Browsing by Author "Mekonnen Hailemariam"

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    Agronomic and Nutritional Evaluation of Selected Forage Legumes and Locally Available Feedstuff, and Characterization of Forage and Dairy Innovation Systems in Bako and Nekemte Peri-Urban Areas, Oromia, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Diriba Geleti; Mekonnen Hailemariam
    The role of forage legumes in enhancing the quality of fibrous feeds has been widely advocated. Their selection and integration into ruminant feeding systems is thus vital. Yield and quality of five accessions each of alfalfa, cowpea and Centrosema were evaluated; the former under Debre Zeit, and the latter two species under Bako conditions. Quality of leguminous forages adapted to Bako was assessed concomitantly with locally used roughages. Systemic problems hindering forage adoption were also pinpointed using value chain and innovation system frameworks in Bako and Nekemte peri-urban areas. In the alfalfa experiment, dry matter yield (DMY) was higher (P<0.05) for FG9-09(F) than in Magna 801-FG(F) whereas the other cultivars (FG10-09(F), Magna-788 and Hairy Peruvian)) had intermediate values between the two. The crude protein (CP) content was higher for Magna-788 (P<0.05) than Hairy Peruvian, while FG10-09(F), FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG (F) had intermediate values between the two. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) did not vary between the accessions (P>0.05). Accordingly, Magna-788, FG9-09(F) and Magna801-FG(F) were suggested for promotion to varietal verification stages. In cowpea, DMY was least for ILRI-11976 (P<0.01) and highest for ILRI-9325. The mean CP was 17%, values ranging from 16% (WWT) to 18% (ILRI-9325), while IVOMD ranged between 64% (ILRI-6783) and 69% (WWT). Overall, WWT, ILRI-9325 and ILRI-11976 were top performers in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In centrosema, DMY was highest for C. plumeri ILRI-191 and lowest for C. pubescens ILRI-233. The CP content ranged from 18.9% (C. pubescens ILRI-243) to 22.4% (C. virginianum ILRI-14541). The IVOMD ranged from 38.6% (C. pubescens ILRI-233) to 50.7% (C. plumeri ILRI-191). Generally, C. Plumieri ILRI-191, C. Virginianum ILRI-14541 and C. pubescens ILRI-12297 outperformed others in DMY, CP content and IVOMD. In fourth experiment, CP content was highest for “noug” cake xxv (32%), followed by herbaceous (24%) and browse (23%) legumes and least for cereal straws (3%). The IVOMD values were highest for browses (68%) followed by herbaceous legumes (67%) and least for straws (45%). The value chain analysis revealed that the role of improved forages in dairy feeding was not remarkable, with farmers widely depending on purchased feed ingredients. “Noug” cake (92%), pulse grain hulls and mill house scraps (58%) and cereal straws (50%) were indicated to be widely purchased in Nekemte area, while “noug” cake, (88%) and sugar cane tops (75%) were commonly purchased in Bako. The innovation system diagnosis revealed that diverse actors exist but they are poorly interacting. The key problems indicated to hinder forage/feed technology adoption were: informal institutional problems, formal institutional problems, actors’ capability problems and poor interaction problems affecting 81%, 45%, 63% and 45% of the system actors, respectively. Crafting appropriate regulations for enabling feed and peri-urban dairying system were recommended. Promoting dialogue platforms and participatory and collaborative working cultures were also indicated to reinforce inter-actor interactions. Increased public investment to stimulate effective functioning of basic physical infrastructures (electricity, roads and water supply) was also indicated to be pivotal.
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    A Description of the Primary Animal Health Prograivimes in Selected Areas of Southern Sudan and Ethiopia and a first Assessment of Programme Impacts
    (AAU, 2001-12) Nimaya Kenyi; Mekonnen Hailemariam
    In selected areas of southern Sudan (juba, Tcrekeka. Kapoeta) and Ethiopia (Afar. Zone 3 and 5; North Wollo) a study Wa!) conducted with the objectives to describe primary ammal heJ..lth care activities and approaches. to determine the level of community participation in anima] health services delivery. to assess the efficiency of primary animal health care workers and, thus. to provide a first assessment of the impact of PAHC activities on livestock disease control and livestock production Jote the study areas In u!:.lng partiCipatory appraisal (PA ) methods as well as structured questionnaires active data were collected through 90 and 30 livestock owner group imerviews. as well as through 53 and 9 CAH\V and 15 and 22 government animal health worker questionnaires during January to May 2001 in southern Sudnn and during July and August 2001 in Ethiopia. respectively PA data collected on iniciuded disease changes. milk uses and ocher benerits obtamed from healthy anlmals. community pamcipation in PAHC implementation and preferences In animal health sen Ices delivery Triangulation was used for the PA data collected in the fidd: for il!Hll~SIS of quantionaires PA data so factor changes were dtterrmned Structured questionnaire data were collected on demographics. activties and work Constnunts of CAHW and government vetenanry workers Addiuonally. government vetennary~ statt was(., asked on the lives.tock disease situation as well as on their aisessment of communir animal health care delivery in the respecuve .study areas. Acuvlty rauos were calculated to quantify and :ompare CAHW trealtmeni and vccination activitIes
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    Incidence of OF Laryngospasm and Associated Factors among Pediatric Patients who Undergo Surgery in Tikur Anbessa Specialized and Menelik Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2023/2024: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-05) Mekonnen Hailemariam; Tesfay Birhane; Ayele Blen
    Background: Laryngospasm is a reflex closure of the upper airway caused by a spasm in the glottis muscle, which can lead to imminent respiration. Laryngospasm can happen at any stage of anesthesia. Laryngospasm causes increased morbidity and death as a result of hypoxia and hypercapnia. However, there has been little research into laryngospasm incidence and associated variables among children patients undergoing general anesthesia in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the associated factors of laryngospasm and its incidence among pediatric patients who undergo surgery under general anesthesia in Tikur Anbessa specialized and Menelik referral hospitals from November 1, 2023 to May 1, 2024. Method: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among pediatric patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia in Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital and Menelik referral hospital, from November 1, 2023 to May 1, 2024. A consecutive sampling technique was utilized to recruit the study participants and data collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was entered in to SPSS software version 26 for analysis. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to assess the association between the outcome and predictor variables. A P-value less than 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Finaly, the results were reported in words, tables and graphs. Result: The laryngospasm incidence was 12.8% with 95% CI= (9-16). The majority of the incidents, 84.1% occurred during emergence phase of GA. The common triggering factors identified were multiple airway attempt (AOR: 13.71, [95% CI= 5.745-32.744]), inadequate depth of anesthesia (AOR: 7.814, 95% CI= 2.746-22.239]). The complications of laryngospasm identified were desaturation in 41(93.2%), bradycardia in 11(25%), inspiratory stridor in 24(54.5%), decreased air entry in 35(79.5%), increased inspiratory effort in 31(70.4%), paradoxical breathing in 25(56.8%), cyanosis in 1(2.3%), and pulmonaryaspiration in 1(2.3%) of the cases. Conclusion and recommendation: Laryngospasm is mainly associated with multiple airway attempt, inadequate depth of anesthesia, and upper respiratory tract infection. It is recommended to maintain adequate depth of anesthesia, decrease the number of airway attempts, optimize those with upper respiratory tract infections unless the surgery is urgent.
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    Smallholder Dairy Production Technologies Uptake in Mixed Farming System in Dejen Wreda of East Gojjam Zone,Amhara Regional State
    (Debre Zeit, 2008-06) Dehinenet Gezie; Mekonnen Hailemariam
    A cross sectional study on smallholder dairy production technologies uptake in mixed farming systems in Dejen "woreda" was conducted from September 2007 to May 2008 with the objectives to identify available technologies, their uptake levels and constraints, assess the influences of these technologies on milk production and reproductive performance of dairy cattle in the study area. Totally, 240 randomly selected smallholder farmers and six number of participatory appraisal discussion groups were included in the study. Information was collected by questionnaire survey, personal observation during farm visits and through participatory appraisal group discussions. The average family size in the study area was 5.38 ± 1.96 ranging from 1 to 11 persons while the average land holding and livestock size were lAl± 0.68 and 5.01 TLU respectively. Cattle represented the largest proportion [49.5% (4.14 TLU)] of the livestock population. Cows were 30.3% of cattle herd and 20% of them were crossbred. The average daily milk yield was 1.46± 0.99 and 6.01± 3.20 liters for local and crossbred cows respectively. Totally, 25 dairy technologies practiced by smallholder farmers were identified in the study area. Technologies that were widely used (more than 80% uptake levels) were modem endo-parasite treatment, vaccination, estrous detection and haymaking. Technologies such as pregnancy test, modem ecto-parasite treatment, total and partial stall feeding, crossbreed cattle, forage development, feed supplement, artificial insemination (AI), separate type of house, bull station, udder washing and record keeping were at intermediate uptake level. Modem milk processing, urea treated straw (UTS) and silage were the least practiced technologies with an uptake level of 1.7 to 14%. Associations of technologies uptake with different farm household characteristics of smallholders were tasted by using one way ANOV A. Male headed households adopted significantly (P<0.001) higher number of technologies than female headed households. The larger the family size the higher the number of technologies adopted (P
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    Smallscale Farming Practices and Crosssectional Study of Mastitis in Nazareth, East Shoa
    (2007-06) Tesfaye Ali; Mekonnen Hailemariam
    The present study was conducted to asses the husbandry practices, identify major health constraints, establish mastitis prevalence, determine potential risk factor of mastitis and isolate responsible agents of mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Nazareth, East Shoa. A total of 95 market oriented smallholder dairy farms comprising 234 cows were included in the study. Data were collected by using questionnaire survey, farm visit, animal examination, and California Mastitis Test (CMT). Microbiological assessment of milk samples was conducted at the Faculty’s microbiology laboratory. Fifty nine percent of the farms were owned by women and the remaining by men. In most cases (74.7%) dairying was a side-line business while only 25.4% entirely earn their living from this activity. The majority (52.6%) of farm owners had high school and above level of education. The average herd size per farm was 5.23. There were 93.7% crossbred and 6.3% indigenous cattle. The breeding methods used were only AI in 64.2% of the farmers and both AI and natural services in the rest. About 21.1% of the herds were under poor housing conditions. Full time hired laborers perform routine farm activities in 19% of the farms and contract hired laborers practiced milking in 39% of the farms. The most encountered health problem, indicated as primary disease, was mastitis. There was no record that enables the owners to compare the performance of his/her cows with in a herd or with those of his/her community. Based on clinical examination and CMT the cow-level prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 6.3% and 41.4% respectively. Aseptic collections of milk samples from all clinical and subclinical (CMT+) mastitis positive lactating cows were performed. Of 91 cow milk samples 90.11% were positive for aerobic pathogenic bacteria; predominant isolates being of CNS 21.2%, S. aureus 14.7%, S. agalactiae 11.6% and E. faecalis 10.6%. Duration of farming, poor drainage/slope of stable area, feed provision before milking, milking of clinical cows at any stage, farming practice as a side business were highly associated with mastitis. Poor body condition, previous clinical mastitis problem and leaking teats were associated with mastitis. Although smallholder dairy farmers, were facing a lot of problems specially lack of technical know-how, there is great potential and opportunity for the development of the sector.