Browsing by Author "Hailu, Melese (PhD)"

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    Assessment of the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Quality Of Swimming Pools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-05) Yedeme, Kokeb; Hailu, Melese (PhD)
    Background: Many potential pathogens could be acquired from swimming pool water during bathing. Hence microbial examination of swimming pool water samples is necessary to ensure that the water is safe for swimming. As it is impractical to screen all samples for all possible pathogens, indicator organisms have been used as surrogate markers of risk. Objectives: The study aimed at assessing the physico-chemical (chlorine, PH, temperature) and microbiological conditions of swimming pools and evaluating the compliance of these pools with the WHO standard. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from February for four months(2016-May 2016).A total of 60 swimming pool water samples from 10 swimming pools (6 from each pool)were collected on a weekly basis for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis using the MPN method. PH, residual chlorine and Temperature of the swimming pool water samples were measured. In addition, total viable count and coli form count (total coli form, fecal coli form and (E.coli) were determined. Chi-square test was used for association and data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20.Results were compared with the WHO recommended limits for each parameter. Results: The swimming pool water samples had average pH and temperature of 7.1 and 29c respectively.58.4%(n=35/60) of the samples had PH in the range of 7.2-7.8 while 58.3%(n=35/60) of samples had temperature in the range of 21c-32c.25%(n=15/60)of the swimming pool water samples had residual chlorine in the range of 2-3mg/l.73.3%(n=44/60) of swimming pool water samples had a total viable count below 200cfu/ml and 70 %(n-42/60) of swimming water samples had TCC values less than 2MPN/100ml.More over, 66.7%(n=40/60) of the samples had fecal coli form counts falling bellow 1MPN/100ml.E. coli was present in 30%(n=18/60) of swimming pool water samples while it was absent in 70%(n=42/60) pool water samples. It was also found out that PH and residual chlorine had association with pot ability while temperature was not. Conclusion: It was observed that 70% (n=42/60) of the swimming pool water samples met the WHO microbial standard while 30%(n=18/60) did not. Key words: Swimming pools, microbial contaminations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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    Bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infections among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025) Shemsu, Sophiya; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Abera,Dessie
    BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is a common infection affecting any part of the uri-nary system,caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms.Pregnant women are at high risk of developing UTIs due to physiological and anatomical changes.If left un-treated,can lead to complications for both mother and fetus ,making early detection and man-agement essential. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 332 pregnant women from April to August 2024 at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital and Lideta Dagim Hidasse Health Cen-ter. A clean-catch midstream urine sample was collected, delivered and inoculated on Mac-Conkey agar and blood agar.Biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ESBL and carbapenemase production tests were done.All demographic, clinical and laboratory data obtained from the study subjects were entered to SPSS version 20.Logistic regression ,descriptive statistics analyses and odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were carried out to conduct the output of the result. RESULTS: From the total 332 participants in this study the overall prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women was 30.1%.Among the isolated bacteria gram negative bacteria accounted for 58% while gram positive made up 42%.There was no significance as-sociation between urinary tract infection and socio demographic factors.In clinical diagnosis urine chemical examinationand microscopy was significantly associated with urinary tract infections Also no ESBL and carbapenem resistance gram negative bacteria were found. CONCLUSION: From this finding we conclude that the prevalence of UTI is high. Any posi-tive cases must be treated to prevent complication during pregnancy.As the study found a significant association between urine chemical examination and microscopy for diagnosing UTIs, regular screening is important for early detection.
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    Bacteriological Quality and Associated Factors of Ready-to-consume Juices in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025) Mekonnen, Hana; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Teklebirhan,Gebreab
    Background: Ready-to-consume fruit juices are highly valued for their nutritional benefits, however, pose significant public health risks due to microbial contamination caused by poor hygiene, improper handling, and inadequate sanitation practices, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the bacteriological quality and associated factors of ready-to-consume fruit juices in Yeka sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024, involving 189 juice samples collected from 63 local vendors. The plate count method was used to determine aerobic plate counts, total coliform, and thermotolerant coliform counts, while the spread plate method was used for Staphylococcus count on Mannitol Salt Agar. Escherichia coli detection involved transferring positive thermotolerant coliform samples to Nutrient broth, followed by confirmation using Kovacs reagent. For Salmonella and Shigella, Buffered Peptone Water and Rappaport Vassiliadis enrichment broths were used, with Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate Agar serving as the selective medium; pinkish colonies with black centers were confirmed through biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton Agar for all bacterial isolates. Vendor hygiene practices were evaluated using structured questionnaires and checklists, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare medians among different juice types. Bivariate logistic regression and multiple logistic regression were applied to assess relationships between dependent and independent variables, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony Results: The analysis revealed that the median for aerobic colony count, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, and staphylococcal count across all samples were 7.14 × 106 CFU/ml, 2.8 × 106 CFU/ml, 6.4 × 104 CFU/ml, and 2.2 × 103 CFU/ml, respectively. From a total of 189 samples, the pathogens identified included E. coli, which was found in 29.1% of cases, S. aureus in 45.5%, and Salmonella in 6.9%. The presence of hand washing facilities, frequency of hand washing, and the cleaning agents used were significant contributing factors for the presence of Salmonella, with AOR of 5.34 (95% CI: 1.06–26.81, p = 0.002), 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01–0.15, p < 0.001), and 0.127 (95% CI: 0.028–0.57, p <0.001), respectively. Moreover, hair cover usage was also significantly associated with S. aureus detection with (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.2-7.1, p = 0.016). E. coli exhibited moderate resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with 10.9% multidrugresistant (MDR). Salmonella demonstrated 100% resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with a 15.38% MDR level. Moreover, 41.9% of S. aureus identified were MDR with resistant to tetracycline (51.2% n=44/86), penicillin (90.7% n=78/86), and oxacillin (66.3% n=57/86). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 58.1% of S. aureus isolates, while extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was detected in 21.8% of E. coli isolates. Conclusion: The findings from this study clearly indicate the poor hygienic conditions of these juices and the consumers are at risk of getting food-borne infections and underscore the urgent need for improved hygiene practices, regular monitoring, and targeted public health interventions to reduce microbial risks in ready-to-consume fruit juices in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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    Magnitude of Pediatric Sepsis and Antimicrobial Resistance at Adama Medical College Hospital, Adama, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-05) Redwan, Megfira; Hailu, Melese (PhD); Diriba, Regasa
    Background: Pediatric sepsis and antimicrobial resistance are a leading cause of severe illness and death among children, especially in developing countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of pediatric sepsis and antimicrobial resistance at Adama Medical College Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Adama Hospital Medical College from March 2024 to January 2025. Blood was collected for culture in aseptic techniques and Tryptic Soya Broth was used for inoculation. Following incubation, subculturing was performed on blood agar, chocolate agar and MacConkey agar plates. For samples that showed bacterial growth, identification was carried out based on colony morphology, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. Once the bacterial species were identified, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion methods. Additional tests were conducted to detect extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production, carbapenemase resistance, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Result: Among 400 blood cultures done, 144 (36%) showed bacterial growth. The bacteria that were most dominant in this study were Staphylococcus aureus 36 (25%), Acinetobacter baumannii 25 (17.4%), Enterobacter cloacae 13 (9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 8 (5.6%), and Serratia marcescens 8 (5.6%). Enterobacteriaceae most often showed resistance to ampicillin (94.1%), cefotaxime (89.2%), cefepime (86.2%), and ceftazidime (84.6%). MDR frequency of Enterobacteriaceae was 87%, and Gram-positive was 33.3%. MRSA was found to be 88.9%, ESBL production was detected in 87.5% of Citrobacter koseri (n=8), 85.7% in Providencia stuartii (n=7), and 83.3% in Enterobacter cloacae (n=12), and carbapenemase resistance was detected in 100% of Pantoea agglomerans (n=2) and 50% of Acinetobacter baumannii (n=6). Conclusion: The prevalence of pediatric sepsis and the level of multidrug resistance (MDR) among the children studied were notably high. However, certain antibiotics from the carbapenem class, along with amikacin, demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity. The rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms were also significantly higher than expected.