Browsing by Author "Mulugeta, Solomon"

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    Age Sex Malaria Prevalence Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Vivax
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Mulugeta, Solomon; Getu, Emana(Professor)
    is one of the deadly disease caused by four main species of protozoan: P.Vivax P.falciparum, P.ovale and P.malariae. The 5th species P. knowlesi also infect human being occasionally. Malaria is transmitted by female anopheles mosquito. The aim of this study was to assess and analyze the trends of malaria prevalence from 2006 to 2015 G.C. at Atat primary hospital and associated risk factor to malaria infection. For this study data were taken from the hospital registration log book for a period of ten years from 2006 to 2015 G.C. Moreover, data for risk factors were collected from randomly selected households to which structured questionnaires were provided. Among the recorded malaria cases there is no clear trends idea as to which sex is more affected by malaria. In 2006, 2007 and 2011 roughly, 4%, 3%, 5%, , males were, respectively infected by malaria. Conversely in 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 about 3%, 4%,2%, 4%, 1% and 4% females were, respectively infected with malaria. As to which species of Plasmodium dominantly infect heman being in the study hospital in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013 over 50% of malaria was caused by P. vivax, while in 2012, 2014, 2015 the highest proportion was caused by P. falciparum. Among malaria cases in different age groups, there is no clear trend as it varies from year to year. The highest record of malaria was in October to December followed April- June and the least was from January to March for all years. The prevalence of malaria with regard to sex, and age are statistically insignificant (P>0.05), The prevalence of malaria with seasonal variation is statistically significant P<0.05. Improper utilization of long lasting insecticidal bed nets, insufficient indoor residual spraying, the presence of mosquito breeding area were identified as the associated risk factors. All the above risk factors were found to be significantly associated with the risk of getting malaria parasite (P<0.05). It can be recommended that proper use of net should be practiced by all members of the households and indoor residual spraying should be done regularly. key words: Age, Sex, Malaria Prevalence, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax
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    The Collective Properties of Dipole Plasma
    (Addis Ababa University, 1986-06) Mulugeta, Solomon
    Usually the conventional theories consider the lo\~ temperature plasma as a system containing mobile charged particles and neutral atoms or molecules. In this thesis the theory of some collective properties of "dipole plasma" that consists of charged particles and polar molecules with constant dipole moment as the neutral component is developed. In such a plasma the dipoles interact "'ith the charged particles and the self-consistent fields that arise in the non-equilibrium state of the plasma. '1'he interactions ",ith the electrons and positive ions result in some correction terms in the thermodynamic functions of plasma; ",hereas, the dipole interactions with the self-consistent flelds lead to some new physical effects such as the shifting of plasma frequencies, and appearance' of additional damping plasma waves and a new branch of eigen-vibration which we call the "dipole-acoustic "lave". 'rhese phenomena in dipole plasma are investigated with the help of a collisionless kinetic equation derived for the rotational degrees of freedom of the dipoles. The dielectric t.ensor is calculated from a perturbation analysis on the distribution function of the dipole plasma
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    Coping Strategies of Displaced Flood Victims: The Case of Dire Dawa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-07) G/Meskel, Eleni; Mulugeta, Solomon
    The main aim af this study was to explore post crisis coping strategies of the 2006 flooddisplaced victims of Dire-Dawa in the three resettlement camps (Jerba, Gende, and Mariam sefel). The slUdy illtended to look at the challenges victims face to cope, the coping strategies employed and their outcomes, and finally the influential f actors behind the choice of coping mechanisms. As a theoretical Famework, sustainable livelihood Famewor/( (SL F) was employed To this end, 01/1 ofa total of624 jlood-displaced victims in tile three resettlement camps, 18% were selected proportionally for the purpose of this study. Accordingly, 112 respondents were selected. To achieve the objectives mentioned, data were gathered through questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group discussion and observatioll. The questiOlinaire was distributedf or all 112 sample respondents; FGD was conducted with 16 of the participants of this study. 1n addition, to cross-check the results of the survey, interview was made with 7 key injormwlls (women, leaders of the resettlement camps, and chair persoll of the Dire Dawa DPPA bureau), Tile data obtained through questionnaire were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical methods such as Fequencies, percentages, charts, tables, and graphs, For the qualitative analysis (for the data obtained through f ocus group discussions, key informant interview, observation, open-ended questions) direct quotes and discussions were made. Results of the study revealed that, economic, social/organizational and cultural coping mechanisms were employed in response to challenges exerted by flood incidence, The social/organizational and cultural coping strategies were found to be the most effective whereas some of the economic coping mechanisms were found to be least effective (e.g. children involvement in livelihood activities). The researcher of this study recommends that mechanisms should be designed by city administration and NGOs to avert the consequent problems of those coping strategies which have undesirable outcome (reduction of meals, children school dropol/t). The cOlllml/nities studied should also be benejitedj i'ommicro credit services so as to diversify income generating activities and ensure sustainable livelihood.
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    Meeting Housi~g Challenges: Socio-Economic Benefits of GTZ-Low Cost Housing Project In Adama Town Oromia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Mekonnen, Chemerew; Mulugeta, Solomon
    This study is mainly concerned with an assessment of the socio-economic benefits of GTZLCHP beneficiaries in Adama town Oromia as a result of housing improvement in relation to housing shortages of low-income households in Adama town. Moreover, it looks into the problems of renters to seek solutions to address them. A case study has been employed to assess the housing benefits of project beneficiaries and the challenges of housings .of low-income households, who seek low-cost houses in Adama intensively and in details. The targets of the study include the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the project which were selected from 120 household heads selected from lists. Half were selected from the GTZ-LCHP beneficiaries list, while the others were from the potential demand list of the none-beneficiaries in the town. According to the major findings of the study , based on selected variables and comparing the renters and the owners respondents, the owners of the project housing have benefited from the housing improvement of the GTZ-LCHP. The mortgage system provided for the beneficiaries for the loan repayment of 15 years with the total construction cost of 12000 birr benefited the owners. They have afforded the repayment cost and the payment is regular. The project has contributed to the improvement of housing conditions and shortages in urban centers through technical assistances. The new model of housing supply with comparatively low-cost have been implemented in Adama and replicated in different parts of the country either in flat or in apartments form. The housing qualities of the owners were improved compared to the renters. From the findings, conclusions, and recommendations have been drawn underlining a participatory low-cost housing provi sion to benefit low-income households in a sustainable way.
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    Urban Poverty and the Survival Strategies of The Poor in a sella Town, Oromiya National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 9-06) Debebe, Sisay; Mulugeta, Solomon
    Poverty is multi-faceted issue and deep-rooted in Ethiopia. The country is among the world's poorest nations in terms of human development index. The incidence of poverty in urban center of Ethiopia has been growing fast over the last few years as compared to the rural area. The main emphasis of this study is to assess the level and status of urban poverty and survival strategies of poor households in Asella town. Asella is the capital city of Arsi zone in Oromiya regional state. In this study, analysis was made using primary dala collecled Fom 300 sample households selected through systematic random sampling Fom purposively selected six Kebeles of the town. Structured questionnaire was used to collect pertinent data form the household,. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis (ch -square test) was used to describe the sample households' demographic and socio-economic characteristics; and to test statistical significance benveen poor and non-poor household for some calegorical variables. In addition to the statislical tests a Logit model was employed 10 identifY determinants of urban poverty. COSI of basic need (CBN) approach and poverty indices compulalional formula were also used to identifY the magnitude, incidence, and depth of poverty in the town. The researchfolll1d out that food poverty line and total poverty line for the area are 1506.28 Birr and 2271.86 Birr per adult per year, respectively. Both the food and the total poverty line for the area are higher than the national poverty line calculated for all urban areas in the country. The incidence, depth and severity of urban poverty calc lila led for the areas are 69%, 33%, and 18% respectively while for the food poverty line are 63%, 27% and 15%, respectively. In the study, Variables that are positively correlated Wilh the probability of being poor are: sex, size of household and chronic diseases incidence in Ihe household member. Variable negatively correlated with probabilities of being poor are income, educational level, marital status and hOl/sing lenure. The Logit result shows that Fom different factors hypothesized to determine poverty variables like; sex, f amily size, monthly income, educational level of household head, and chronic diseases incidence in the household member significantly affect the incidence of poverty in the town. The result also has implication for policy makers, researchers, policy implementers and non-governmental agencies to take their parts in minimizing the incidence of poverty. The majority of poor household heads' monthly expenditure by far exceeds their monthly income. To close the gap between their fixed incomes and ever rising expenditure of basic needs, poor households in the town practice various survival and orl coping mechanisms which include: engagement of family members in various informal activities, selling of personal possessions, selling of household assets, renting oul property, leasing part of their dwellings to others, moving from higher rent residential to cheaper residential areas, taking loans from friends orland relatives, sending children abroad, reducing the quality and quantity offood consumed, and reducing number of meals il1lake per day.