Browsing by Author "Tefera, Tigist"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Assessment of Reproductive Health Service Utlization and Associated Factors Among High School Youths in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2015
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-02) Tefera, Tigist; Tachbele, Erdaw (PhD)
    Background: According to WHO, youths is between 15-24 years of age. Reproductive health (RH) is critical for youths and adults because it does not only set the stage for health beyond the reproductive years; it also affects the health of the next generation. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine factors affecting reproductive health service utilization among high school youths in Addis Ababa. Methodology: School-based quantitative cross sectional study was carried out among selected secondary and preparatory students, in Addis Ababa city. Using the random sampling a total of 694 school youths (aged 15-24 years) were proportionally allocated and interviewed. Total of Ten facilitators and a nurse supervisor was recruited to assist the data collection process. A pretested structured questionnaire was employed to obtain the necessary information after getting both written and verbal consent from the concerned bodies. The collected data was interred in to Epidata and analysed using SPSS version 20 statistical package and the degree of association between dependent and independent variables were assessed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Result: From the total of 694 school youths responded, 199(28.7%) of the respondents utilized reproductive health services in the past one year. Voluntary counselling testing of HIV and Family planning were utilized by 127(18.3%) and 124 (17.9%) of youths respectively. The likely hood of RH service utilization was 2.04 times higher among male‟s than female‟s [AOR=2.04 (1.41, 3.00)]. Youths with age of 15 to 17, youth who prefer to get service during usual working hour and who prefer getting service by any provider were 0.60[AOR 0.60(0.41,0.89)], 0.61 [AOR 0.61(0.41, 0.90)] and 0.39 [AOR= 0.39(0.20,0.76)] times less likely to utilize RH services respectively Conclusion: Proportion of youths reporting RH services were generally low, slight higher than one fourth. Sex, Age, preference of the same sex service provider and convenience of service time were significant predictors of youth RH services.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Investigation of Toxicity of Cigarette Butts Collected in Addis Ababa to Swiss Albino Mice
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-01) Tefera, Tigist; Ashall, Frank (PhD)
    Background: Cigarette butts are the most common form of litter in the world; approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked yearly worldwide. Over 7000 chemicals may be introduced to the environment in cigarette butts and smoke constituents. These include chemicals such as nicotine, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metal ions, nitrosamines, ammonia, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, benzene, phenol and acetone, over 70 of which are carcinogenic to humans. Environmental cigarette butts are toxic to microorganisms, fish, other marine organisms and birds, but no studies have been done on their toxicity to mammals. Methods: In this study the toxicity of cigarette butt leachates to Swiss albino mice was investigated, and the effects of cigarette butts with and without associated tobacco were compared. Cigarette butt leachates were made by soaking different numbers of cigarette butts in 250 mL of tap water overnight, and leachates were given to mice to drink. The weights of mice as well as amounts of food and fluids consumed were followed over time. Necropsies were performed and tissues were weighed and evaluated by histological staining with eosin and hematoxylin. Blood glucose and liver function tests (ALT, AST and ALP) were also measured. Results: Mice given high-concentration cigarette butt leachates during their growth from 6 weeks to 16 weeks preferred water over any of the leachates, whereas mice given lower butt concentrations of leachates representative of the relative frequencies of butt types in the environment drank butt leachates as well as water. Food intake was not affected by cigarette butt leachates. Mean fasting blood glucose and activities of serum liver enzymes were not different between mice given leachates or water to drink. The weights of the mice, as well as tissues (liver, lung, spleen, heart, kidney, epididymal fat pads) were significantly lower in mice that drank leachates with associated tobacco than in mice that drank water alone or leachates made from butts without associated tobacco. This suggests that a component(s) of tobacco is/ are responsible for reducing weight gain during mouse growth. Cigarette butt leachates had no effect on histopathology of liver, heart and kidney, whereas lung tissue of the mice that drank leachates made with tobacco- associated butts showed increased air space volumes and alveolar fibrosis, compatible with pulmonary emphysema. Conclusions: Cigarette butts are toxic to laboratory mice, causing reduced weight gain during growth, reduced mass and size of tissues and organs, and pulmonary emphysematous changes. An average cigarette butt thrown into the environment contains 1.5 mg of nicotine, enough to potentially kill 15 mice. The implications of these studies to environmental animals in Ethiopia and elsewhere are discussed
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    The Number of Antenatal Care Visit and its Determinant Factors Using the 2016 EDHS Data: Application of Count Regression Models
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-10) Tefera, Tigist; Atsmegiorgis, Cheru
    Background: Antenatal care gives women and their families the information and advice they need to have a healthy pregnancy, have safe childbirth, and recover postpartum. ANC is an important intervention for lowering maternal and newborn mortality. There have been some studies done on determinants that affect the number of the minimum recommended antenatal care visits attendance, and it would be interesting to see the number of antenatal care visits and its determinant factor among pregnant women in Ethiopia from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey. Objective: To assess the frequency of antenatal care visits and the factors affecting it using the 2016 EDHS Data through the application of count regression models Methods: The research was carried out in Ethiopia using data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey. A weighted sample of 7575 women who gave birth in the last five years before the survey was included in the final analysis. The data was exported to STATASE 14 (64-bit) software was used for analysis. A multivariable Negative Binomial regression analysis approach was carried out to identify the number of ANC visits and the determinants that affect the number of ANC visits, because the response variable was over dispersed. Finally, the IRR was used to report the relationship between the frequency of ANC and explanatory variables, along with its 95 percent confidence interval. Result: (62.79%) of mothers had at least one antenatal care visit, (37.21%) had no antenatal care visit, and only 31.88% attended four or more ANC visits during their pregnancy in Ethiopia. Maternal age (+35 years, IRR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01-1.26), residence (rural, IRR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.83-0.99), maternal education (primary, IRR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00-1.09, and secondary, IRR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15), wealth quintile (richer, IRR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06-1.21, and richest, IRR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08-1.28), place of ANC service (public, IRR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.06-1.56, and private, IRR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.05-1.66), and ANC providers (nurse/midwife/HO, IRR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79-0.94, HEW, IRR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78-0.97), and first ANC visit (>3 months, IRR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.68-0.74) were significantly associated with level of antenatal care visits. Conclusion: Frequency of antenatal care visits is low in Ethiopia. Maternal age, residence, maternal educational status, wealth quintile, place of ANC service, and type of ANC providers were significantly associated with the level of antenatal care visits.