Browsing by Author "Nigussie Assefa"

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    Assessment of Emergency Contraceptive Utilization among Unmarried Women Working in Bole Lemi Industrial Park: Institutional based Cross Sectional Study Design.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Demissie Bekele; Wubegzier Mekonnin; Nigussie Assefa
    Background: Emergency contraception (EC) or post-coital contraception refers to any methods of contraception that can be used to prevent pregnancy in the first few days after exposure to unprotected sexual intercourse. Unwanted pregnancy and its potential life threatening complications could be avoided by using contraceptives, including emergency contraceptives, if these emergency contraceptives used within the recommended time period of exposure to unprotected sexual intercourse and it also provide a second chance of preventing the occurrence of unwanted pregnancy. Objectives: To measure the levels in emergency contraceptive utilization and factor associated with its use among unmarried women who work at Bole Lemi Industrial Park, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019/20. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 812 randomly selected unmarried women working in Bole lemi industrial park from four (4) companies and self-administered structured questionnaire were used to collect the data. The collected data was entered into EPIdata software and exported to SPSS for analysis. Descriptive statistics was calculated for the prevalence of KAP on unmarried women who work in Bole Lemi industrial park and presented using texts, tables and figures. Besides, bivariate, multivariate logistic regression and negative binomial models were fitted to identify factors associated with the emergency contraceptive utilization and presented using tables. Result: Only 115 (30.9%) of sexually active, (31.5%) of those ever heard EC or (15.7%) of the study participants used emergency contraceptives after having unprotected sexual intercourse .However (21.4%) of them had a history of unintended pregnancy and (82.1%) of this pregnancy ended up with abortion. Religion, ever had sexual intercourse and contraceptive ever used have statistical significant association with EC utilization (p<0.01). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study showed that there is low level of emergency contraceptive utilization among unmarried women. Therefore, there is a need to emphasize on increasing awareness and accessibility of emergency contraception.
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    Assessment of Risky Sexual Behavior and its Associated Factors among Students in Selected Private Universities, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-09) Hadas Dimetros; Nigussie Assefa; Assefa Seme
    Background: Risky sexual behavior accounts for a large number of opportunities for acquiring HIV infection and other STIs. Students of higher learning institutions are with multiple sociocultural backgrounds and begin independent life at younger age. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 588 randomly selected undergraduate students from private universities in Addis Ababa, from December 2018 to October 2019. Study participants were selected using multi stage stratified sampling technique. Interviewer administer pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data was entered into Epi-data version 4.4.2.1 then exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Descriptive analysis (Frequency, mean, and proportion) and regression analysis was done to summarize findings. Results: Overall, 32.6% of study participants started sexual intercourse at the time of study. The median age at first sexual intercourse was 18.3. About 66.7% of respondents were engaged in risky sexual behavior in their life time. Students who attended their high school education at private schools (AOR=3.160; 95% CI= 1.406, 7.103), first age at sex (AOR = 0.075; 95% CI = 0.030, 0.190), and condom use at first-time sexual intercourse (AOR = 5.594; 95% CI = 2.223, 14.076) were significantly associated with risky sexual behavior. Conclusions: The finding of this study identified that significant numbers of students engaged in risky sexual behaviors by having multiple sexual partner and inconsistence/non-use of condom in their life time. Therefore, understanding factors associated with risky sexual behavior is important for implementing comprehensive interventions and prevent multiple risk factors among private university students.
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    Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Utilization among Married Women in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Mixed Effect Analysis.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Mekdes Shimelis; Wubegzier Mekonen; Nigussie Assefa
    Background: Despite the progress, the prevalence of modern contraceptive use remains low in Ethiopia. There are numerous predictors to use modern contraceptive methods. Attention has been given to individual-level factors on modern contraception while contextual characteristics are equally relevant to increase the utilization. The study implied figuring out barriers related to end-users and the community characteristics that are critical for developing appropriate family planning programs and policies to improve the uptake. Objective: This study aims to identify individual and community-level factors of modern contraceptive use, using a multilevel analytic approach. Method: The study utilized the national data collected by Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2018, Ethiopia. Multilevel mixed-effect regression analysis of 3706 married women of reproductive age group nested within 220 clusters was carried out. Results are presented using odds ratios along with their 95% confidence interval. Result: Respondents who utilize modern contraceptive methods accounted for 42.9% in Ethiopia in 2018. Analysis of the random intercept model evidenced that the between community variance of modern contraception is non-zero. The fixed-effect model showed significantly lower odds of modern contraceptive utilization among older women, women in a polygamous marriage (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.49-0.92), women living in a community with a higher mean parity (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.46-0.93), and women living in a community with higher mean household size(OR 0.65, 95%CI 0.46-0.84), while completing secondary level of education (OR 1.65, 95%CI 1.24-2.30), visiting a health facility(OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.25-1.79), and being wealthy(OR 1.76, 95%CI 1.26-3.06) are among the positively predicting variables of modern contraception. The effect of community variations for education implies that there is a considerable difference in modern contraceptive use among communities. Conclusion: This study revealed that both individual and community-level variables were significant determinants of modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia. The study recommends, improving women's education, wealth status, and community fertility `norms as measures that can be implemented to accelerate modern contraceptive adoption in the country.
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    Determinants of Still Birth among Mother Who Gave Birth in Selected Hospital of South West, Ethiopia, 2019.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Melese Tebeka; Meselech Assegid; Nigussie Assefa
    Background: The cause of stillbirth is often unknown, but can be attributable to various causes; hypertensive disorders and obstetric factors supposed to complicate pregnancy and may cost the life of the fetus. Increased risk of stillbirth in most conditions is not precisely known and available few research findings are inconsistent & its effect is not well established. Objectives: To identify the determinants of still birth among mother who gave birth in Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital South West Ethiopia. Methods: Facility based unmatched case-control study design was employed from January2018 to June2019, (287 cases and 574 controls) was selected using systematically random sampling methods. Double population proportions formula with a 1:2 case to control ratio was used to calculate sample size with 95% confidence interval and 80% power. The data was collected from clinical records of mother’s a using data collecting checklist. Epi data version 4.4.2.1 was used for data entry, and analysis was done by SPSS version 21 statistical software. Descriptive analysis such as frequency, percentage and chi-square test were done. For the inferential analysis, a multivariable analysis was done. Statically significant was used at a p-value <0.05both for the univariable and multivariable analysis. Result: women who had hypertensive disorder were 1.76 times at risk to have stillbirth than women who had no hypertensive disorder (AOR: 1.76: 95%CI :( 1.06, 2.9). In addition, women who had first antenatal care at third trimester were 4 times at higher risk to have still birth than women who had first antenatal care at first trimesters (AOR: 4, 95%CI: (1.54, 11). Women who had more than four children were 2.6 times at higher risk of having still birth compared to with women one child (AOR: 2.6, 95%CI: (1.2, 5.7). And also, the odds of having still birth was found to be higher in women who had blood group O than women who had blood group A (AOR: 1.7, 95%CI: (1.057, 2.8). Women who received iron for less than three months were 1.8 times at risk of having stillbirth than women who received iron for more than three months (AOR: 1.8, 95%CI: (1.031, 3.15). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, we conclude that a hypertensive disorders and obstetric factors were risk factors for stillbirth. Therefore, it is very important to give special attention to women with hypertensive disorder, multipara women, timing of antenatal care initiation and iron supplementation.
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    Examination of Current and Future Determinant Factors of Modern Contraceptive Use among Youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-12) Abilba Mark; Mulugeta Betre; Nigussie Assefa
    Background: Family planning and modern contraceptive use have relatively little attention to the roles that could be played among the youth regarding fertility regulation. Consequently, there is a shortage of information on modern contraceptive use as regards to knowledge, attitudes and practices among the youth alongside future intentions, and their fertility preferences in Addis Ababa. Objective: To identify current modern contraceptive use, intention to use in the future and determinant factors among the youth population of 15 to 24 years in Addis Ababa Methods: The study used a community-based cross-sectional quantitative survey conducted from July 2018 to June 2019 in Addis Ababa. A total of 552 youth within the ages of 15-24 years were included in the study through multi-stage random sampling technique. Data were collected through structured pre tested questionnaire. Data were entered into Epidata 4.4.3.1 and analyzed by using SPSS version 23 for windows. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, median were used to summarize the results. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Quantitative data were summarized by using tables. Results: Main source of information was the media, 407(82.9 %) which formed the highest. Out of 522 participants, Two hundred eighty eight (52.2%) are ever users, 249(45.1%) are current users, and 264(47.8%) are never users of modern contraceptives. In multiple logistic regression analysis, age, having a partner, discussion with partner or spouse, was significantly associated with current modern contraceptive use. Conclusions: The study showed a high prevalence of knowledge of contraceptive methods among the youth, and high intention to use in the future. Age group 15 to 19 years had high level of modern contraceptive use. Generally current use of modern contraceptives methods is below fifty percent (45.1%) which is below the Government target goal in Addis Ababa. Family planning/modern contraceptives programs should focus on having partners, spousal discussion; encourage youth ages 19 to 24 years to use modern contraceptives and more media advocacy on modern contraceptive
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    Exposure to Sexually Explicit Materials and its Association with Age at First Sex among Youth in Preparatory School of Adama, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Samuel Bayu; Solomon Emyu; Nigussie Assefa
    Background: In Ethiopia evidence shows that the median age at first sexual debut among in school youth is below 18 years and majority of them start sexual intercourse early and before marriage. Early sexual intercourse increases risk of sexual and reproductive health problems commonly, sexually transmitted infections (STI) including HIV/AIDS and risk of teenager’s pregnancy and its consequence. One of the major factors for the present-day youth and adolescents’ sexual behaviors is exposure to sexually explicit material. Sexually explicit materials are textual, visual, or aural materials that depict sexual behaviors or acts or that expose the reproductive organs of the human body. It includes erotic and pornographic materials, which get released through print media, video films, Internet, and music videos. Objectives: To assess exposure to sexually explicit materials and its association with age at first sex among youth in preparatory school of Adama, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted in Adama town from December 07,2020 to December 10,2020 among six hundred four (604)randomly selected preparatory school students. Pre-tested, self-administered structured questionnaire and in-depth interview were a method for data collection. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to evaluate the degree of association between associated factors and the outcome variables. For the qualitative approach the data was analyzed by thematic analysis. Result:358(59.4%)students were exposed or ever watched sexually explicit materials and majority of them 246(70.3%)were exposed first to this material in their early age (11-15 years of age). The over all proportion of sexual initiation was 127(21.1%) and the median age at first sex was 17.00 years. This study found that, age at first sex have significantly associated with exposure to sexually explicit materials and those who had exposed to sexually explicit materials more likely to start sex early (AOR= 7.55, 95%CI: 1.47-38.75) than those who were not exposed. Conclusion: Currently significant number of in school youth consume sexually explicit materials widely and being exposed to sexually explicit materials in early age affects age at first sex.
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    Knowledge, Attitude and Utilization of Partograph and Associated Factors among Obstetric Care Providers in Public Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-06) Mulago Shafi; Nigussie Assefa; Tesfamichael Awoke
    Background: Partograph is a low-cost, low-cost technology that provides a continuous graphical overview of labor progress in order to avoid protracted and blocked labor. Assessing obstetric care providers' knowledge, attitude, and practical use of partographs, as well as their determinants, aids in the development of effective intervention strategies for providing high-quality maternity care. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, utilization of partograph and associated factors among obstetric care providers in public health facilities of Arada, Yeka and Lideta Sub cities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: From January 1 to March 30, 2019, researchers employed a facility-based cross-sectional design in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 314 obstetric care providers were randomly selected from public health facilities in the Arada, Yeka, and Lideta Sub-cities of Addis Ababa, City Administration, and proportionally allocated. An interview-based structured questionnaire was used to collect data. To determine the actual use of partograph, all study participants were subjected to direct observations utilizing an observation checklist. EpiInfo version 3.5.1 was used to enter data, and SPSS version 22 was used to analyze it. Descriptive statistics were produced, including frequency, percentage, mean, and median. There searchers used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis. To protect data confidentiality, no personal information about study participants was collected during data collection. Results: 72% of people responded to this survey. 257 (85%) of the obstetric care providers had a positive view regarding partograph, and 254 (84.1%) of them used it. Partograph use was linked to being a midwife (AOR=2.6; 95 percent CI: 1.8, 5.4) and knowing how to use it (AOR=4; 95 percent CI: 2.0, 8.1). However, it was associated with a negative relationship with service years 0-2 years (AOR=0.4%; CI: 0.2, 0.9) and service years 3-5 years (AOR=0.6%; CI: 0.3, 0.7). Conclusion: More over three-quarters of those polled knew what partograph was, had an opinion about it, and used it. Partograph knowledge and attitude were high among service providers, and usage was good. Partograph use was linked to knowledge of partograph, service year, and the profession of obstetric care providers.
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    Raised Blood Pressure Magnitude and Associated Factors among Previously Undiagnosed Adult Outpatient Attendants in Tirunesh Beijing General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-09) Addisu Worku; Muluken Gizaw; Nigussie Assefa
    Background: Globally hypertension is one of major public health problem affecting 972 million people. The prevalence of hypertension in Ethiopia is estimated to be 16% in 2015. But vast majority (76.6%) of hypertension patients in Ethiopia never measured their blood pressure. Furthermore, large number of patients visited traditional healers. Objectives: The study examined the magnitude and associated factors of raised blood pressure among previously undiagnosed adult outpatient attendants in Tirunesh BeijingGeneral Hospital, 2020. Methods: The study employed an institution-based cross-sectional study design. A total of 408 study participants were included and selected by using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected by using a pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics analyses such as frequency and cross tabulation were calculated to measure the magnitude for selected variables versus the magnitude of raised blood pressure. Binary logistics regression was used to examine the possible risk factors for raised blood pressure and risk factors with p-value < 0.2 were included in the multivariable logistic regression model. Statistical significance was determined at P-value < 0.05. The data was processed in Epi Data v3.1 and analyzed in SPSS v26. Results: The respondents age ranged from 18 to 80 years and nearly half (49%) of them were male. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 125.61 millimeters of Mercury (mmHg) (14.25 SD) and 76.77 mmHg (8.82 SD), respectively. The prevalence of raised blood pressure was 18.6%, 95% CI (15, 22.3). Age >50 years (AOR=7.7, 95% CI:2.8,21.4), age 30 to 49 (AOR=3.3, 95% CI: 1.4, 7.7), smoking (AOR=6.1, 95% CI:2.6-14.3), alcohol consumption (AOR=2.4, 95% CI:1.3-4.3), salt intake (AOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-3.9), and body mass index (BMI) (AOR=2.5, 95% CI:1.2,5.3) were statistically significant risk factors for raised blood pressure in adults. Conclusion: This study indicated that raised blood pressure was a major health burden. The study identified risk factors for raised blood pressure in adults, and most are modifiable. Hence, stakeholders may use the finding to develop preventive and control strategies to decrease the burden of raised blood pressure.
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    Sexual Behavior and Determinants of Condom Use among HIV/Aids Patients Who are on Art in North Shewa Health Facility, 2010/2011.
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2011-05) Nigussie Assefa; Jemal Haidar
    Background: The burden of HIV/AIDS is high in Sub-Saharan countries which constitutes two third of the globe and is worst in Ethiopia. As a strategy for prevention, condom use practice among others remains the most effective method against HIV infection. Therefore identifying determinants of consistent condom use in HIV patients who were on ART had paramount importance in the prevention and control of the disease. Objective: To assess the sexual behavior and determinants of condom use in HIV/AIDS patients who are on ART based on theory of planned behavior constructs. Methods: a cross sectional study design was conducted in North Showa Health facilities from March to April 2011. Structured questionnaire was prepared and also adopted from the theory of planned behavior and the data was collected from 337 randomly selected study participants in North Showa ART rendering health facilities. Analysis was done using Cronbach’s alpha reliability test, binary logistic regression, Partial correlation, and linear regressions in order to know the predictors of consistent condom use and or intention to consistent condom use. Results: All the respondents filled the Questionnaires and 56% of the respondents were females with the median age of 32.00+9.66 years. Among the respondents 144(42.70%) of them had multiple partners and 209 (62.00%) used condom consistently and casual types of partner for those who had multiple sexual partner was the largest proportion (47.70%). Over half of the respondents (52.30%) had had sex without condom use with partner of Unknown HIV sero-status. All components of the theory, attitude (r=0.31: p<0.001), subjective norm (r=0.39: P<0.001), perceived behavioral control(r= 0.36: P< 0.001) were correlated significantly and positively with intention to consistent condom use. All components were significant predictors of behavioral intentions. Based on multiple linear regression, the standardized regression coefficient was (ßattitude=0.21: P<0.005), (ßsubjective norm= 0.26: P<0.001) and (ßperceived behavioral control =0.28: P< 0.001). In general the theory explained 29.1% of variation of intention to use condom consistently. Conclusion: Significant proportion of risky sexual behaviors observed in HIV patients who are on ART and the theory of planned behavior was applicable in explaining the behavioral intentions of consistent condom use.