Browsing by Author "Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)"

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    Analysis of Pastoral Livelihoods Diversification and Food Security in Assaita and Afambo Woredas, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-02) Fisseha Abenet; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    Livelihood diversification is a key strategy for enhancing food security in pastoral and agropastoral communities. This study explored the structure of pastoral livelihoods, determinants of diversification, and associated food security outcomes. Mixed methods were employed, including focus groups, key informant interviews, and analytical tools such as Simpson’s Livelihood Diversity Index (SLDI), Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), and Food Consumption Score (FCS). Quantitative analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics: multinomial logistic regression, Firth’s penalized logit, Probit regression, and Weighted Propensity Score Analysis. Primary livelihood activities included livestock production (51%), crop production (6%), labor (4%), small businesses (8%), miscellaneous income (56%), and remittances (34%). Based on income, SLDI was low (76%), moderate (22%), and high (2%); based on expense, it was low (58%), moderate (28%), and high (13%), suggesting expense as a more sensitive proxy for identifying diversification. Probit regression indicated that access to irrigation, goat ownership, and larger farm size increased diversification likelihood by 12%, 13%, and 10.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). A reduced model highlighted irrigation (17%), miscellaneous income (35.5%), and farm size (9.6%) as significant contributors (p < 0.05). Although crop production, small businesses, and miscellaneous income had high marginal effects, they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Age, gender, and TLU had weak negative effects. The full Probit model explained 96.8% of the variance in diversification, with 90.4% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity. Firth’s penalized logistic regression found significant positive effects from crop farming (16.5), livestock production (7.6), small businesses (7.3), miscellaneous activities (11.0), and PSNP participation (p < 0.05). HFIAS indicated mild (42%) and moderate (11%) food insecurity with no severe cases. FCS showed poor (55%), borderline (39%), and acceptable (6%) consumption. While diversification showed no significant effect on HFIAS (p > 0.05), it significantly improved FCS by 4.8 units (p < 0.05; R² = 0.038). In conclusion, households showed low income and diversification levels with generally poor food security. Diversification did not significantly affect food access (HFIAS) but had a positive impact on dietary quality (FCS). Enhancing off-farm enterprises and optimizing existing livelihood streams, particularly crop and livestock production, can improve diversification, though it alone does not ensure food security across all measures.
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    Contribution of Livelihood Diversification on Rural Household Food Security: The Case of Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-08) Sosena Mellese; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    Rural livelihood demands a paradigm shift from monotype livelihood to mixed type of livelihood. Livelihood diversification would be one of the focus areas to improve the livelihood and food security status of the rural families. This study analyzed the livelihood diversification impact on rural households’ food security evidence from Adami Tulu Jido Kombolicha woreda, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 360 sample households from one woreda and three kebeles were sampled for the study. They were purposefully selected in consultation with woreda experts basing the food assistance data. The number of sample household determined by probability sampling proportional to size of the respondents and followed by simple random sampling. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics used to analyze the explanatory variables along food security status and livelihood diversification. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was employed to measure the food security status. Ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze determinants of food in/security. Level of livelihood diversification was computed using Simpson Diversity Index (SDI). Correlation of livelihood diversification with food security status and explanatory variables was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient. Coping strategy in response to food shortage was computed using Coping Strategy Index (CSI.) Household Food Insecurity Access Scale result indicated that 46% of the sample households were food insecure ranges from (32% severely, 5% moderately and 9% mildly food insecure). The result of ordered logistic regression model showed that, educational status of household head, access to credit and household expenditure has significant influence on food security status. The result of Simpson Diversity Index indicated that, 14.17%, 46.3%, 39.4% of the sample households were within the level of high, medium and low livelihood diversification respectively. The result of Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that age of household head; education status of the household head, household size, history of crop failure, access to land, use of modern farm input, access to credit and agriculture extensions service has got correlation with livelihood diversification and in addition those variable also statistically significant to the livelihood diversification. Coping strategy index result indicated that 36.2%, 9.4% and 54.4% of households were practicing high, medium and low coping behavior in response to food shortage respectively. From the households with high coping (83.85% and 11.54%) of the sample households were severely and moderately food insecure. Based on the finding of the result, in order to improve the rural households’ livelihood as well as food security status, it is necessary to mark that promotion of education would be vital. The availing credit access to the rural households with low interest and vast coverage would made them to diverse the livelihood base. Overall various livelihood program packages shall be established in the way that to benefit the rural households as well as PSNP beneficiaries.
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    Determinants of Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies of Internally Displaced Persons In Hachalu Resettlement Site, Koye Feche Sub city Sheger City Administration, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-04) Yohannes Sisay; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    As of 2023, there were more than 3.8 million internally displaced people (IDPs) in Ethiopia as a result of armed conflict, climate shocks, and intercommunal violence (IDMC, 2023). The majority of these IDPs reside in the Oromia Regional State, where many of them suffer from acute food insecurity as a result of their livelihoods being upended, and their lack of access to humanitarian aid (WFP, 2023).In Hachalu settlement, food insecurity among internally displaced people (IDPs) is a serious problem that has a big impact on their general wellbeing. A study was carried out to evaluate the coping strategies and food security status of IDPs in the region in order to address this issue and guide future initiatives. In order to investigate the causes of food insecurity and the associated coping strategies among IDPs, the study used a descriptive and explanatory technique, combining quantitative and qualitative data gathering in a mixed-methods approach. A representative target group was created using a stratified random sampling procedure, yielding a sample size of 276 people. Of the IDPs in the survey, 58.3% were men and 41.7% were women, with the majority (71%) being between the ages of 35 and 44. The results showed issues in food insecurity and the socioeconomic difficulties that internally displaced people experience. Notably, 75.4% of IDPs lacked formal education and 56.5% were unemployed, highlighting the necessity of job training and educational programs. An overwhelming 84.1% of IDPs did not have access to enough food, even though the majority made between 2,001 and 3,000 Birr a month, which is slightly above the poverty level. With mean scores of 1.93 for worries about food sufficiency and 2.69 for limited availability of nutrient-dense foods, descriptive analysis revealed substantial levels of food insecurity. Additionally, the study identified strong correlations between food insecurity and factors such as economic status (r = 0.897), access to resources (r = 0.897), health (r = 0.891), coping processes (r = 0.859), and social support networks (r = 0.848). The study highlights how urgently aid is needed to address food insecurity among internally displaced people. It emphasizes the significance of increasing access to markets, clean water, and land to promote food security and asks for job training and educational activities to improve these people's socioeconomic standing. It is also considered crucial to treat health issues that restrict IDPs' ability to earn a living. According to the study, food insecurity is made worse by extended displacement, high food costs, and limited income opportunities, which push households to use unhealthy coping strategies like asset depletion, meal skipping, and child labor (FAO, 2023). In order to improve food security and resilience among displaced populations, the study emphasizes the critical need for focused interventions, such as livelihood support and social protection programs.The study concludes by highlighting the serious problem of food insecurity among Hachalu Resettlement Site 's internally displaced people and promoting all-encompassing solutions that include quick assistance, socioeconomic advancement, and better access to necessities.
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    Food Security Situation of Urban Expantion Induced Displaced Female Headed Households in Peri-Urban Areas of Legatafo Town, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Naomi Berhanu; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    This study is conducted in Oromia Regional State, Finfinne surrounding a special zone of Legatafo town, to examine the impact of urban expansion on induced displaced female-headed households. A multistage sampling procedure was used to get 162 sample households from Legatafo town of four kebeles. To gather the required information for the study questions, data were collected through both primary and secondary sources and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Further, food security indicators such as Food gap months, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Copying Strategy Index were used to measure the continuum of food insecurity experienced by the sample households. The study employ ordered logit regression model used to determine socio-demographic and economic factors that have significant impact on the food security status of the displaced female-headed households. The descriptive result indicated that in the context of Legatafo town, socio-demographic and economic variables such as the age of the head of the household, the educational level of the head of the household, family size, non-agricultural incomes, and large and small livestock ownership don’t significantly impact the food security of sample households. On the other hand, agricultural land size, annual crop production, food aid, remittances, and the sickness of the head of the household have a significant impact on the food security situation of the household. The results of the ordered logistic regression model showed that out of the thirteen explanatory variables feed into the model; six variables were identified as having a significant impact on the food security of the target female-headed households. Annual crop production, ownership of large livestock, and agricultural land size were found to be positively correlated with the displaced female-headed household’s food security.
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    Household Resilience to Multidimensional Food Insecurity: The case of weaving-Based Households In Chencha District, South Ethiopia regional
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-12) Desta Dereje; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD); Teshome Yirgu (PhD)
    Background Food insecurity is a historical global human challenge, but has yet remained a burning development agenda. The capacity to withstand and recover from food insecurity shocks and stresses refereed as resilience, which is determined by a strand of factors. This paper deals with measuring and; identifying major determinants of household resilience to food insecurity among weaving-based livelihood system in Chencha district. Methods Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to generate data from 303 sample house holds through household survey, focus group discussion, and key informant interviews. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, household resilience index, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and econometric model (probit regression). Results The household survey revealed that 59.04% households were non-resilient, 24.42%weremoderately resilient, 10.89% resilient and 4.95% highly resilient. The Chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests have shown a meaningful and statistically significant difference among resilience categories. Finally, probit model analysis indicated that access to credit, average years of family education, crop diversity, income diversity, landholding size, TLU, expected crop harvest, expected cash income from fruit trees, frequency of extension contact, FCS, annual food expenditure, ownerships of Radio, Jewelry, furnished bed, membership in local associations, and distance to local market have positively influenced the likelihood of attaining higher household resilience at CI 95% or P <1%, 5% and 10%. Whereas; lack of access to mobile phone, in ability to read and write, family business, formal employment, and transfers of payment have decreased likelihood of households to achieve higher resilience level. Conclusions Therefore, improving household access to credit, education, income diversification, live stock and land, agricultural extension services, membership to local associations, mobile service, and income diversification would enhance household income and food security, which could in turn improve household resilience to food insecurity.
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    Impacts of Disaster Risk Management Practices on Household Food Security Status in Ethiopia: The Case of Tarmaber Woreda, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Mebrat Aynalem; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    Disaster Risk Management (DRM) practices significantly impact household food security status, particularly in Tarmaber Woreda, Ethiopia, within the Amhara Regional State, North Shewa zone. This study aimed to investigate the impact of DRM practices on household food security status, considering prevalent disasters such as floods, conflicts, and pest infestations. A mixed research approach was employed, with data collected from 336 households through survey questionnaires, key informant interviews, and observations. Descriptive and inferential analyses, including binary logistic regression, were conducted. The findings revealed significant impacts of DRM practices on food security outcomes, particularly in mitigating the adverse effects of floods. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that variables such as household planning status before disasters (B = 2.446), participation in social protection programs (B = 2.608), planting drought-resistant crops (B = 1.364), effective use of early warning systems and information (B = 1.366), and early warning and information training (B = 0.626) significantly influenced food security outcomes. Socio-economic factors like marital status, educational status, income levels, and age of household heads were also found to correlate with food security status. The study underscores the importance of proactive DRM practices, such as household planning, participation in social protection programs, and adoption of resilient agricultural practices, in enhancing household resilience and food security in disaster-prone areas like Tarmaber Woreda. Recommendations include strengthening disaster preparedness measures and promoting community resilience-building initiatives.
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    Livelihood Strategies, Food Security Status and Coping Strategies among Internally Displaced Persons Resettled in Gelan Town, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-12) Tofik Abajebal; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    This study was conducted to assess livelihood strategies, food security status and coping strategies among internally displaced persons (IDPs) resettled in Gelan town of Oromia during 2018. House to house survey was conducted for quantitative data collection from randomly selected households. Qualitative data was collected from 10 purposively selected Key Informant Interviews. The data was analyzed using statical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. The result of this study indicated only 14.4% of internally displaced persons resettled in the study area were food secure while 43.1%,12% and 30.6 were mildly, moderately, and severely food insecure respectively. Household dietary diversity score indicated only 2.9% were in low dietary diversity level. From coping strategy index finding 8.6% and 2.9% of this resettled IDPs practiced severe and very severe coping strategies. Binary logistic regression results reviled that income of household, education level, family size, level of dietary diversification, and availability of private tap water at were significantly associated with food security status of resettled IDPs. The findings also indicated as food security measuring methods used in this were significantly correlated with each other. The overall findings indicated more than half of participant households were in food secure and mildly insecure condition. Livelihood strategies mainly relies on daily based jobs. The integration to local community were good status. This study recommends for Gelan town administration to arrange additional job opportunities in sustainable manner and focusing on capacity building for those permanently resettled IDPs for improvement of their livelihood status and ensure their food security.
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    Livelihoods Coping Mechanisms of Solid Waste Collapse Induced Displaced Households: The Case of Reppie Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Tigist Misganaw; Temesgen Tilahun (PhD)
    In developing countries urban poor are forced to concentrate on physically dangerous sites which are closed to industrial facilities, toxic waste, solid waste dumps, which are susceptible to landslides and flooding. Ethiopia has also encountered collapse of mountain of solid waste in the capital Addis Ababa which claim the life of the many individuals and destruction of the property, and displaced many households from new resettlement areas. Displaced households often lose assets when they are forced to flee their home and land. They may also be unable to pursue their former work, leading to unemployment, underemployment or informal work, and a significant drop in income. Livelihood loss may lead to reduced access to food and an increase in malnutrition. The main aim of this research is to identify livelihood coping mechanisms applied in Reppie solid waste collapse induced displace in Addis Ababa. By taking a systematic randomly selected sample of 223 households from four new resettlement areas. Mixed research approach was employed and triangulation was vital method of converging concurrently collected data through survey, and FGDs. The data were analyzed using frequency tables, percentage, logistic regression and chi-square test. And livelihood coping capacity status was also ranked using Coping Strategy Index weighting calculation developed by World Food Program (WFP). The outcome of the study indicates that 38.1 % of displaced HHs are face food shortage or money to buy food for so that they engaged Livelihood coping strategies (LCS). Based on LCS standard, it is found that HHs using Neutral coping strategies 4.7%, Stress coping strategies is 52.9%, crisis is 12.9% and 29.9% is emergency coping strategies. The four most applied LCS strategies are 54.7% purchased food on credit or borrow food, 48.8% sold household goods or assets, 46.5% spent their saving and 46.5 % also reduce nonfood expenses (health, education, social events). The most severe strategy is begging practiced by 8.8% HHs. In the bi-variate logistic regression, the engagement of Livelihood based coping strategies is associated with age of household ages, education status, access to credit, size of households, income source type and ownership of house. Finally, recommend that an emergency food support should carry out and parallel initiate livelihood developmental interventions so as to avert the consequence of coping strategies. As well as develop resilience capacity at time of shock or stress.