Browsing by Author "Meaza Gezu"

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    Assessing the Prevalence of Work Musculoskeletal Disorders and Associated Factors among Workers in Selected Garments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Zenebe Girma; Abera Kumie; Meaza Gezu
    Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are serious problems that every human being would face through the process of his/her life. Studies show that these problems frequently occur in work place. The problem is growing in textile specifically among garment workers in many developing countries. In Ethiopia there is little evidence on the ergonomic exposure for development of musculoskeletal disorder in garment industries. Objective: This study was to determine prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders and its associated factors among garment worker in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study design was implemented from March – April /2016 among 422 garment workers in selected Garments in Addis Ababa. An Amharic version pre tested Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire and Quick Exposure Check tool were used to collect data using six data collectors and two supervisors. Data was entered in EPI info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Frequency tables, graphs and descriptive summaries were used to describe the study variables. Model fitness and Collin earity test were done. To control the effect of confounding variables, multiple logistic regression models with hierarchical entry of variables was done. Variables with p-value less than 0.05 under 95% CI in final model were considered as having significant association with dependent variable. Result: The response rate of this study was 100%. Three hundred and fifty five (84%) of them were female. The median age of the study subject was 29 years inter quartile range of (25-35). The one year prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders was 65.4% with 95% C.I: (60.9, 69.7). Among behavioral factors, habits of not doing physical exercise and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with development of musculoskeletal disorders [AOR: 1.96, 95% CI (1.03-3.72)] and [AOR: 9.4, 95% CI (1.15-76.7)], respectively. Among psychosocial factors, job stress and job satisfaction were associated with higher odds of MSDs [AOR: 4.6, 95% CI (2.55-8.4)] and [AOR: 3.9, 95% CI (2.18-7.07)], respectively. Work environment related factors like work hour per week [AOR: 7.9, 95% CI (3.2-19.5)] and working department had significant association after adjusting all others factors. Conclusion and Recommendation: Based on findings of this study, there is significant prevalence and associated factors of musculoskeletal disorders in garment workers. Owners and governmental bodies should focus on preventive strategies and safety guidelines in order to prevent workers from occupational hazards.
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    Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety Practices and Its Associated Factors Among Star Rated Hotels Housekeeping Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba university, 2017-06) Segni Bobo; Meaza Gezu
    Background: Occupational health and safety (OHS) practice refers to behavior of workers to act safely. These includes any activity enabling the prevention and control of adverse work-related hazards. In this study, we measured OSH practice at individual level. Appropriate tool was developed and used after getting permissions from the institutional review board of school of public health, Addis Ababa University. Objective: To assess occupational health and safety practices and its associated factors among star rated hotels housekeeping workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from march 01-May 28/2007, among 872 housekeeping workers sampled from 38 star hotels. The study used pretested, structured questionnaire, observational checklist and review of documents to collect data. Occupational characteristics based stratification sampling and analysis were also considered. Crude odds ratio with 95% C.I was computed to identify association of independent variables and the outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis were computed to determine relative effect of independent variables on the outcome. To maintain stability only variables with p-value < 0.2 in the binary logistic regression analysis were fitted into the subsequent models. Data entry was done by using Epi Info version 7.2.0.1 ; data analysis and quality were maintained by STATA 14 software’s. Levels of statistical significance were set at p < 0.05. Results: Response rate of the study was 100%. Among 872 housekeeping workers 452 (51.83%) were room attendants and 420 (48.17%) cleansing workers. Females account for 641 (73.51%) and males account for 231 (26.49%). Based on the composite score of seven different indicators, the overall OSH practice of participants were; 57.22% good and 42.78% were poor OSH practices. Several factors were significantly associated with OSH practices among both cleansing workers and room attendants; Regarding cleansing workers educational status; college and above (AOR= 5.87, 95% C.I: 2.58, 13.35) or secondary (AOR= 5.04, 95% C.I: 2.11, 12.06) versus primary levels. Workers in higher star hotels had also higher odds of good OSH practices; three star hotels (AOR= 8.16, 95% C.I: 2.28, 29.23) or five star (AOR= 5.27, 95% C.I: 1.34, 20.80 or four star (AOR= 3.90, 95% C.I: 1.13, 13.40) versus cleansing workers in one star. Knowing how to use PPE (AOR= 2.43, 95% C.I: 1.17, 5.04) compared to lacking such knowledge. Cleansing workers who had OSH training (AOR= 2.24, 95% C.I: 1.15, 4.37) versus not trained. Among room attendants, the study showed that variables such as sex, educational status, hotels star grade, knowledge of workers right, workplace OSH training, knowledge of PPE uses and knowledges of safety signs had significant association with OSH practice. Conclusion and Recommendations: The extent of poor OSH practices among star rated hotels housekeeping workers is currently at a level that needs immediate public health action. Implementations of basic OHS services such as trainings, ensuring strong supportive supervision systems and strengthening legal compliances, further medical checkups were few of urgently advisable interventions.
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    Assessment of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diarrheal Diseases among Under-Five Years Children Living In Woreda 03 Residence of Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Yared Tadesse; Worku Tefera; Meaza Gezu
    Background: The main causes of under- five children morbidity and mortality in developing countries are related to exposures to poor environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral factors. Contaminated water consumption and poor hygienic practices are the leading causes of death among children worldwide especially in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective: to assess the prevalence and associated factors for the occurrence of diarrhea disease among under-five year’s children Method: A Cross sectional study conducted in Woreda 03 Residence of Yeka sub city of Addis Ababa Ethiopia whereby 399 out of 400targeted sample households’ caretaker with under- five children were interviewed by trained data collectors and also from 34 household who have under- five children with diarrhea sample water were taken from usual water storage and examined and the collected data was entered using Epi Info and cleaned and analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify factors for childhood diarrhea. Result prevalence of diarrhea in under-five children was found 8.5 percent of the total 399children from the socioeconomic variables entered the age of mother less than twenty five[AOR: 7.42, 95% CI: (1.64, 33.60)], from the Environmental variables entered in the model those house hold got water more than two week[AOR:4.56, 95% CI: (1.49, 13.93)] and from behavioral variables entered in the model caretaker who said I wash my hands after cleansing baby bottom and after using toilet [AOR:0.36, 95% CI: (0.15, 0.84)] and[AOR:0.23, 95% CI: (0.55, 0.96)]and also those caretaker who said I dispose child feces any where by covering with soil [AOR:0.7.9, 95% CI: (1.05, 59.89)]had significant in the final step or model. And the examined water sample result showed that from Ecoli point of view from thirty four 21 and from total coliform point from thirty four 29 sample showed unacceptable result Conclusions and Recommendations: Storing water for long time and not practicing of washing hands after cleansing baby bottom and after using toile and also disposing child feces by covering with soil were risk factors for the occurrence of diarrhea in under-five children. Therefore Knowledge and practice on hand washing at critical times should have to get great emphasis during health education in order to protect the children against diarrhea and also the demand and supply of water supply gap should be minimized.
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    Assessment of Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Factors among Solid Waste Collectors in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Zerihun Emiru; Meaza Gezu
    Background: Respiratory disease symptoms are a public health challenge in both industrialized and developing countries. Respiratory symptoms are more prevalent in solid waste collectors of developing countries, where occupational health and safety issues are less emphasized. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated factors affecting respiratory symptoms among solid waste collectors in Yeka sub city. Methods: cross sectional study was conducted among 518 study participants. Data were collected through interviewer administered structured questions derived from British Medical Research Council (BMRC) adult respiratory symptom assessment questions and observational check lists. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify predictor variables which have association with chronic respiratory symptoms and finally the variables which had significant association were identified on the basis of Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95 % Confidence Interval (CI). Results: The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among solid waste collectors was 40.7 %, with Prevalence of cough 35.7%, wheezing 21.2 %, phlegm 44 %, breathlessness 29.2 %, wheezing 21.2 % and chest illness 7.3%. Respiratory symptoms were associated with use of respiratory facemask on duty [AOR=2; 95% CI :( 1.1-4)],sleeping disorder [AOR=2.6; 95% CI :( 1.5-4.42)] and past illness [AOR=4.8; 95%CI :( 3.2-7.22)] Conclusion: respiratory symptoms were prevalent among solid waste collectors in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa. Use of respiratory equipment on duty, sleeping disorder and past illness were identified factors
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    Comparative Cross Sectional Study on Occupational Health Problems among Workers in Floriculture Industry, Holeta, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2012-05) Meaza Gezu; Abera Kumie
    Background: Floriculture is labor intensive industry in which a number of citizens in Ethiopia rely on it and currently it is on vast expansion over the country. In spite of its creation of job opportunity it imposes various health challenges on the workers. Objectives: the specific objectives of this study are to assess the magnitude and determinants of common illness symptoms encountered by the workers of floriculture industry. Methods: Mixed method approach; using Comparative cross sectional quantitative study on 958 randomly selected respondents of floriculture workers and general population; a qualitative study on purposively selected respondents from floriculture workers were conducted to obtain result on illness symptoms encountered in the past 12 months prior to data collection and associated factors. The data was collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire for the quantitative study and qualitative data was obtained from workers of floriculture through indepth interview and focus group discussion with predesigned interview guide. Results: A total of 958 respondents with a response rate of 98.4% were included in this study. The prevalence of respiratory and skin disorder illness symptom were 462 (75.5%) and 232 (48.6%) versus 178(37%) and 68 (14.1%) for floriculture workers and general population respectively. Awareness of workers on risks of working in floriculture has association with reported respiratory and skin disorder illness symptom as those who were not aware about risks were less likely to report illness symptom. Use of personal protective equipment and pre training doesn’t show significant association with illness symptom of workers. Majority of respondents didn’t wear full personal PPE since only less than 30% of workers who have reported having PPE have boots, facemask and goggles. In the qualitative result respondents mentioned that the type of pre-training that is being provided to workers focuses on safety of flowers rather than how workers keep themselves away from the potential risks. Conclusions and recommendations: According to these study respondents of floriculture workers have reported high prevalence of developing illness symptom in the past 12 months of time prior to data collection. Thus employers’ should give training on protection on workers from the potential hazard and fulfill personal protective equipment's to workers.
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    Compliance of Health Care Professionals with Hand Hygiene Practice and its Associated Factors among General Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (2017-11) Ziyad Ahmed; Meaza Gezu
    Introduction: Globally, a significant proportion of healthcare providers and patients acquire nosocomial infections. Failure to perform appropriate hand hygiene is considered to be the leading cause of health care acquired infection worldwide. In Addis Ababa, different report show that health care worker hand hygiene compliance was low in both public and private health care institution even though there were few detail studies done in this area. Objectives: To describe compliance of health care professionals with hand hygiene practice and its associated factors among general hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, July 2017. Methodology: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among general hospitals in Addis Ababa. Simple random sampling system was used to select participants. Seven hundred eight health care professionals were included in the study. Data was collected by 4 data collectors and 1 supervisor using pre-tested questionnaire after appropriate training. The data was entered into EPI data version 3.1, and then exported to SPSS version 22 for data management and analysis. Variable with p value <0.25 during the bivariate analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Result: A total of708 health care professional were included in the study and 651 of them filled self-administered questions with response rate of 91.9%. The overall good hand hygiene practice of health care professionals were 50.4%. Hand hygiene practice was reported high when health care professional feel or look dirty, and low before entering isolated room. The odds of hand hygiene practice of those master and above holders (AOR (95% of CI)) = 0.46 (0.258, 0.839) and those with first degree holders (AOR (95% of CI)) = 0.43 (0.230, 0.819) were less than diploma holders. Those with Good attitude toward hand hygiene (AOR (95% of CI) = 1.61 (1.087, 2.381), those who know functionality of infection prevention committee (AOR [95%CI]) =1.57(1.035, 2.376), those who said sink is functional (AOR (95% of CI)) = 2.26 (1.070, 4.792), those who reported running water is available (AOR (95% of CI)) = 1.86 (1.011, 3.432), those who reported hand hygiene guide line is available in the working area (AOR (95% of CI)) = 1.66 (1.134, 2.427) were more likely to practice hand hygiene compared with counterparts . Conclusions and Recommendations: According to this study good hand hygiene practice is low. This show that patients and health care workers are at high risk of acquiring nosocomial infection .So government and management of the hospital must emphasis on patient safety.
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    Implementation of Urban Health Extension Program: Hygiene and Environmental Health Packages in Addis Ketema Sub City, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-02) Tamrat Awell; Meaza Gezu
    Introduction: Health Extension program is designed and implemented in recognition of the fact that the major factor underlying the poor health status of the country’s population is the lack of empowerment of households and communities to promote health and prevent disease. Although the government is trying to solve urban health problems through UHEP, still there are challenges and/or problems in waste management, access to sanitary facilities, safe and adequate water supply causing about 60-80 % of health problems. Objective: To assess the implementation status of urban health extension program of hygiene and environmental health packages in Addis Ketema Sub City, Addis Ababa. Methods: Community based cross-sectional study design using quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted from September, 2016 to June, 2017 in Addis Ketema Sub City, Addis Ababa. For quantitative data a total of 765 households was selected using multi stage sampling procedure and qualitative data obtained through key informant interview of purposively selected participants. The quantitative data entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and qualitative data analyzed by thematic method manually. Results: The overall level of implementation of hygiene and environmental health packages are 34.7 %. Age group with 36-45,46-55 and above 55 years old respondents were 99.7%,99% and 97% less likely implement [AOR=0.003,95%CI=0.001-0.057],[AOR=0.01,95%CI=0.00-0.041 [AOR=0.01,95%CI=0.009-0.15] compared to the age group 26-35 years. Female household respondents 7.3 times more likely to implement the hygiene and environmental health packages than the male respondents [AOR=7.3, 95%CI=3.211-6.157]. Monthly income between 501-1000 Eth Birr have 6.8 times more likely to implement than households income less than 501 Eth birr [AOR=6.80,95%CI=2.35-10.31]. Conclusion and Recommendation: the level of implementation was low. There were variations in the level of implementation among the packages. Community resistance for the program, Governmental constraint and very poor supportive supervision are the main reasons for low implementation status of environmental health packages. Community ownership and involvement, continues supportive supervision and further study is important for better implementation.
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    Occupational Lead Exposure and Renal Function Impairment among Garage Workers Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A comparative Cross-Sectional Study.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-03) Firehiwot Getahun; Meaza Gezu; Teferi Abegaz
    Background: Lead exposure is a major occupational hazard in the automotive industry, where workers routinely handle lead-containing materials. Chronic kidney disease is a serious health risk associated with lead exposure. Objective: This study aimed to assess the blood lead levels and renal function test parameters of garage workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A comparative cross-sectional study involving 120 exposed garage workers and 110 non-exposed water bottling factory workers. Data collection included questionnaires, blood samples, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure measurements. Blood analyses determined blood lead level and renal function parameters. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 software. The Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess differences in blood lead levels and renal function parameters between groups. In addition, a generalized linear regression model was employed to examine the association between the glomerular filtration rate and independent variables. The significance level was set at (P < 0.05). Result: The median blood lead level of garage workers (11.98 μg/dL) (IQR) = 5.78ug/dL – 21.54ug/dL) was significantly higher than water bottling factory workers (6.87 μg/dL) (IQR = 4.17ug/dL– 10.13 ug/dL) (p < 0.001). Workers in mechanic and welding departments have higher blood lead levels than the comparison group. Creatinine levels were statistically higher in garage workers compared to the comparison group (p<0.030). In addition, the estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower among garage workers (P<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) between garage workers and water-bottling factory workers. Diastolic blood pressure, older age, and higher body mass index were associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion: Garage workers had significantly higher blood lead levels, indicating possible occupational exposure to garage workers compared to water bottling workers. In addition, serum creatinine was significantly higher among garage workers. So, preventive methods should be implemented to reduce lead exposure in garage workshops.
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    Prevalence of Occupational Asthma and Associated Factors among Tannery Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-08) Fetene Merga; Meaza Gezu
    Background: Out of 334 million global prevalence of asthma, around 15% is attributable to occupational asthma. According to the 2014 WHO report, the disease affects about 5% of the global population, mainly in low and middle-income countries. Tannery workers perform many operations with different exposures to varieties of chemicals, which are harmful for their health through causing occupational diseases including asthma. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of occupational asthma and associated factors among tannery industries workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017/18. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted on the study participants of 348 tannery workers, which were selected by systematic random sampling in Addis Ababa from February to April 2018. Data collection performed by trained data collectors using pre-tested questionnaires and by work place observation. The collected data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics was done for all variables in the study and displayed as frequency, percentages, means and standard deviations. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify associated factors of occupational asthma with 95% CI and level of significant association (p-value of 0.05). Result: A total of 348 (97.8%) respondents were included in the study. Out of these, occupational asthma prevalence was 35.3% (n=123). Out of the total respondents, 57.8% were males and 56.3% ages were less than 35 years and their mean age were 34.53 years. Only 17% of respondents had trained on PPE use. The odds of illiterate respondents were 2 times more likely to be asthmatic (AOR = 2.021; 95% CI: 0.645, 6.328) than respondents of educational level > grade 12. A work experience of > 20 years had 2 times more likely to be asthmatic than respondents of 1-5 experiences in years (AOR = 1.981; 95% CI: 1.008, 3.892). Conclusion and Recommendation: The overall prevalence rate of occupational asthma in tanneries of Addis Ababa was 353 per 1000 exposed workers. MOLSA, AAU, MOH, and Ministry of Industry should give attention and enforce an integrated emphasis to establish and properly apply an active and functional health and safety programs through strengthen strict supervision of workplace and working conditions.
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    Prevalence of Primary Dysmenorrhea and its Consequences on School Attendance among High School Female Adolescent Students
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-11) Merema Jemal; Mirgissa Kaba; Meaza Gezu
    Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology is the most common gynecological compliant among adolescence and young women. Its adverse consequence ranges from short term school absenteeism to family and personal disruption. Local studies especially among younger adolescent students exploring primary dysmenorrhea and its consequences on school attendance is scares. There for, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of primary dysmenorrheal and its consequences on school attendance. Method: A Cross-sectional study was conducted from March,7 to 21,2019 among public secondary school students in Waliso town. Stratified random sampling technique was used to enroll 340 participants. Data were collected using pretested self-administered questionnaire. Data was cleaned, coded and entered into Epi info 7 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression model was applied to determine factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between primary dysmenorrhea and school absenteeism. Results: Primary dysmenorrhea was reported by 247 (75.1%) of the participant. It was mild in 108(43.7%), moderate in 98(39.7%), and severe in 41(16.6%) of the respondents. It was accompanied by other symptoms like back pain 184 (55.9%), fatigue 159 (43.3%) and headache 63(19. 1%).Out of dysmenorric students 96(38.9%) of them reported consequent absence from school. Pearson Chi-square test showed statistically significant association between severity of primary dysmenorrhea and school activities. This was explained by school absence (X2df=2=17.9,p<0.001), loss of concentration (X IX 2 df=2=14.5, p<0.001), lack of focus on exam (X 2 df=2=11.4, p<0.001) and restriction of physical education. Primary dysmenorrhea was found to have relatively strong association with irregular menstrual cycle, shorter length of menstrual cycle and longer menstrual flow days. Only 7(2.8%)of the participants seek medical care. Conclusion and Recommendation: Primary dysmenorrhea was found to be common problem among female adolescent students and had consequences on student school attendance and limited their daily school activities. Comprehensive school education program on menarche and menstrual problems may help girls to cope better with dysmenorrhea and appropriately seek medical assistance.
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    Risk of Nephrotoxicity among Dry Cleaning Workers Exposed to Perchloroethylene in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Philemon Mohammed; Teferi Abegaz; Meaza Gezu
    Background: Perchloroethylene, a solvent commonly used in dry cleaning, have an impact on kidney’s health. As the dry-cleaning industry grows in Addis Ababa, it presents an occupational hazard. Limited global research and a lack of African studies on this issue highlight this study to inform policymakers and promote worker health and safety. Objective: The objective of this study is to measure selected urinary and blood nephrotoxic biomarkers among dry cleaners in Addis Ababa and compare them with hotel laundry workers to see the impact of perchloroethylene on kidney health. Method: A multi-center comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in 17 dry-cleaning shops and 21 hotel laundries in Addis Ababa, involving 70 participants from each group. The study assessed nephrotoxic biomarkers such as urinary protein, creatinine, calcium, sodium, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. Data collection involved both biological samples and structured questionnaires administered via Open Data Kit (ODK), with data analysis conducted using SPSS. Statistical methods included t-tests, chi-square tests, correlation and multivariable regression with significance determined at p < 0.05. Result: The result showed that majority of the employees were females in both groups and the risk of nephrotoxicity was higher in dry cleaners as compared to hotel laundry workers, where 88.2% of the abnormal proteinuria, 76.9% of the abnormal creatinine and 38.5% and 62.5% of the abnormal urinary calcium and sodium values were found in dry cleaners respectively. We found a significant mean difference in three biomarkers namely, Total Protein (TPU) with a Median & IQR value of (102 mg/dl &70.75 mg/dl) and (54.5 mg/dl &27.25 mg/dl), Urinary creatinine with a Median & IQR value of (193 mg/dl & 111.06 mg/dl) and (142.93 mg/dl & 78.17 mg/dl) and Urinary Calcium with a Median & IQR value of (2.60 mmol/l & 2.94 mmol/l) and (0.835mmol/l & 0.79 mmol/l) for the exposed and the control groups respectively. However, a significant difference was not found in urinary sodium, Blood urea nitrogen and S. creatinine between the two groups, but higher value of sodium above range and higher BUN within range was observed in dry cleaners. The Log10 transformed TPU and raw BUN showed a significant association with experience of PCE spillage, r (140) = 0.201, p = 0.017 and r (24) = 0.536, p = 0.007, respectively. Conclusion: The study concluded that dry cleaners faced the highest risk and abnormalities in kidney biomarkers, with factors such as duration of employment, PCE spillage, sex, frequency of handling PCE, and poor ventilation positively correlating with immediate symptoms. Although the absence of precise exposure measurements limited definitive conclusions, the findings indicated that dry cleaners are the most vulnerable group. Therefore, strong safety protocols and regular medical checkups are recommended for workers frequently exposed to Perchloroethylene