Browsing by Author "Getachew, Hiwot"
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Item Efficacy and Safety Profile of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (InSTIs) for treatment of HIV in Pregnant Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(Addis Abeba University, 2020-07) Getachew, Hiwot; Woldeamanuel, Yimtubezinash(Dr. ); Makonnen, Eyasu(Prof.)Background: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) are the most recent class of drugs approved on the basis of their efficacy and safety profiles (16). Dolutegravir and elvitegravir are considered US Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category B; while raltegravir belongs to category C. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety profile of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors drugs for treatment of HIV in Pregnant Women Method: Literature search strategies were done using medical subject headings (MeSH) and text words related to InSTIs drugs and pregnancy. Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, Henari, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and other databases were searched. The estimated effect (Relative Risks) and associated 95% confidence intervals for the reduction of HIV RNA viral load were meta-analyzed using a DerSimonian– Laird randomeffects model (25). Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Result: Based on our systematic review and meta-analyses data, treatment with InSTIs based ART regimens showed to be more beneficial for HIV positive pregnant women compared to other currently used treatment strategies. Both preterm delivery and proportion of infants with Small for Gestational Age didn’t show statistically significant association with the use of InSTIs (risk ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.60–1.13, I 2 =0%) and (risk ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.58–1.40, I =0%) respectively. DTG based ART showed a lowered maternal serious adverse event compared to current treatment regimen (risk ratio 1.94, 95% CI 1.13–3.32, I 2 =0%). Conclusion: We suggest use of DTG based ART regimen to be preferred first line choice for HIV positive pregnant women, if the pregnancy is confirmed already past 8 weeks of gestation. Although further investigation is necessary about safety data, we suggest InSTI drugs, especially RAL, can be safely used during pregnancy particularly in late presenter pregnant women or as an intensification strategy. Because of the short and long-term consequences of adverse events seen in infants, particularly preterm birth and SGA, future studies need to assess the safety profile of DTG for infants and explore potential mechanisms of adverse outcomes. 2Item Evaluation of Antihypertensive, Hypotensive and Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Aqueous Crude Extract of Thymus serrulatus Leaves in Rats(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-04) Getachew, Hiwot; Mekonnen, Eyasu (PhD, Professor)Evaluation of Antihypertensive, Hypotensive and Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Aqueous Crude Extract of Thymus serrulatus Leaves in Rats Hiwot Getachew Addis Abeba University, 2018 In Ethiopia, the genus Thymus is represented by two indigenous species namely Thymus serrulatus and Thymus schimperi both of which are locally named as Tosign. Among numerous medicinal uses of T. serrulatus leaves treatments of renal diseases, liver diseases, hypertension and Tinea capiti are the most common. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate antihypertensive, hypotensive, hypolipidemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the aqueous crude extract of Thymus serrulatus leaves and AQ residue against normotensive and fructose induced hypertensive rats. The blood pressure was measured from the tail of rats using non-invasive BP monitoring apparatus (Model 179, IITC Inc, U.S.A). Aqueous crude extract of Thymus serrulatus leaf and the AQ residue caused significant fall in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg; in fructose induced hypertensive rats, where the highest reduction were seen by aqueous crude extract. The aqueous crude extract showed reduction of blood glucose and lipid profiles (Total cholesterol and Triglyceride) in a dose dependent manner. Aqueous residue at a dose of 1000 mg/kg showed comparable effect on alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared with the Captopril treated groups and it also showed significant reduction compared to fructose induced hypertensive groups (p<0.05). The other liver parameter results were seen to have neither dose dependent pattern nor statistically significant difference with captopril treated groups and negative control (p> 0.05). The level of both urea and creatinine decreased dose dependently for all extracts; the higher doses of aqueous residue showed significant reduction compared to the negative control (p<0.01). The study findings indicate that Thymus serrulatus possesses a significant anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and kidney functions improvement; which may help in treatment of hypertension and its complication.Item Women's Self-Disclosure Of HIV Infection: Rates, Reasons and Barriers. Implications For HIV / AIDS Prevention (The Case of HIV Outpatient hospital clients and members of PLWHA organization)(Addis Ababa University, 2006-06) Getachew, Hiwot; Venkatachalam, R.(Professor)Ethiopia is highly affected by HIVIAIOS. Its impact is more severe on women. They are the most vulnerable part of the society due to biological, economical and socio-cultural reasons. Public disclosure of ones HIV status is important in the fight against HI VIA IDS. It helps to give a human face to the community there by leading to minimize the perceived negative outcomes associated with HIV status disclosure. The current study aimed to explore aspects related to Self-disclosure of HIV positive status.417 women infected with HIV were the samples of the study. Data were collected using structured interview and focus group discussion. It was subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The findings were discussed in terms of HBM and TRA theories and other research findings. Chi-square was used to examine the association between the selected predictor variables and the dependent variable. And binary logistic regression was employed to explore whether the selected predictor variables have an effect on rate of public disclosure. Besides, descriptive analysis was used to analyze some background characteristics of the respondents. According to the descriptive analysis, rates of HIV status disclosure to extended family members were relatively low where as higher to immediate family members. Husband (68%) and sisters (59%) account relatively the highest rates of disclosure. Rate of public disclosure was 28%.And 23% of the respondents totally didn 't disclose to anyone. Beside, those who publicly disclose explained as the positive outcomes of disclosure out weight than the negative outcomes; where as those who haven't yet open about their status stated that the different forms and expressions of stigma and discrimination as a reason for non disclosure. And they further explained that if we have at least the basic necessities, we can confront the various negative outcomes of disclosure .Lastly, FGD participants reported that the motivators of disclosure I non disclosure vary among men and women. And they also said the negative outcomes of disclosure more affect the lives of women than men. Moreover, based on the bivariate analysis, age, educational status, marital status, , time since diagnosis, work status, follow up counseling ,discussion about disclosure with counselors, behavioral beliefs, and influence of subjective beliefs were found to have an association with rate of public disclosure. However, religion, attitude towards public disclosure, knowledge about HIVIAIDS and exposure to media weren't found to have association with rate of public disclosure. Furthermore, the regression analysis revealed that except work status of the respondents; their age, educational status, marital status, , time since diagnosis, follow up counseling ,discussion about disclosure with counselors, behavioral beliefs , and influence of subjective norms were found to have an effect on rate of public disclosure. Based on the findings, mechanisms must be created to help people perceive the benefits of public disclosure than its harms. It is possible through mass media and by promoting follow up counseling. Beside, economic empowerment of women by fostering economic activities through programmes like microfinance will also playa crucial role