sizes ranged from 40,427 to 143,710 bp. The whole genome sequence analysis of 7 potent coliphages showed that phage isolates were taxonomically classified as 4 (57%) of Myoviridae phages and 3 (43%) of Siphoviridae phages. Based on the host range test, growth characteristics and stability test 7 potent phages were selected. These phages demonstrated better growth characteristics, including short latent periods, highest burst sizes, and wider host ranges, as well as thermal stability and the ability to survive in a wide range of pH levels. These phages' promising effect against AMR pathogens has raised the possibility of their use in biological control of bacterial infections.Item Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter Jejuni and Campylobacter Coli Isolated from Ethiopian Dairy Supply Chain and Evaluation of their Associated Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance(Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Abera Admasie; Tesfaye SisayCampylobacter is among the leading bacterial foodborne pathogens, causing a high foodborne disease burden worldwide. There is a limited information on the prevalence, risk factor, and whole genome sequencing of Campylobacter in Ethiopian milk and milk products in major milk sheds in Ethiopia. To this end, a cross-sectional study was carried out to isolate and characterize the genomic diversity,antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated risk factors of Campylobacter species from milk and dairy products collected from representative regional sites (Oromia, Amhara, and SNNP). in Ethiopia. A total of 1140 dairy food samples were collected in the dry and wet seasons of which 456 samples were used for seasonal comparison. Samples were tested for Campylobacter by following the ISO 10272-1:2017 standard and confirmed by PCR with Illumina MiSeq instrument (v3 600-cycle cartridge) for the paired-end sequencing run. Amrfinderplus_db NCBI was used to detect gyrA and 50S_L22_A103V gene mutations. NCBI Pathogen Detection database was used for the genomic similarity . A total of 141 Campylobacter isolates were tested for susceptibility to three antibiotics using a disk diffusion method.. The result indicated that Campylobacter was detected in 12% of tested food samples. The highest prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was found in raw milk (19%), followed by pasteurized milk (10 %) and cottage cheese (3%) (P<0.001). The prevalence did not differ significantly between the wet (20%) and dry (16%) seasons (P=0.27). However, there was a five times more chance of finding Campylobacter species in milk and milk products during the wet season than the dry season (COR = 4.5 (1.8-12), P = 0.002). in the Oromia region, Besides, 89% of the samples were contaminated with C. jejuni, and 11% with C. coli. Two different C. jejuni MLST sequence types, namely, ST 51 (clonal complex ST-443) and ST 2084 (clonal complex 353) were detected; they were clustered in different clades (B and C), respectively. Two ST 1628 and 2 ST 830 C. coli from clonal complex 828 were grouped into a single clade (C). Phenotypically, 89 %, 74%, and 57% of Campylobacter species were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin respectively. Moreover, 43% of the tested isolates were resistant to more than two drugs. Genomically, ten isolates of 8 C. jejuni ST 2084 and 2 C. coli ST 1628 had a T86I mutation in the gryA gene, which is associated with resistance to Quinolone (ciprofloxacin), and all 14 C. jejuni carry 50S_L22_A103V gene, associated with resistance against Macrolide (erythromycin). Of these, all Campylobacter species carried CTD genes, chemotaxis-related genes (cheA, cheB, cheR, and cheY), and invasive genes (flaC, ciaB, and ciaC). We can conclude that 12% of Campylobacter species were present during the dry and wet seasons. The data also showed that , 43% of the isolates acquired more than two antibiotic resistance genes and a mutation was present in the 50S_L22_A103V and gryA genes in C. jejuni. The risk factor analysis showed that using warm water and soap for cleaning cow udders and teats on farms (AOR=0.3, P=0.023), filtering milk with a cloth, or plastic filter (AOR=0.065, P=0.005), and storing milk in an aluminum container (AOR=0.23, P=0.027) reduced the likelihood of detecting Campylobacter in raw milk. In contrast, Campylobacter detection was significantly higher in milk samples collected at collection centers with concrete floors (AOR=5.2, P=0.004). The odds of detecting Campylobacter in milk were 17 times greater (AOR=17, P=0.007) in milk processing facilities that did not calibrate a pasteurizer on an annual basis. Likewise,, having a separate refrigerator for milk storage reduced the occurrence of Campylobacter in retail (AOR=0.29, P=0.021). In conclusion, Compared to samples of pasteurized and cottage cheese, the raw milk was more contaminated. Additionally, a mutation was found in the 50S_L22_A103V and gryA genes of C. jejuni, and 43% of the isolates that were studied possessed more than two antibiotic resistance genes. Thus, understanding the genetic composition and prevalence of Campylobacter in the dairy supply chain may help identify potential contamination sources and create effective management plans that ensure the safety and caliber of dairy products.