Browsing by Author "Mohammed Dejen (PhD)"

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    Inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo and Gumuz; The case of Sassiga and Mizhiga districts (2018-2021)
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021-06) Degu Tesfaye; Mohammed Dejen (PhD)
    Conflicts harm the socio-economic and political life of a community. Hence, the inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo of Sassiga and Gumuz in Mizhiga districts is an example. The main aim of this thesis is to assess the root causes, and consequences of inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo and Gumuz of the study area 2018-2021. A descriptive research design with a mixed research approach i.e. quantitative and qualitative research approach was employed for this study. To achieve the goal, an attempt was made to collect necessary data using a questionnaire, in-depth interview, Focus group discussions, and review of written documents. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire, interpreted, and presented using the table, and percentage. Whereas, qualitative data that were collected through in-depth interviews and Focus group discussions are presented using descriptive methods. The researcher employed purposive and simple random sampling techniques to select research participants. The descriptive analysis made shows that the lack of good governance, the proliferation of small weapons, lack of clear demarcated boundary, and competition over natural resources as the root causes of inter-ethnic conflict between Oromo and Gumuz of the study area. The conflict resulted in economic, social, and political crises in the study area. Thus, the study has proved that to bring sustainable peace in the conflicting area, the administrators of the two districts should give attention to capacity building for peace, Advancing good governance, implementation of rule of law, demographic pressure of the two ethnic groups of the study area, and demarcating boundary based on the consent of the two ethnic groups.
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    The Role of Local Governments in Combating Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: The Case of Addis Ketema Sub City of Addis Ababa City Administration Wereda seven
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Wallelign Gessit; Mohammed Dejen (PhD)
    Currently human trafficking is affecting almost all countries of the world including Ethiopia. Thousands of Ethiopians are exposed to devastating challenges and multitude massacres in the deserts, sea routes as well as in destination countries. Though the government of Ethiopia had enacted a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law, ratified a number of international conventions, and has been making counteracting efforts, human trafficking is still increasing in Ethiopia. Hence, this study questions why? And aims to investigate the anti-human trafficking measures and examine the local practices particularly, in Addis Ketema sub city Wereda seven. There is an urgent need of local, national, regional and international cooperation to combat this exploitation, from government officials to law enforcers and different sectors. Local governments in particular play a key role in improving human trafficking prevention, victim protection and prosecution of traffickers. The general objective of this study is to examine the role of local governments in combating Human Trafficking based on the case of Addis Ababa. For the purpose of this study the research methodology was designed the qualitative case study. In order to pursue the objective of the study the researcher use multi-stage sampling technique and relied on both primary and secondary data source. For the primary data the key informants were selected by using judgmental/purposive sampling technique. Though, both primary and secondary data sources were used in gathering relevant information. The technique of collecting primary data includes in-depth interviews at sub-city and woreda, two focus group discussions with the local officials and community representative. Secondary sources such as published and unpublished materials such as books, proclamation, procedures, directives and manuals are used. Besides, focus group discussion was made with residents of the study area. Consequently, findings of the study show, the issue of human trafficking is mainly connected to individuals’ desire to migrate illegally as an ‘exit strategy’ from poverty, unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in their local area. Though attempts were made to create awareness, provide loans and prosecute traffickers, these attempts could not reduce the problem. Lack of coordination, capacity, commitment, and appropriate amount of resources are the main reasons behind. Local government is crucial to develop democratic structure in federal systems by addressing the grass root society. Accordingly, the importance of local government is increasing in service provision, poverty alleviation and community protection. The study found that local administrative discretionary power is not adequately devolved and accountability to weredas, and also it is not properly designed due to different reasons. It is challenged by many problems such as crucial autonomy still remain in the upper stratum, as well as lack in properly codified rules and regulation in administrative autonomy. As a result, local governments are not mandated effectively as expected in combating human trafficking. In general, this study I argues that antihuman trafficking responses can be successful if the local governments are responsible for their accountability, discretional power and financial abilities. Therefore, it is recommended that local governments need to be granted actual power to combat human trafficking.
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    The Sufi–Salafi Interactions in Southern Wollo, Ethiopia (1991- 2017): Competition, Intolerance and Conflict
    (Addis Ababa University,, 2020-07) Mohammed Seid; Mohammed Dejen (PhD)
    This study examines the context, dynamics and predicaments of the Sufi-Salafi interactions in the context of South Wollo of Ethiopia from 1991 to 2017. Nonetheless, it is confined only on some negative aspects of their relations characterized by competition, intolerance and conflict. In doing so, the researcher employed a qualitative research method to gain insight into the Sufi-Salafi interactions as it allows the participants to interpret their social reality. Data generated through this approach are analyzed using discourse analysis, conflict mapping, conflict tree-model and onion-model of conflict analysis. Although agents of Islamic revivalism in the history of South Wollo were different (Sufis as agents of the nineteenth century Islam while Salafists for the contemporary), both utilized revivalism as a tool of maintaining the religious orthodoxy of Islam in subsequent centuries. This would refute the conventional knowledge which associates revivalism as the monopoly of Salafists. The nineteenth century Sufi revivalism was far more radical as it applied Jihad to address the local religious and political grievances while contemporary Salafi revivalism has a peaceful puritanist missionary agenda in South Wollo. Empirical evidences from Sufi-Salafi discourse revealed that the Sufi-Salafi competition is primarily triggered by the need to win converts, control organizational resources and disseminate doctrinal preferences. The absence of cooperation which is expressed in the form of obstruction, misperception, deception and manipulation between Sufis and Salafists hinders peace in the Muslim community of South Wollo. The study also finds that passive tolerance which is expressed in the form of marginalization, xenophobic attitude and emotional attacks using pejorative and derogatory terms impedes peaceful coexistence between Sufis and Salafists in South Wollo. Analysis on the intervention of external actors reveals that the interference of the government and Ahbash complicates the Sufi-Salafi relations through transforming the dormant conflict into active violence in South Wollo. The US government under the pretext of countering terrorism indirectly interfered in the Sufi-Salafi conflict through funding Sufi institutions. Although Islamic NGOs as external actors were allegedly accused of promoting Salafism in South Wollo, it could not be substantiated with evidences. A scrutiny on the causation of the conflict identifies structural, proximate and immediate factors responsible for the Sufi-Salafi conflict. The structural factor is related to actors’ distinct interpretation of Islam, the proximate factor evidenced by the imposition of Ahbash as the ideology of mejlis, and the 2012 controversial mejlis election and the killing of a Sufi cleric as the triggering factors for the Sufi-Salafi conflict in South Wollo. Although impartial intra-religious dialogue and negotiation was variously suggested as tools of resolution, it had been sabotaged by the government and Ahbash. This is evidenced by the interference of the government in the 2012 mejlis election and the eventual ascendancy of Ahbash leadership to the zonal mejlis. The realist security orientation of the government was also incompatible to resolve identity based intra-religious conflict in South Wollo as it ceded preference for its own state security. The researcher argues that the effectiveness of intra-religious peace and the transformation of the Sufi-Salafi conflict in South Wollo should be governed by the principles of non-interference, cooperation and peace building.
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    Women’s Political Participation and Representation at Local Level in the Ethiopian Federation: The Case of Ankesha Woreda, Awi Zone, Amhara National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) AsresZeleke Kassa; Mohammed Dejen (PhD)
    Women’s political participation and representation at local levels playan importantrole in the general processes of theoverall improvements of women’s life and the socio-economic and political developments of a country. The general objective of this study is to assess the political participation and representation of women at local levels and identify factors affecting their participation by taking Ankesha Woreda as a case study. Both qualitative and quantitative research approach were followed. The researcher has collected both primary data from both women and men citizens as well as government officials in Ankesha Woreda. Despite the fact that Ethiopian women are granted constitutional rights to take part in any affairs affecting their life, they do not exercise equal rights to participate in the country’s politics due to economic, socio cultural and traditional factors.The study identified that the political participation and representation of women in Ankesha Woreda is low when compared to men except for their equal participation in Woreda council. The study found that women are underrepresented in local government structures, like, in kebele councils and cabinets and Woreda cabinets due to deep rooted and a longstanding traditional belief. Thus, the government should confirm equal rights of women based on their competency, experience and educational background at different levels of government council particularly, at local level