Browsing by Author "Mekonnen Hailemariam"
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Item Agronomic and Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Forage Legumes and Locally Available Feedstuff, and Characterization of Forage and Dairy Innovation Systems in Bako and Nekemte Peri-Urban Areas, Oromia, Ethiopia(2014-06) Diriba Geleti; Mekonnen HailemariamThe role of forage legumes in enhancing the quality of fibrous feeds has been widely advocated. Their selection and integration into ruminant feeding systems is thus vital. Yield and quality of five accessions each of alfalfa, cowpea and Centrosema were evaluated; the former under Debre Zeit, and the latter two species under Bako conditions. Quality of leguminous forages adapted to Bako was assessed concomitantly with locally used roughages. Systemic problems hindering forage adoption were also pinpointed using value chain and innovation system frameworks in Bako and Nekemte peri-urban areas. In the alfalfa experiment, dry matter yield (DMY) was higher (P<0.05) for FG9-09(F) than in Magna 801-FG(F) whereas the other cultivars (FG10-09(F), Magna-788 and Hairy Peruvian)) had intermediate values between the two. The crude protein (CP) content was higher for Magna-788 (P<0.05) than Hairy Peruvian, while FG10-09(F), FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG (F) had intermediate values between the two. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) did not vary between the accessions (P>0.05). Accordingly, Magna-788, FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG(F) were suggested for promotion to varietal verification stages. In cowpea, DMY was least for ILRI-11976 (P<0.01) and highest for ILRI-9325. The mean CP was 17%, values ranging from 16% (WWT) to 18% (ILRI-9325), while IVOMD ranged between 64% (ILRI-6783) and 69% (WWT). Overall, WWT, ILRI-9325 and ILRI-11976 were top performers in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In centrosema, DMY was highest for C. plumeri ILRI-191 and lowest for C. pubescens ILRI-233. The CP content ranged from 18.9% (C. pubescens ILRI-243) to 22.4% (C. virginianum ILRI-14541). The IVOMD ranged from 38.6% (C. pubescens ILRI-233) to 50.7% (C. plumeri ILRI-191). Generally, C. Plumieri ILRI-191, C. Virginianum ILRI-14541 and C. pubescens ILRI-12297 outperformed others in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In fourth experiment, CP content was highest for “noug” cake xxv (32%), followed by herbaceous (24%) and browse (23%) legumes and least for cereal straws (3%). The IVOMD values were highest for browses (68%) followed by herbaceous legumes (67%) and least for straws (45%). The value chain analysis revealed that the role of improved forages in dairy feeding was not remarkable, with farmers widely depending on purchased feed ingredients. “Noug” cake (92%), pulse grain hulls and mill house scraps (58%) and cereal straws (50%) were indicated to be widely purchased in Nekemte area, while “noug” cake, (88%) and sugar cane tops (75%) were commonly purchased in Bako. The innovation system diagnosis revealed that diverse actors exist but they are poorly interacting. The key problems indicated to hinder forage/feed technology adoption were: informal institutional problems, formal institutional problems, actors’ capability problems and poor interaction problems affecting 81%, 45%, 63% and 45% of the system actors, respectively. Crafting appropriate regulations for enabling feed and peri-urban dairying system were recommended. Promoting dialogue platforms and participatory and collaborative working cultures were also indicated to reinforce inter-actor interactions. Increased public investment to stimulate effective functioning of basic physical infrastructures (electricity, roads and water supply) was also indicated to be pivotal.Item Assessment of Milk Supply Chain and Evaluation of Physicochemical Propertles and Microbial Load of Raw Milk in Selected Districts of Arsi Zone, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-04) Fisseha Kassahun; Mekonnen HailemariamA cross-sectional study was conducted fi'om September 20 I 0 to May 20 II in five selecteddistricts of Arsi zone to assess the husbandry practices. Characterize milk marketing system, identify constraints and opportunities for the dairy sector and to provide baseline information on physicochemical properties and microbial load of raw milk. A total of 220 smallholders were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and 100 milk samples were collected. Followed by laboratory analysis for physicochemical characteristics and microbial quality of milk. The five study district s showed similarities in herd composition. husbandry practices and milk yield from local breeds. but milk yield from crossbreed animals, age at first calving and calving intervals differed significantly (PItem Cross-Sectional Study of Brucellosis and Mastitis in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) and Camel Milk Markets Network in Babille Woreda, East Harargae Zone, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2011-11-01) Hafez Mohammed; Mekonnen HailemariamA cross-sectional study was conducted with the objectives of determining the prevalence of camel brucellosis and clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and associated risk factors, and making a preliminary assessment of the camel milk markets network in Babille Woreda Field data gathering and observation was carried out from August to October, 2011. Two- stage cluster sampling was employed to select 378 camels in 12 peasant associations of Babille Woreda. Serum samples were taken from these camels and 8 serum samples (2.1 %) were lost during handling. The 370 sera were screened for brucellosis by RBPT and 26 serum samples (7.0%) were found positive and further tested by CFT where 9 sera (2.4%) were reacting positive.Hence, the overall seroprevalence was 2.4% (n=370). Seroprevalence of Brucella infection in male and female camels were 2.9% (7/241) and 1.6% (2/129) respectively, with no statistically significant difference. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was relatively higher (3.8%, n=791) in young (below 4 years) than in adult camels (above 4 years) (2.0%, n=291), however, not statistically significant. No statistical association of parity and origin of camels nor abortion with the occurrence of Brucella infection could be determined. All camels with an abortion history were reacting seronegative. Questionnaire survey results of 40 herders revealed an average herd size of 12.4 camels and camels were the only livestock in 8 of the herds (20%) and were reared together with other livestock in 80% of the herds. Contact with other herds was common in 90% of the herds. Abortion seemed rare in Babille Woreda: only 6 of the respondents (15%) reported abortion in the past. Fever, trypanosomosis infection, ingestion of toxic plants, drought and bulls were claimed to be the causes of abortion. For clinical and sub-clinical mastitis prevalence determination again two-stage sampling was undertaken and 544 quarters were examined from 136 lactating camels reared in 34 herds and 9 quarters were blind(1.7%). The remaining 535 quarter milk samples (98.4%) were screened for sub-clinical mastitis using CMT. Clinical examination of the udder and inspection of milk were employed to determine the presence of clinical mastitis; however, clinical mastitis was not observed at all. The prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was 14.4% at quarter level. Sub-clinical mastitis cases were prevalent in 31 .6% of the camels studied. A significant association (p-< 0.05) was found between sub-clinical mastitis and age groups. Sub-clinical mastitis and udder lesions were also found to be significantly (p-< 0.05). The presence of sub-clinical mastitis was not significantly associated(p-<0.05).The presence of sub-clinical mastitis was not significantly associated with udder conformational disorders, tick infested udders and lactation stage classes. Out of a total number of 34 herds, 25 herds (73.5%) presented at least one camel with one quarter milk sample positive for CMT. Associations of practices of cauterization for treatment of udder problems, use of anti-suckling equipment and unhygienic practices with herd level sub-clinical mastitis positivity were not found . The questionnaire survey results showed that clinical mastitis seemed to be rare in the study area; only 4 owners(11.8%) confirmed the presence of mastitis in their herds. Twenty two respondents (64.7%) attributed the cause of mastitis in camels to tick infestation Cleaning of the udder before milking was seldom done, only 3 owners (8.8%) cleaned the udder. However, 31 owners (91.2%) washed their hands before milking.Through direct observation and interviews information was gathered to analyze the camel milk markets network in Babille Woreda and neighboring towns The nodes included all 22 PAs within Babille Woreda and 5 small and big towns to which the milk was; sold arcs represented milk trade relationship among PAs and of PAs and towns. A network with 27 nodes and 33 edges (relationships) was identified and analyzed. The network consisted of 3 components: one large component and two other components with 24, 2 and 1 nodes, respectively. The overall density of the milk market network was 0.047, indicating a very loosely connected network with an average degree of 1.2. Babille, Harer, and Jijiga scored high in-degree values indicating their role as terminal markets. Aw-Sherif having the highest degree centrality score had a very important and influential position in the network. There was substantial centralization in this whole network as the network centralization for out-degree and in-degree were 15.1 % and19.1 %, respectively. The network closeness centrality measures revealed that Harer had the highest incloseness score followed by Jijiga and Dire Dawa. The majority of the PAs had lower scores of closeness centrality measures as they were peripherally located. Actor betweenness measures ranged from zero to 20 with wide variation. Aw-Sherif,Erer Ibada and Gemechu appeared to be more powerful than others by this measure followed by Tula and Erer Guda and others scoring zero. This study has shown that camel brucellosis and sub-clinical mastitis are prevalent in the area. Both diseases can cause extensive economic losses in camel production and pose a public health hazard as a result of raw camel milk consumption and traditional husbandry practices. This is warranting control and prevention programmes and public health education. Such undertakings should be based on further in-depth epidemiological investigations. Network analysis of milk markets can help in policy formulations, evaluation of risks estimaion of potential spread of infectious agents and control as well as in designing and implementing risk-based surveillance and milk market devdopment activitiesItem A Description of the Primary Animal Health Prograivimes in Selected Areas of Southern Sudan and Ethiopia and a first Assessment of Programme Impacts(AAU, 2001-12) Nimaya Kenyi; Mekonnen HailemariamIn selected areas of southern Sudan (juba, Tcrekeka. Kapoeta) and Ethiopia (Afar. Zone 3 and 5; North Wollo) a study Wa!) conducted with the objectives to describe primary ammal heJ..lth care activities and approaches. to determine the level of community participation in anima] health services delivery. to assess the efficiency of primary animal health care workers and, thus. to provide a first assessment of the impact of PAHC activities on livestock disease control and livestock production Jote the study areas In u!:.lng partiCipatory appraisal (PA ) methods as well as structured questionnaires active data were collected through 90 and 30 livestock owner group imerviews. as well as through 53 and 9 CAH\V and 15 and 22 government animal health worker questionnaires during January to May 2001 in southern Sudnn and during July and August 2001 in Ethiopia. respectively PA data collected on iniciuded disease changes. milk uses and ocher benerits obtamed from healthy anlmals. community pamcipation in PAHC implementation and preferences In animal health sen Ices delivery Triangulation was used for the PA data collected in the fidd: for il!Hll~SIS of quantionaires PA data so factor changes were dtterrmned Structured questionnaire data were collected on demographics. activties and work Constnunts of CAHW and government vetenanry workers Addiuonally. government vetennary~ statt was(., asked on the lives.tock disease situation as well as on their aisessment of communir animal health care delivery in the respecuve .study areas. Acuvlty rauos were calculated to quantify and :ompare CAHW trealtmeni and vccination activitIesItem Incidence of OF Laryngospasm and Associated Factors among Pediatric Patients who Undergo Surgery in Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Menelik Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023/2024: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.(Addis Ababa University, 2024-05) Mekonnen Hailemariam; Tesfay Birhane; Ayele BlenBackground: Laryngospasm is a reflex closure of the upper airway caused by a spasm in the glottis muscle, which can lead to imminent respiration. Laryngospasm can happen at any stage of anesthesia. Laryngospasm causes increased morbidity and death as a result of hypoxia and hypercapnia. However, there has been little research into laryngospasm incidence and associated variables among children patients undergoing general anesthesia in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the associated factors of laryngospasm and its incidence among pediatric patients who undergo surgery under general anesthesia in Tikur Anbessa specialized and Menelik referral hospitals from November 1, 2023 to May 1, 2024. Method: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among pediatric patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia in Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital and Menelik referral hospital, from November 1, 2023 to May 1, 2024. A consecutive sampling technique was utilized to recruit the study participants and data collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was entered in to SPSS software version 26 for analysis. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to assess the association between the outcome and predictor variables. A P-value less than 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Finaly, the results were reported in words, tables and graphs. Result: The laryngospasm incidence was 12.8% with 95% CI= (9-16). The majority of the incidents, 84.1% occurred during emergence phase of GA. The common triggering factors identified were multiple airway attempt (AOR: 13.71, [95% CI= 5.745-32.744]), inadequate depth of anesthesia (AOR: 7.814, 95% CI= 2.746-22.239]). The complications of laryngospasm identified were desaturation in 41(93.2%), bradycardia in 11(25%), inspiratory stridor in 24(54.5%), decreased air entry in 35(79.5%), increased inspiratory effort in 31(70.4%), paradoxical breathing in 25(56.8%), cyanosis in 1(2.3%), and pulmonaryaspiration in 1(2.3%) of the cases. Conclusion and recommendation: Laryngospasm is mainly associated with multiple airway attempt, inadequate depth of anesthesia, and upper respiratory tract infection. It is recommended to maintain adequate depth of anesthesia, decrease the number of airway attempts, optimize those with upper respiratory tract infections unless the surgery is urgent.Item Smallholder Dairy Production Technologies Uptake in Mixed Farming System in Dejen Wreda of East Gojjam Zone,Amhara Regional State(Debre Zeit, 2008-06) Dehinenet Gezie; Mekonnen HailemariamA cross sectional study on smallholder dairy production technologies uptake in mixed farming systems in Dejen "woreda" was conducted from September 2007 to May 2008 with the objectives to identify available technologies, their uptake levels and constraints, assess the influences of these technologies on milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in the study area. Totally, 240 randomly selected smallholder farmers and six number of participatory appraisal discussion groups were included in the study. Information was collected by questionnaire survey, personal observation during farm visits and through participatory appraisal group discussions. The average family size in the study area was 5.38 ± 1.96 ranging from 1 to 11 persons while the average land holding and livestock size were lAl± 0.68 and 5.01 TLU respectively. Cattle represented the largest proportion [49.5% (4.14 TLU)] of the livestock population. Cows were 30.3% of cattle herd and 20% of them were crossbred. The average daily milk yield was 1.46± 0.99 and 6.01± 3.20 liters for local and crossbred cows respectively. Totally, 25 dairy technologies practiced by smallholder farmers were identified in the study area. Technologies that were widely used (more than 80% uptake levels) were modem endo-parasite treatment, vaccination, estrous detection and haymaking. Technologies such as pregnancy test, modem ecto-parasite treatment, total and partial stall feeding, crossbreed cattle, forage development, feed supplement, artificial insemination (AI), separate type of house, bull station, udder washing and record keeping were at intermediate uptake level. Modem milk processing, urea treated straw (UTS) and silage were the least practiced technologies with an uptake level of 1.7 to 14%. Associations of technologies uptake with different farm household characteristics of smallholders were tasted by using one way ANOV A. Male headed households adopted significantly (P<0.001) higher number of technologies than female headed households. The larger the family size the higher the number of technologies adopted (PItem Smallscale Farming Practices and Crosssectional Study of Mastitis in Nazareth, East Shoa(2007-06) Tesfaye Ali; Mekonnen HailemariamThe present study was conducted to asses the husbandry practices, identify major health constraints, establish mastitis prevalence, determine potential risk factor of mastitis and isolate responsible agents of mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Nazareth, East Shoa. A total of 95 market oriented smallholder dairy farms comprising 234 cows were included in the study. Data were collected by using questionnaire survey, farm visit, animal examination, and California Mastitis Test (CMT). Microbiological assessment of milk samples was conducted at the Faculty’s microbiology laboratory. Fifty nine percent of the farms were owned by women and the remaining by men. In most cases (74.7%) dairying was a side-line business while only 25.4% entirely earn their living from this activity. The majority (52.6%) of farm owners had high school and above level of education. The average herd size per farm was 5.23. There were 93.7% crossbred and 6.3% indigenous cattle. The breeding methods used were only AI in 64.2% of the farmers and both AI and natural services in the rest. About 21.1% of the herds were under poor housing conditions. Full time hired laborers perform routine farm activities in 19% of the farms and contract hired laborers practiced milking in 39% of the farms. The most encountered health problem, indicated as primary disease, was mastitis. There was no record that enables the owners to compare the performance of his/her cows with in a herd or with those of his/her community. Based on clinical examination and CMT the cow-level prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 6.3% and 41.4% respectively. Aseptic collections of milk samples from all clinical and subclinical (CMT+) mastitis positive lactating cows were performed. Of 91 cow milk samples 90.11% were positive for aerobic pathogenic bacteria; predominant isolates being of CNS 21.2%, S. aureus 14.7%, S. agalactiae 11.6% and E. faecalis 10.6%. Duration of farming, poor drainage/slope of stable area, feed provision before milking, milking of clinical cows at any stage, farming practice as a side business were highly associated with mastitis. Poor body condition, previous clinical mastitis problem and leaking teats were associated with mastitis. Although smallholder dairy farmers, were facing a lot of problems specially lack of technical know-how, there is great potential and opportunity for the development of the sector.Item Study on Cattle Milk Production, Processing and Marketing System in Enderta District, Tigray Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2012-04-20) Tsadkan Zegeye; Mekonnen HailemariamAstudy on cattle milk production, processing and marketing was carried out in Enderta district, which is one of the four districts in the south eastern administrative zone of Tigray National Regional State, with the objective of studying the existing cattle husbandry and milk production systems, assessing cattle milk handling, processing and marketing as well as the constraints of milk production and marketing in the study area. A four stage sampling was used to select 150 households from the two livestock production systems of the district (transhumance and sedentary livestock production systems). Data was collected through questionnaire interview, group discussion, discussion with key informants and farm visit. The average landholding of respondents was significantly (p<0.05) varied between male (2 .8 ±0 .12ha) and female headed (1:1±0.08 ha)households but did not differ between the two livestock production systems. The mean cattle number per household was significantly (p<0.05) vary between transhumance (I 1. I 7±0.71 heads) and sedentary (9.31±0.39 heads) livestock production systems. The major feed resources for local cattle were natural pasture and crop aftermath whereas for crossbred cattle it was reported to be crop residues. Local cattle were watered from rivers. dam and wells while pump water was used (or crossbred cattle. The major cattle diseases reported in the district were anthrax. blackleg, bovine pasteurellosis. foot and mouth disease and mastitis The overall average milk off take per day per household was 6.81±0. 57 liters of which. majority (62.94%) was traditionally processed to butter and butter mille. The overall average butter production per week per household was 1.25±0.05 kg of which, 80.2% was allocated to market. Seasonal feed shortage, inefficient animal health and AI services, market shortage, price fluctuation and adulterations were some of the major constraints of milk production and marketing reported in the district. Supporting smallholders with strengthened extension scrvice in proper utilization of available feed resources, improved husbandry practices, market access, AI and animal health services as well as introduction of control measures [or quality product are expected to contribute a lot for the development of" the dairy sector in the area.Item Value Chain and Quality of Milk in Sululta and Welmera Weredas, Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia(Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Mustefa Abu; Mekonnen HailemariamMilk value chain and quality of milk were assessed in selected areas of Oromia special zone surrounding Addis Ababa from September 2011 to April 2012. A total of 180 randomly selected market-oriented smallholder dairy farmers were involved in a cross-sectional study that was carried out by way of questionnaire survey, rapid market appraisal, farm inspection and group discussion. The overall mean family size of respondents in this study was 5.63 ± 1.926 persons with average livestock holding per household of 23.93 ± 11.755 animals. Cattle were the predominant species representing 84.3% of the total TLU. The average number of lactating cows owned by the respondent farmers was 1.76 ± 0.920 local and 2.79 ± 3.445 cross bred animals. Average daily milk yield of crossbred and local milking cows were 9.11 ± 2.902 and 1.889 ± 0.6707 liters respectively. Overall mean lactation lengths of crossbred and local milking cows were 9.7 ± 0.46 and 6.26 ± 0.6624 months. Sixty milk samples were collected and the analysis of microbiological and physiochemical were carried out. The overall mean chemical compositions of milk for fat (%), protein (%) and solids not fat (%) contents were 3.5693 ± 0.10892, 2.9646 ± 0.04621 and 6.9632 ± 0.12175 in bulk Tank milk samples. The overall mean microbiological count of log (TBC cfu/ml), log (CC cfu/ml) and log (SCC/ml) of raw milk was 8.2285 ± 0.10041, 3.3363 ± 0.10010 and 5.1622 ± 0.07382, respectively. The proportion of raw milk used ftr household consumption was relatively small (5%). The major part (86%) of milk produced by smallholders is destined to market. The main outlets for raw milk identified were cooperatives (55.6%), processors (20.0%), vendor (20.0%), directly to consumer (2.8%) and hotels/restaurants (1.7%). Price variations (cited by 87% of the respondents), lack of fair market (72.2%), lack of demand during fasting (49.4%), lack of preserving facilities, and absence of quality based payment and no/less say in deciding milk price by producers were the major problems of raw milk marketing