Browsing by Author "Girma, Gizachew"

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    Ethnic Inter-Marriage in Addis Ababa Levels, Trends, and Differentials
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Girma, Gizachew; Hailemariam, Assefa (PhD)
    For a variety of reasons ethnic inter-marriage is considered as a signal of high level of soc ietal ass imilation. The purpose of this cross-sect ional study is to assess the leve ls, trends, and different ia ls in ethnic inter-marriage in Addis Ababa and whether such marriages experience more divorce. The study is primarily based on secondary data (marriage records from 1984- 200 I E.C.). The total sample size is approximately 1,000 or I percent of 96,486 regi stered marriages (sample frame) . Systematic sampling technique with proportion to population size (PPS) is applied for sample size distribution along 18 consecutive years. In thi s study, efforts have been made to answer four bas ic quest ions: (i).To what extent are ethnic groups intermarried? (ii). Is there any change in ethnic inter-m arriage over time? (iii). What are the factors associated with ethnic inter-marriage and how do ethn ic groups differ in this respect? (iv). Is there any re lationship between eth nic inter-marriage and divorce in the study population? The finding shows that nearly 40 percent of the study populati ons are ethnica lly inter-married. The average annual growth rate in ethnic inter-marriage is about 0.3%. Even though there are some irregularities in the incidence of ethnic inter-marriage, the general trend shows s lightly increas ing tendency since 1984 E.C. Bes ides, the multivariate analys is indicates that the like lihood of being ethnically inter-married is hi gher among Oromos and GUI'ages; Catholic Christians and Protestants; non migrants; among people with no education, and older birth cohorts (older generations). In genera l, the degree of variation in ethn ic in ter-marriage is found to be assoc iated with migration status, eth nic background, religi on, level of education, and birth cohorts of the study population. Fi nally, the bivariate analysis reveals that there is some sort of re lati onship between ethn ic inter-marriage and divorce in the study populat ion which of course needs further in-depth study. Keywords: Ethnic inter-marriage, endogamous marriage, exogamous marriage, marital assimilation, divorce
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    Protection of Traditional Knowledge under International and Ethiopian Law with A Particular Reference to Traditional Medical Knowledge: Current Trends, Prospects and Challenges
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Girma, Gizachew; Merso, Fikremarkos (PhD)
    This thesis, reviews and analyzes different international agreements and initiatives, and examines the legal environment and policies of Ethiopia relevant to the protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) with a particular reference to Traditional Medical Knowledge (TMK). It also assesses inherent and possible problems of existing and potential modalities of protection considering the experiences of some countries, so as to suggest different option that could be applied to protect TK/TMK. Analysis of different instruments and initiatives reveals the fact that there is no single system of legal protection of TK/TMK adopted and proposed both at the national and international level. At the international level little concrete progress has been achieved to protect TK. Multiple practical and theoretical reasons are identified as challenges to reach effective international legal regime for the protection of TK/TMK. The principal factors, inter alia, include difficulty to endorse „one size fits all‟ legal machinery to the great diversity of TK systems and variation of interests among different countries and groups. In Ethiopia little work has been performed yet to protect TK/TMK and little information is available on TMK system of Ethiopia. There is no comprehensive legal regime to effectively protect TMK in Ethiopia. The only national legal regime to protect TK/TMK- Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) legislation- fails to address individually held TMK, and this thesis calls for the amendment of ABS law to recognize and protect individually held TKs in consultation with relevant stakeholders. The thesis argues that Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and/or similar exclusive property rights are not appropriate tools to protect TMK of Ethiopia as it stands now. And it suggests that employing a bundle of mechanisms i.e. benefit sharing, confidential documentation and introduction of mandatory disclosure requirement- is the best alternative to achieve the objectives Ethiopia sought from protecting TMK. Key words: Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Medical Knowledge, Intellectual Property, Access and Benefit Sharing, Sui generis, Documentation
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    Protection of Traditional Knowledge under International and Ethiopian Law with a Particular Reference to Traditional Medical Knowledge: Current Trends, Prospects and Challenges
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Girma, Gizachew; Merso, Dr. Fikremarkos
    This thesis, reviews and analyzes different international agreements and initiatives, and examines the legal environment and policies of Ethiopia relevant to the protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) with a particular reference to Traditional Medical Knowledge (TMK). It also assesses inherent and possible problems of existing and potential modalities of protection considering the experiences of some countries, so as to suggest different option that could be applied to protect TK/TMK. Analysis of different instruments and initiatives reveals the fact that there is no single system of legal protection of TK/TMK adopted and proposed both at the national and international level. At the international level little concrete progress has been achieved to protect TK. Multiple practical and theoretical reasons are identified as challenges to reach effective international legal regime for the protection of TK/TMK. The principal factors, inter alia, include difficulty to endorse „one size fits all‟ legal machinery to the great diversity of TK systems and variation of interests among different countries and groups. In Ethiopia little work has been performed yet to protect TK/TMK and little information is available on TMK system of Ethiopia. There is no comprehensive legal regime to effectively protect TMK in Ethiopia. The only national legal regime to protect TK/TMK- Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) legislation- fails to address individually held TMK, and this thesis calls for the amendment of ABS law to recognize and protect individually held TKs in consultation with relevant stakeholders. The thesis argues that Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and/or similar exclusive property rights are not appropriate tools to protect TMK of Ethiopia as it stands now. And it suggests that employing a bundle of mechanisms i.e. benefit sharing, confidential documentation and introduction of mandatory disclosure requirement- is the best alternative to achieve the objectives Ethiopia sought from protecting TMK. Key words: Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Medical Knowledge, Intellectual Property, Access and Benefit Sharing, Sui generis, Documentation
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    Urbanization-Induced Expropriation and Its Effects on the Socio-Economy and Physical Environment of Periurban Community: The Case of Sululta Town, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Girma, Gizachew; Zeleke PhD, Tesfaye
    The increasing rate of urbanization in Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfine, Sululta town as a result of a combination of natural population increase and migration to town. This study addresses the effect of urbanization-induced expropriation on the socio-economic and physical environment of the peri-urban environment. To achieve this aim, the study sampled 203 selected households using random sampling. In addition, the study sought further information from key informants, FGD, and observation. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected from the households using a structured questionnaire. The quantitative data was analyzed by SPSS software. While, the qualitative data was analyzed by descriptive and narrative techniques. The study revealed that Sululta area is experiencing rapid urbanization due to its proximity to Addis Ababa city. This rapid urbanization of Sululta town has led to increase in demand for land and increased informal land market. As a result land use and land tenure of the surrounding farmers has changed drastically, with both positive and negative effects on the physical environment, cultural practice and social relationship, and economic lives of the farm community. Some of the positive effects of urbanization identified by the sample respondents include availability of road infrastructure; school, market and easy access to banks.The negative effects were loss of agricultural land, environmental pollution; (inappropriate solid waste disposal, lack of efficient drainage system, bad odor and aesthetic value disturbance), forest degradation, and unemployment to the immigrants. These effects have in-turn led to livelihood diversification and new livelihood strategies among the Sululta community. The study recommends that there is a need to undertake an integrated and community-driven urban planning framework for the Region and other emerging urban centers. Key words: Effect, Expropriation, Peri-urban, Socio economy, Sululta Town, Urbanization, Physical Environment.