Browsing by Author "Mahmoud, Emebet"

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    Consequences of Early Marriage on Lifetime Fertility, Maternal health and School participation Among Reproductive Age Women in Mursi Community, Salamago Woreda, Sothern Region, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Yakob, Rahel; Mahmoud, Emebet
    Early marriage has profound psychological, emotional, physical/health and social impact for girl victims of early marriage. It constricts educational opportunities and the chance for personal growth for both girls. and boys. Mursi women marry at earlier age than men and most girls are forced to be married soon after puberty. The main objective of this study is to assess the magnitude, pattern and consequences of early marriage on lifetime fertility, maternal health and school participation of reproductive age women residing in Mursi. A mixed methods approach, involving both quantitative and qualitative methods, was used in the study. A community based crossectional study was conducted in Mursi district, Selamago Woreda, Jinka Zone in Sothern Region during March, 2019. The target population was all evermarried Mursi women in reproductive age in Mursi district. The community survey was based on a sample of 357 ever-married women in reproductive age. Two way associations were assessed by chi-square test. In addition multivariable Poisson regression model was applied to examine effect of age at marriage and other variables on number of children ever born. The finding showed early marriage is widely practiced in Mursi community, 95% of respondents' age at first marriage was in the interval 10-19. Cultural norms, economic motives of parents of the girls to get dowry are major factors for early marriage in Mursi. Marriage at a very early age of 10 -16 years was significantly more prevalent (87%) for older women (aged 35 and above) compared to younger women aged 15 - 24 with a percentage of married at 10-16 being 63%, (X2 p value = 0.000), implying marrying at a very early age is declining in time. Significantly higher proportion of women who married at very early age (10 -16) had wider age difference at marriage from their husband compared to that of women whose age at marriage was 17 and above years. Illiteracy is very high for the study group of women at 80%,and from those who were literate and have been to school 78% have dropped out and 82% of these dropouts stated that early marriage was the cause. It was found also early marriage was soon followed by teen pregnancy and child birth in the study group. First birth complications, as prolonged labor and hemorrhage, happened in significantly higher proportion (86%) for women married at very early age of 10-16 compared to those married at later age (56%) (with X2 p value of 0.000). The effect of early marriage on children ever born to women was assessed using Poisson regression model by controlling other factors. It was found that marriage at very early age of 10-16 increases CEB by 26% (AOR=1.26, p value = 0.002) compared to those married after 16, after controlling for current age and abortion experience. Recommendation : Stakeholders like (MOH, MOE, Ministry of Women and Children, others) to plan and implement proper programs like promoting and protecting human right , Providing quality education in every district and raising awareness of the extent of the consequences of early marriage.
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    Factors Affecting Knowledge, Attitude and Intention to Use Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive Methods among Ante Natal Care Clients in Yeka Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Abebayehu, Meaza; Mahmoud, Emebet
    Background: Family planning is voluntary use of natural or modern contraceptive by individual or couples. There are modern family planning methods, which are divided in to three: long acting reversible contraceptive methods (IUCD and Implants) when removed, return to fertility is prompt; permanent contraceptive methods (Tubal ligation for females and vasectomy for male) and short-term contraceptive methods (oral pills, injectable, male and female condoms, foam tablet, cervical cup and emergency contraceptive. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess factors affecting knowledge, attitude and intention to use long actingand permanent contraceptive methods among ANC attendants in woreda 12 and Kotebe 02 health centers, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional analytical cross-sectional study design that used mixed(quantitative and qualitative) data collection methods were used. 352 respondents were selected systematically from the daily clinic attendance.Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were used to determine the effect of factor(s) on the outcome variables separately. Results: The finding on level of knowledge that 326 (92.6%) had high level of knowledge. 241(68.5%) of women had positive attitude towards Implant and 190(54%) towards Loop. Out of the total respondents majorities of them 238 (67.6%) have intention to use LAPMs.The final result in the analysis of this study confirmed that age of women, religion, educational status of women, women‟s occupation, duration of stay in Addis, main source of information on contraceptives, previous use of modern contraceptives and, attitude towards implant were significantly associated with intention to use long acting and permanent family planning methods. Conclusion and Recommendations:Finally the major finding in this research from both quantitative and qualitative methods is that appropriate information from health professionals should be accessible to women and husband‟s in order to affect positive attitude towards and intention to use long acting methods. The main target groups to be considered should be those with lower education, unemployed/house wives and older(above 30) women who were found to show in greater proportion negative attitude towards long acting methods and lower intention to use the same due to misconception. Strengthening the training for health professionals.
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    Factors of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Women Working In the Formal and Informal Sectors
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-11) Tesfaye, Addisu; Mahmoud, Emebet
    Breast milk is the best food and the safest option to ensure good health and ideal growth of young children. Exclusive breastfeeding indicates that a child should be fed breast milk alone during the first six months of life. However, 41% of Ethiopian infants do not receive exclusive breastfeeding and the median duration of this breastfeeding was 2.9 in months in Addis Ababa. Therefore, this study aims to determine the practice and associated factors of exclusive breastfeeding focusing on working mothers in Bole and Addis Ketema sub-cities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 389 randomly selected breastfeeding mothers with infants aged 6 to 11-months old from June to July 2020. A semi-structured interview-based questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were entered and analyzed using STATA version 14.2 and R version 3.6.1. Descriptive statistics, t-tests for difference of proportions, and multilevel binary logistic regression were applied in the analysis. A total of 389 (192 formally and 197 informally employed) mothers were interviewed. The overall mean and median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 127 and 120 days, respectively. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice for all working mothers was 46.53% (40.10% formally and 52.79% informally employed). The multilevel analysis revealed that working mothers with cesarean delivery (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.184, 0.563), low birth weight (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.134, 0.689), and insufficient milk production (AOR = 0.364, 95% CI: 0.216, 0.614) were significantly less likely to engage in exclusive breastfeeding while mothers with high breastfeeding support (AOR = 12.03, 95% CI: 5.593, 25.910) was significantly more likely to engage in exclusive breastfeeding. Maternal type of employment (being formal and informal) showed an effect on exclusive breastfeeding with intra-class correlation (ICC) = 0.0632 (0.0067, 0.4006). The overall median duration of EBF was short. However, informally employed mothers breastfed better than formally employed ones. Therefore, there is a need in providing childcare services in the workplace, working on breastfeeding support, and designing strategies to better support formally employed mothers are recommended.
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    Rela Tlonship Betiveen Household Socio-Economic and Demograpidc Characitrlstlcs and Expenditure Per Adult in Rural Arssi
    (Addis Ababa University, 1996-06) Mahmoud, Emebet; Haile, Assefa (PhD)
    In this paper attempt is made to explore the relationship between standard of living and some demographic characteristics of rural households in Arssi region (now one of the zones in Oromiya region), based on the 1981 /82 Rural Household Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey data. By taking household consumption expenditure as an indicator of standard of living, the thesis examines its association with household size, age composition of members of the household, and age and sex of the head of the household . Furthermore labour force participation level of house hold members in the working age group and school participation level of school-age household members are considered to see their association with the welfare of the household. Both approaches oflevel of welfare, relative standard of living and absolute poverty are employed in the study. Descriptive. bivariate and multivariate statistical methods of analysis are applied in the investigation. The major findings of the study are: standard of living is negatively associated with household size and dependency ratio . It is also non linearly associated with age of head of the household. Sex of the head of the household is not found to have significant relationship with standard of living. School participation leve l ha s no relationship with standard of living while the relationship between standard of living and labour force participation is un clear. Difference in standard of living in the Awrajas of the region is found significant. Arbagugu was found to be the better off as compared to ChilaJo and Ticho. Compared to Arssi as a whole, Chilalo and Ticho showed lower whereas Arbagugu showed higher standard of living. Although Chilalo is relatively developed in terms of infrastructure and social services, the standard of living measured by household expenditure in thi s study indicated that Arbagugu to be the better off Awraja. One reason for this could be the higher population density in Chilalo than other Awrajas, which might have resulted in relatively le sser land holding per household. However. this requires further study and analysis.