Browsing by Author "Mamo, Hassen (PhD)"

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    Effect of the Crude Extract of the Leaves of Osyris quadripartita on Plasmodium berghei in Swiss Albino Mice
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Girma, Senait; Mamo, Hassen (PhD); Erko, Berhanu (Professor); Giday, Mirutse (PhD)
    Continuous emergence of multi-drug-resistant malaria parasites and their rapid spread across the globe warrant urgent search for new anti-malaria chemotherapeutics. Traditional medicinal plants have been the main sources for screening active phytochemicals against malaria. Accordingly, this study was aimed at evaluating in vivo antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei of Osyris quadripartita Salzm. Ex Decne, locally called ‘keret’ in Amharic, which is used for traditional malaria treatment by local people in different parts of Ethiopia. The plant part was collected and identified by a botanist. Crude leaves were extracted using aqueous, methanol and chloroform solvent extracts. Methanol gave the highest yield of the plant extract. Acute toxicity study results indicated that the plant extract did not show any sign of toxicity up to 2000mg/kg. To assess the effect of the plants on the test parasite, a 4-day suppressive standard test was performed. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Both aqueous and methanol extract of O. quadripartita significantly (P<0.05) suppressed parasitemia and prevented packed cell volume (PCV) reduction in dose dependent manner and body weight gain in all dose levels. In addition, they prolonged survival time in all doses. On the contrary, chloroform extract of O. quadripartita significantly (P<0.05) inhibited parasitemia, prevented body weight loss, prevented PCV reduction and prolonged survival time in all doses. Chloroform extract of the plant showed the highest parasitaemia suppression (41.26%) at 600mg/kg whereas its methanol extract caused 24.4% suppression at 200 mg/kg dose tested. Furthermore, aqueous extract of the plant showed 21.67% suppression at the same dose tested. The finding supports the traditional use of the plants for the treatment of malaria. Further evaluation of this plant is, however, needed before it is recommended for the control of malaria. Keywords Antimalarial activity, Osyris quadripartita, in vivo, Plasmodium berghei, Swiss albino mice, Ethiopia
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    Intestinal parasitic Infections among School-age Children In Mekaneselam Health Center, Borena, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Ali, Yimam; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are still quite common in low-income countries including Ethiopia, particularly in children due to low-quality drinking water, poor personal and environmental sanitation. Periodic evaluation of the current status of IPIs in a locality is a prerequisite to better control these health threats. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinant factors of IPIs among school-age children in Mekaneselam, northwest Ethiopia. The study was conducted at Mekaneselam health center and its design was crosssectional and retrospective investigation. Stool samples collected in November 2015 - May 2016 were analyzed using the direct-wet method. Retrospective data recorded between November 2014 and May 2015 was also extracted from the health record system. Structured questionnaire was used to gather data on environmental, socio-demographic and behavioral variables. Data analysis was done using the chi-squared test. In the retrospective investigation, out of 314 patients examined 249(79.3%) had microscopy-confirmed IPIs. Ninety (28.7%) Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, 84(26.8%) Giardia lamblia, 14(4.5%) hookworm and 61(19.4%) Ascaris lumbricoides were detected. Totally 227 fresh stool samples were examined in the crosssectional survey and 133(58.6%) were positive for IPIs. There were 51(22.5%) E. histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, 57(25.1%) G. lamblia, 15(6.6%) hookworm and 10(4.4%) A. lumbricoides cases. The results indicated that IPIs were common health problem among the school-age children. Source of drinking water and hand washing practice before meal were significantly associated with positivity for IPIs (X2=0.166, p=0.809). Thus, there is a need for intensive and habitual health education for behavioral changes related to personal hygiene and mass treatment for effective control of IPIs in the study area. Keywords: Prevalence, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm
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    Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Associated Risk Factors Among Patients Attending Haik Health Center South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-09) Retta, Seid; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni is a major public health concern in the tropics and yet is a neglected disease. In Ethiopia, the condition is worsened due to very low latrine coverage and overall poor personal and environmental hygiene. The objective of this study was, therefore, to detect S. mansoni infection and investigate related risk factors in Haik, northeast Ethiopia. In this health-facility-based cross-sectional study, patients visiting Haik Health Center (HHC) between December 2015 and April 2016 and who were clinically suspected of intestinal schistosomiasis were successively enrolled. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to capture socio-demographic and environmental variables in relation to the risk of exposure to S. mansoni. Fecal samples were collected and processed using the direct-smear method. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for data analysis. S. mansoni was recovered from 44(8.80%) out of 500 diagnosed patients with the highest proportion (19.23%) of infected cases belonging to the age group 10-15 years followed by 7.30% for >15 and 5.78% among 5-9 years old. Age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.670, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.013-7.039, p=0.001), possession and use of toilet (AOR 0.055, 95% CI 0.01-0.29, p=0.001), swimming habit (AOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.114-0.859, p=0.024) and residence (AOR 0.06, 95% CI 0.018-0.480, p=0.001) were independently significantly associated with S. mansoni-positivity. S. mansoni infection is an important health problem among patients examined at HHC. Therefore, prompt intervention strategies should be designed and implemented including provision of adequate safe water supply, regular deworming and health education on personal as well as environmental hygiene. Key words: Schistosomiasis, Haik Town
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    Trends and Current Status of Malaria in Berahle Health Center, Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-09) Hailu, Kahsu; Mamo, Hassen (PhD)
    The global health burden of malaria has been substantially reduced recently. Encouraged by this, many endemic countries set a plan of eliminating or at least entering a preelimination phase and some even declared malaria free. Ethiopia planned to eliminate the disease in selected low-transmission settings by 2020 and many other endemic areas are set to be in a pre-elimination phase soon. For this to be achieved regular surveillance of malaria status across the country is necessary. The objective of this study was part of this nationwide effort. As such, the study assessed malaria status in Berahle Health Center in northern Afar, northeast Ethiopia where malaria is endemic. Patients visiting the Health Center between September 2016 and January 2017 and suspected of malaria were successively recruited. Blood samples were drawn and examined following standard procedures. Reported malaria cases in the past five years (2012-2016) were also extracted from the Health Center record system. Out of 1600 febrile patients tested between September 2016 and January 2017 prospectively, 310(19.4%) were malaria slidepositive. Of this 202(65.2%) were attributed to Plasmodium falciparum and 108(34.8%) to P. vivax. The retrospective data revealed 8868(28.8%) malaria slide-positive cases in the past-five years with 88.4% P. falciparum and 11.6% P. vivax cases. Malaria slidpositivity was not significantly associated with age. Although a declining trend was noticed the number of confirmed malaria cases was considerable. Incrimination of local risk-factors is in urgent need to further scale-up targeted control interventions to put the study area on track to at least a pre-elimination phase. Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium, Berahle, retrospective, prospective